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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


HANDBOOK 


CXF   THE 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 


AND 


GUIDE   TO   EMIGRATION; 

CIVINQ  THE  LATEST  AND  MOST  COMPLETE  STATISTICS 

or 

THE  GOVERNMENT,  ARMY,  NAVY,  DIPLOMATIC  RELATIONS,  FINANCE, 
REVENUE,  TARIFF,  LAND  SALES,  HOMESTEAD  AND  NATURALIZA- 
TION LAWS,  DEBT,  POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AND 
EACH  STATE  AND  CONSIDERABLE  CITY,  AGRICULTURAL 
CONDITION,  AREA  FOR  CULTIVATION,  FOREIGN  COINS 
AND   THEIR   VALUE,   FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC 
POSTAGES  AND  LABOR  TABLES,  EDUCATION 
AND  RAILWAYS,  ETC.,  ETC., 

FUBNISHINQ    ALL   THE   NECESSARY   INFORMATION    CONCERNING 
THE   COUNTRY, 

FOB 

THE  SETTLER,  TBE  BDS1NESS  MAN, 
THE  HERCBANT,THE  FARMER,  THE  1PORTEROT  PROFESSIONAL  MAN. 


COPYRIGHTED,     1879. 


NEW  TOER: 

GATLOFUD    WATSON,    PUBLISHER,    61    BEEKMAN    STREET. 

1SS1. 


CONTENTS, 


ftun 

Titte 1 

Publisher's  Preface ' 3 

Contents. ...". - ** 

The  General  Government: — President — Vice-President"— State  Department.  ..x  7 

Diplomatic  Officers v 8 

Foreign  Legations  in  the  United  States 9 

Treasury  Department 10 

War  Department 11 

Navy  Department 12 

Department  of  the  Interior 13 

Post  Office  Department 13 

Department  of  Justice 14 

The  Judiciary 14 

Department  of  Agriculture — Government  Printing  Office — Department  of 

Education 16 

U.  S.  Mint  and  Branches 16 

Legislative  Branch  of  the  Government — Congressional  Districts 17 

Presidents  tinder  the  Federal  Constitution— Vice-Presidents — Chief-Jus-  • 

tices  of  the  Supreme  Court— Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  18 

Apportionment  of  Representatives > 19 

Expense  of  Maintaining  the  Government 19 

Valuation  of  Property,  etc.,  in  the  United  States 20 

The  Public  Debt  of  the  United  States 21 

National  Debt,  March  1,  1879— Liabilities 22 

Public  Debt  at  ita  Maximum — Coin  and  Currency  Values 23 

Reduction  of  the  National  Debt  from  March,  1869,  to  January,  1881 24 

Debt  of  each  Administration 24 

Paper  Money  of  the  United  States 25 

Gold  and  Silver  Coins— Petroleum  Production — Territorial  Governments 26 

Banks  and  Banking  in  the  United  States 27 

States  and  Savings  Banks  in  the  United  States 28 

States  and  Savings  Banks  Returns 29 

Legal  Interest  in  the  States  and  Territories 30 

Business  Failures  in  the  United  States 31 

Rates  of  Postage 32 

Railroad  System  of  the  United  States 36 

Difference  in  Time— Largo  Cities  of  the  World 37 

Imports  and  Exports 38 

Silk  Manufacture  and  Importation  of  Silk  Goods 39 


Vi.  CONTENTS. 

PACT 

Educational 40 

Religions  Statistics 46 

The  Census— Census  of  the  United  States,  taken  in  1870 47 

Population  of  all  the  Cities  of  the  United  States 48 

Order  of  the  States,  in  point  of  Population,  at  several  periods 60 

Order  of  Territories 60 

Population  of  States  by  Races— Comparative  Increase  of  Population 51 

Area  of  the  United  States 62 

The  Individual  States  of  the  Union 63 

Immigration 55 

New  Naturalization  Law 67 

Presidential  Vote CO 

History  of  the  Presidential  Election  and  Inauguration 66  • 

Declaration  of  Independence. 71 

Constitution  of  the.  United  States. 73 

Agricultural  Statistics 88 

Indian  Corn— Wheat— Oats 89 

Barley — Rye — Buckwheat — Potatoes 89- 

Hay— Cotton— Tobacco 90 

Rice,  Sugar  and  Molasses 92 

Live  Stock „ 93 

Weight,  of  a  Bushel 94 

The  Labor  Question 96 

Average  Weekly  Wages 100 

Average  Price  of  Commodities 105 

Advice  to  those  seeking  New  Homes 106 

Homestead  for  Soldiers 119 

Internal  Revenue 120 

Stamp  Duties 122 

The  Finance  Bill.. .    : 124 

Custom  House  Fees 125 

The  West 126 

Historical  Chronology 146 

Police  Statistics  in  Various  Cities 162 

The  Queen  and  Royal  Family  of  England 166 

Foreign  Nations 167 

Commerce  with  Great  Britain 168 

British  America 171 

Exports  and  Imports 175 

Carrying  Tiade  of  the  Dominion 17& 

Postal  Facilities  and  Post-Offices,  etc 176 


THE  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

XT»     MUNCIPAL    DEPABTMENTS,     OFFICEBS     OP  THE     CABINET,     THE     ABMY     AND 

AND   THEER  SUBORDINATES — DIPLOMATIC   RELATIONS — OtJB  MINISTERS  AND 
CONSULS   TO  FOREIGN   COUNTRIES,    AND   THEIRS  TO   THIS  COUNTRY. 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT. 

PKE3IDENT. 

HUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES,  of  Ohio.     Term  expires  March  4,  1881. 

The  President  is  chosen  by  Electors,  -who  are  elected  by  the  Peo- 
ple, each  State  having  as  many  as  it  has  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives in  Congress.  He  holds  office  four  years;  is  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States;  has  power  to 
grant  pardons  and  reprieves  for  offenses  against  the  United  States; 
makes  treaties,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate; 
nominates,  and,  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  appoints,  all  Cabinet, 
Diplomatic,  Judicial  and  Executive  officers;  has  power  to  convene 
Congress,  or  the  Senate  only  ;  communicates  with  Congress  by  mes- 
sage at  every  session;  receives  all  Foreign  Ministers;  takes*arethat 
the  laws  are  faithfully  executed,  and  the  public  business  transacted. 
Salary  $50,000  a  year. 

VICE-PRESIDENT. 

WILLIAM  A.  WHEELER,  of  New  York.  Term  expires  March  4, 1881 
Is  chosen  by  the  Electors  at  the  same  time,  and  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  President;  is  President  of  the  Senate,  and  has*£he 
casting  vote  therein.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  disability-or 
removal  of  the  President,  his  powers  and  duties  devolve  upon  t£he 
Vice-President  for  the  residue  of  his  term.  In  cases  of  vacancy, 
where  the  Vice-President  succeeds  to  the  Presidential  office,  the 
President  of  tho  Senate  becomes  ex-officio  Vice-President.  Salary 
$10,000  a  year. 

THE  STATE  DEPARTMENT. 

Preserves  the  public  archives,  records,  laws,  documents  and  trea- 
ties, and  supervises  their  publication ;  conducts  all  business  and  cor- 
respondence arising  out  of  Foreign  Relations;  makes  out  and  records 
passports,  commissions,  etc. 

Department  Officers, 

Salary. 

Secretary  of  State— WM.  M.  EVARTS,  of  New  York $8,000 

Assistant  Secretary— Fred.  W.  Seward,  of  New  York 3,500 

Second  Assistant  Secretary — Wm.  Hunter,  of  Rhode  Island 3,500 

"  "         —Charles  Parson,  oi  Mas* 3,50§ 


Diplomatic  Officers. 


CODMTKr. 

NAMKS. 

orricie. 

FOKKIGNHKSID  NCk 

SALARY 

Great  Britain  
do            
do            
do           
do           
do 

James  Russell  Lowell  
Win  J   Uopmn       

Minister  
Secretary  Legation. 
2d  Sec.  Legation  
Consul  General  
Consul 
do    . 

London  
do 

$17,500 
2,625 
2.UC9 
6,000 
6,000 
3,000 
2,600 
5,(JOO 
4,600 
4,000 
17,500 
2,625 
2.000 
8,000 
2.000 
2,000 
17,500 
2.625 
2,000 
6,000 
3,000 
2.500 
12.000 
1,800 
1,500 
6,000 
6,000 
2,000 
2.0X) 
7,500 
2,500 
2,500 
7.500 
2,000 
1.500 
5,000 
1,500 
7,500 
1,500 
17,500 
2,625 
2,000 
4.000 
5.000 
2,000 
2,500 
2,500 
1,500 
1.500 
1,500 
12,000 
1,800 
3.000 
2.000 
6.000 
2,000 
1.500 
12,000 
1,800 
S.OOO 
1,501) 
1,500 
7.500 
3,000 
3,000 
1.500 
2,000 
4,1)00 
6,000 
3,000 
4,000 
1,200 
2,000 
12,000 
2,500 
2,500 
2,500 
4,000 
3,000 

Ehriuan  8.  Nudal  
Adam  Kudeau  
Stephen  n.  Packard  
b.  F.  Cooper  

do       

do       
Liverpool  
Glasgow  

do           
East  Indies  

do 

Belfast.  ..    . 

A.  C.  Litehfleld  '.  
Oliver  M.  Spencer  
JohnQ.  Smith  
John  W.  Foster  

Wm.'  II.  '  Ed  wards'.'.'.'.  '............ 
S.  P.  Young.  
L.  E.  Dyer  
A.  Wilkins  
Edward  F.  Noyes  

Consul-General  
Consul  
Consul.  General  
Minister  

Calcutta  

Australia  

Melbourne  
Montreal  
fc>t.  Petersburg.. 
do       

Canada  

Bussia  
do       
do 

Consul-General 

do      

do      
do       
do       
France  

Consul  
Consul  
Consul  
Minister 

Moscow  
Odessa  
Cronstadt  
Pans  

do       
do       

R.  K.  Hitt  
Henry  Vignaud  

Secretary  Legation.  . 

do       
do       

do 

do       

do      

John  A.  Briclgeland  

Consul  

Havre  

do       

John  B.  Gould  

do  
Minister  
Secretary  Legation.. 

Marseilles  
Madrid  
do       .... 

Bpain  
do       
do       

Lucius  Fairehild  
DwightT.  Reed  
Alfred  N.  Duffle  

Cadiz  

Cuba-  
Portugal  
do       
do      
Belgium  
do      

Henry  0.  Hall  
Benjamin  Moran  
Henry  W.  Diman  
William  Stuve  
Wm.  CassiusGoodloe  
•Tohn  Wilson  

ConsuJ-General  
Charge  d'Affairs  

Havana  
Lisbon.  
do       

Consular  Agent  
Minister  Resident..  .. 

Oporto  
Brussels  
do       

do       
Netherlands  
do       

James  R.  Weaver  
James  Uirney  
John  F.  Winter  

do  
Minis'crResidcnt  — 

Antwerp  
The  Hague  
Rotterdam  

do       
Denmark  

David  Eckstein  
M.  J.  Cramer  

do    

Amsterdam  
Copenhagen.  .  .  . 
do       

Charge  d'  Affairs  
Consul  
M  inister  Resident  — 

do      ..  :  

Sweden  &  Norway. 
do           do 
Germany  
d»      
do      
do       
do      

Henry  B.  Ryder  
John  Li.  Stevens.  

Stockholm  
Gottenburg  
Berlin  
do       

Aiiure  w"  D.  M  lute    
H.  Sidney  Everett  
Chapman  Coleman  
II.  Kreismann  
Alfred  E.  Lee  
John  II.  Steuart  

Minister.  
Secretary  Legation.  . 
Asst.  Secretary  
Consul  General  
Consul-General  
do 

do       

do       

Saxony  

Bremen  

Wilson  King  

do    

Bremen  

Hamburg  
Bavarin  t 
Wurteuiburg  

JolmM.  Wilson  
O.  Hcnrv  Horstinan  
Jos.  S.  Potter  

do   
do   
do 

Hamburg  
Munich  
Stuitgart,  

Baden  
Austria-Hungary.  .  . 
do       
do       

Edward  M.  Smith  

do   . 

Manheim  

Minister 

John  V.  Delaplaino  
James  Riley  Weaver  
A.  W.  Thayer  
Nicholas  Fish 

Secretary  Legation.  . 
Consul-General  
do 

do       

do       

do      .;  
Switzerland  

Chnree  d'Affairs  

Berne  

do 

do       

do 

Italy  
do       

George  1'.  Marsh  

Minister  
Secretary  Legation.. 
Consul-General  

Rome  
do 

do       
do       

Eugene  Schnyler  
John  V.  llnzleton..  

do       

Genoa  

do       
Tnrkey  
do       
do       

X.  Odoll  Duncan  
J.  B.  Longstreet  .  .  
G.  Harris  i.eap  

do    
MinisterResidcnt  
Sec.  Leg.  A  C.  Gen'l. 

Nnples  
Constantinople.. 
do       
do       

do       

Frank  S.  DeHaas  
John  T  Edgar 

Consul  

Jerusalem  
Beirut  

do       
Greece  

ElbertE.  Furnain  

Acent  A  Con.  -Gen'l  . 
charge  d'Affairs  
Consul  
Min.  A  Consul-Gen... 
Consul  
Consul  
Minister  
Secretary  Legation.. 
Interpreter  

Cairo  

Barbary  States  
t.ilicri  :i  

F.  A.  Matthews..'.  
John  H.  Smvth 

Tangier  
Monrovia  
Zanzibar  
Tamatave  
Yeddo  

Muscat...:  

Wm.  H.  Hathorne  
William  W.  Robinson  
John  A.  Bingham  
Durham  W.  Stevens  
David  Thompson  

Japan  
do       
do       

do       

rto       

do 

T.  B.  Van  Buren  
W.  P.  MaiiRum  
N.  J.  Ne  witter  
David  B  Sickles 

Consul  
Consul-General  
do 

Kanagawa  

do    ::  

do       
ginm  

do    
do    
Minister  Ilesident  ... 
Secretary  legation.  . 
Consul-General  
Consul  
do    
do    
do    
do          .  .       ... 

Osaka  
Bangkok  
Peking  
do       
Shanghai     ..  .. 

3,000 
3,000 
12,000 
6.000 
6,000 
3,500 
3,500 
3,500 
3,500 
3,500 
3,5tK> 
3,500 
3,500 
7,500 
4,000 
7,500 
1,500 
12,000 
1,800 
1,500 
2,000 
2.000 
3.000 
7,600 

(!liina  

George  F.  Sewaril  
C  heste  r  Holcombo  
Owen  N.  Denny  
Joseph  J.  Henderson  

do       
do  •    
do       
do       

Amoy  
Canton  
Chi  Foo  
Chin  Kieng  

do       
do       
do       
da       

Wm.  A.  <  'on  a  he  
J.  C.  8.  Colby  
M.  M.  Delano  

do 

Han  Kow  
Nintf  J'o  

do       
do       

Hawaiian  Islands.. 
do            do 
Hsytl  

B.C.  Lord  

E.  T.  Sheppard  
James  M.  Oomly  
James  Scott 

do                  .... 

do    

Minister  

Tien  Tsin  

do       

John  M.  Langston  
Paul  J  ones  
Philip  H.  Morgan  
Daniel  S.  Richardson  
Augustus  J,  Cassard  
David  H.  Strother  
Warner  P.  Sntton  
S.  T.  Trowbridge  
Cornelius  A.  Logan  

Minister  Res.  A  C.  G. 
Consul  ,  
Minister  
Secretary  Legation.  . 
Consul  
Consul-Genernl  
Consul  
Consul  
Mini'tor  

Portnu  Prince... 
St.  Domingo  
Mexico  
do         

Ban  Domingo  
Mexico  

do 

do       
do       
do       
do       
•Pen.  Am.  State*  

Tampico  
M  xico  
Matamoras  
Vera  Cruz  

Guatemala  . 

Diplomatic  Officers.  —Continued. 


COCSfBT. 

KAXB. 

OTFICK. 

FOCZICX  nusiD'rrcE 

SALABT 

Guatemala  
Colomu.'u  
do 

T.  Francis  Medina  
Ernest  Dichinati  

Consul  
Minister  Resident... 
Com.  Agent  

Guatemala  
Bogota  
Aspinwall  

7',5CO 
5,OCO 

Venezuela  

Jehu  Baker  

Minister  

Caracas  

7,600 
1  600 

Phanor  M.  Eder  

do       

Guayaquil  

1,200 

Brazil  
do       

Henry  W.  Uilliard  
John  C.  White  

Minister  
Secretary  Legation.. 

Kio  de  Jnueiro... 
do      do    — 

12.000 
1.800 

do       
do               

Thorn  as  Adamson  
Joseph  W.  Stryker  

Consul  Gcnural  

do      do    
Pernnnjbuco  

e.ooo 

2,000 

Argen  tine  Conf.  — 

Thomas  O.  Osboru  

Minister  

Buenos  Ay  res.... 
do      do    

7,600 
S,(XX) 

Paraguay  A  Uru'y  . 

John  0.  Caldwell  

(  'haru'o  do  Affaires.  . 
Consul  

Montevideo,  Ur'y. 
do              do 

5.000 
2,000 

Chili 

10,000 

do       

Consul  

Valparaiso  

3,000 

Peru 

Isaac  P.  Christiancy  

Minister  ,. 

Lima  

10.000 

do       

Robert  T,  Clayton  

Consul  

Callao  

s.ooo 

Bolivia. 

Minister  <k  Con  Gen 

6000 

San  Jose  

s.ooo 

do        

Apia  

8,000 

Honduras  

George  A.  K.  Morris  
Clarence  C.  Ford  

do        
do       

Amapala  
La  Union  

s.ooo 

2,500 

do 

Tahiti  

J,UOO 

y 

FOREIGN  LEGATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


COUSTBT. 

KAMB. 

BAXK. 

ABGBimxE  REPUBLIC. 

Senor  Don  Manue  1  R.  Garcia  

E.  E.  anrt  M.  P. 
Sec.  of  Leg.,  Ch.  A'Att-adtnt. 
Attache. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Sec.  cf  Leg.,  Ch.  d'AfT.  adixt. 
2d  Sec.  of  Legation. 
E.  E.  nnd  M.  P. 
Councillor  of  Legation. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Attache. 
Naval  Attache. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Attache. 
E.  E.  andM.  P. 
A°«istantE  E-and  M.  P. 

41 

SenorDon  Episanio  Portela 

AUSTBIA-HONGARY  

Vacant  

M 

Chevalier  Ernest  von  Tavera  
Mr.  K.Buhdorn  

BELGIUM  

Mr.  Maurice  Delfosso  
Mr.  Leon  Von  ilen  Bossche  

BRAZIL  

Councillor  A.  P.  de  Carvalho  Borgcs  
Mr.  Benjamin  Franklin  Torreao  do  Barros  
Mr.  Joaquin  Kabueo  .  . 

CHILI  

Captuin  Arthur  Silvoira  daMutta  
Senor  Don  lunacioZciiteno  . 

Senor  Don  E.  V.  Zanurtu.            .  . 

i-hen  Lan  Pin 

Mr.  Yung  Wini;  

it 

Yung  Tsang  Siang 

Secretary  of  Legation. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Minister  Resident. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Attache. 
Minister  Resident. 
Minister  Resident 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  ot  Legation. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Military  Attache. 
Consul  Chancellor. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Chancellor  rf  Legation.  . 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Naval  Attache. 
Second  Secretary. 
Second  Secretary. 
Third  Secretary. 
Attache. 
E.  E.  and  M,  P. 

Secretary  of  Legation, 
E.  E,  and  M.  P. 
Minister  Resident. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Attache. 
Attache. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Second  Secretary. 
Minister  Resident. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 

M 

Oavid  W.  Bartlett        .                                     .     . 

COLOMBIA  

Senor  Doctor  Santiago  Perez  

COSTA  RICA  

Don  CJ.  Espinosa  ,  
SenorDon  MunuelM.  Pcralta  . 

DENMARK  

Kerr  Bille 

Mr.  Max  Outre  y  

Mr.  Millon  de  la  Vertville  . 

.,    

Mr.  Francois  de  Corcella  

M 

Mr.  Paul  Dejardin  

Cl'.ttK.lNT  

Mr.  Kur  I  von  Schlozcr  
Baron  Max  von  Thiclmann  
Mr.  P.  W.  BuiMeekc  

ORE  AT  H  KIT  AI  X  

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  K.  C.  B  
Victor  Arthur  Wellington  Drummoud,  Esq  

M 

[Ion.  Power  H.  le  I'oer  Trench 

»  ::::::::::::::::;:: 

Mr.  Frank  C.  Lascclles  
Mr.  Francis  C.  E.  Denys  
Chanes  Fox  Frederick  Adam  Esq 

GUATEMALA,    SALT  A-  > 

Dou.t  HONDURAS.  .  ) 
HAWAII  

Senor  Don  Vicente  Dardon  

Senor  Don  J.  Saborio  
Mr.  ElishaH.  Allen     .. 

HAYTI  
TTALT  

.J.\!'1N  

Mr.  Stephen  Preston  
Mr.  ClmrlesA.  Preston  
Baron  Albert  Blanc  
CountB.Litta  
Jushie  Yoshida  Kivonari.. 

Shorokiu  Yoshida  bjiro  
Mr.  Asada  Yusunori  
Mr.  Seinoske  Tashiro 

Ml'XICO  

Senor  Don  Manuel  M.  de  Zamacona 

Senor  Don  Jose  Y.  de  Cuellar 

« 

Snnor  Don  Cayetano  Romero 

N  KTITr.KL  AMDS  
NlCABACOA  

Mr.  de  Pestel  
Senor  Doctor  Don  Adam  Cardenas    . 

Senor  Don  Joaquin  Eli/ondo  . 

PARAGUAY  

Dr.  Benjamin  Aceval  
Senor  Don  Jose  8.  Decond    

THE  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT. 
Foreign  Legations  in  the  Untied  Stales— Continued, 


•    couxxitr. 

MAKE. 

RAKK. 

Vacant  

E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
Secretary  of  Legatiou. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
First  Secretary. 
Second  Secretary. 
E.  E.  andM.  P. 
1st  Sec.  A  Ch.  d'Aff.  ad  tnC 
Second  Secretary. 
Second  Secretary. 
Third  Secretary. 
Attache. 
Attache. 
Military  Attnche. 
Naval  Attache. 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation, 
E.  E.  and  M.  P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 
E  E,  nndM.P. 
Secretary  of  Legation. 

Don  Eduanlo  Villeua  

RUSSIA  

Mr.  Nicholas  Slushkiu  
Mr.  Gregoirede  Wilhimov  
Mr.  George  Bakhmeteff  

M 

.Senor  Don  Jose  Brunetti  
Senor  Don  Francisco  Soliveres  
Senor  Don  Jo.=e  de  Soto  

• 

Senor  Don  Luis  Polo  de  Bernabe  J. 

•• 

Senor  Don  Carlos  Erenchnm  

»  ::::::::::::::::::: 

Senor  Don  Tomas  deRueda  ,  
Senor  Col.  Don  Teodoro  Bermudez  
Com.  Sennr  Don  Juan  Moatajo  

SWIDEN  AND  NORWAY  . 

TURKEY  ,  

Mr  C  de  Bildt    

firpi*oire  Arista  rchi  Bey  
"altazzi  Effendi  

Senor  I  >on  Juan  B.  Da  1  la  Costa  

Senor  Don  Andres  S.  Ibarra,.  .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 

THE  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT 

Receives  and  has  charge  of  all  moneys  paid  into  the  United  States 
Treasury,  has  general  supervision  of  the  fiscal  transactions  of  the 
Government,  the  collection  of  revenue,  the  auditing  and  payment  of 
accounts,  and  other  disbursements ;  supervises  the  execution  of  the 
laws  relating  to  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  the 
Revenues  and  Currency,  the  Coast  Survey,  the  Mint  and  Coinage, 
the  Light-House  Establishment,  the  construction  of  Marine  Hos- 
pitals, Custom-Houses,  &c.  The  First  Comptroller  prescribes  the 
mode  of  keeping  and  rendering  accounts  for  the  civil  and  diplomatic 
service,  and  the  public  land.  To  him  the  First,  Fifth,  and  Sixth 
Auditors  report.  The  Second  Comptroller  prescribes  the  mode  of 
keeping  and  rendering  accounts  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Indian 
Departments,  and  to  him  the  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Auditors 
report.  The  First  Auditor  adjusts  the  accounts  of  the  customs, 
revenue,  civil  service  and  private  acts  of  Congress.  The  Second 
Auditor  adjusts  accounts  relating  to  pay,  clothing  and  recruiting  of 
the  army,  the  arsenals,  armories  and  ordnance,  and  the  Indian  De- 
partment. The  Third  Auditor  adjusts  accounts  for  army  subsis- 
tence, fortifications,  military  academy  and  roads,  quartermaster's 
department  and  military  claims.  The  Fourth  Auditor  adjusts  the 
navy  accounts,  the  Fifth  diplomatic,  and  the  Sixth  postal  affairs. 

Department  Officers. 

Salaries. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury — JOHN  SHEEMAN,  of  Ohio $8,000 

Assistant  Secretary — John  B.  Hawley,  of  Illinois 4,50& 

"  —Henry  F.  French,  of  Massachusetts 4,500 

Supervising  Architect — James  G.  Hill,  of  Massachusetts 4,500' 

Treasurer  of  United  States — James  Gilfillan,  of  Connecticut 6,000 


THE  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT. 


It 


Department  Officers—  Continued. 

Salary- 

Assistant  Treasurer  of  United  States— Albert  U.  Wynan,  of  Nebraska. 3,600 

Solicitor— Kenneth  Kayner,  of  Mississippi 3,000 

Superintendent  of  Lite  Saving  Station— Siuinner  I.  Kim  ball,  of  Maine 4,000 

Superintendent  Coast  Survey— O.  P.  Patterson,  of  California 6,000 

«Jashier— J.  W.  Mhelpley,  of  New  York 4,500 

Director  of  the  Mint— A.  L.  Snowden,  of  Pennsylvania 4,50ft 

Register  of  the  Treasury— Glenni  W.  Scofield,   of  Pennsylvania 4,000 

Comptroller  ot  tne  Currency — John  J.  Knox,  of  New  York 5,000 

Commissioner  of  Internal  lievenue — Green  B.  Ixaum,  of  Illinois , 6,000 

Bureau  of  Statistics— Joseph  Nimmo,  Jr.,  of  New  York 2,400 

Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing— O.  H.  Irish,  of  Nebraska 4,500 

First  Comptroller— Albert  G-.  Porter,  of  Indiana 5,000- 

Second  Comptroller — William  W.  Upton,  of  New  Hampshire 5,000 

Commissioner  of  Customs — Henry  C.  Johnson,  cf  Pennsylvania 4,000 

1st  Auditor— Robert  M.  Reynolds,  of  Alabama 3,600 

2d  Auditor— Ezra  B.  French,  of  Maine. 3,601 

3d  Auditor — Horace  Austin,  of  Maine 3,600 

4th  Auditor— Stephen  J.  W.  Tabor,  of  Iowa 3,60( 

5th  Auditor — Jacob  H.  Ela,  of  New  Hampshire 3,60O 

6th  Auditor— J.  M.  McGrew,  of  Ohio ,,,  3,600' 

THE  AVAR  DEPARTMENT 

Has  charge  of  business  growing  out  of  military  affairs,  keeps  the 
records  of  the  army,  issues  commissions,  directs  the  movement  of 
troops,  superintends  their  payment,  stores,  clothing,  arms  and  equip- 
ments and  ordnance,  constructs  fortifications,  and  conducts  worka 
of  military  engineering,  and  river  and  harbor  improvements. 

Department  Officers. 

Salary 

Secretary  of  War— ALEXANDER  RAMSEY,  of  Minnesota $8,000 

Chief  Clerk— H.  T.  Crosby,  of  Pennsylvania 2,500 

Inspector  General-  Brevet  Major  General  Randolph  B.  Marcy,  of  Mass 

Judge  Advocate  General — Colonel  Joseph  McRee  Dunn,  of  Indiana 

Adjutant  General — Brevet  Major  General  E.  D.  Townsend,  of  D.  C 

Quarter  Master  General — Brevet  Major  General  M.  C.  Meigs,  of  Penn 

Commissary  General — Brigadier  General  Robert  Mncfeely,  of  Penn 

Surgeon  General — Brevet  Major  General  Joseph  K.  Barnes,  of  Penn 

Paymaster  General— Brevet  Brigadier  General  Benjamin  Alvord,  of  Vt 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Engineers— Brevet  Major  Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  of  D.  O. 

•Chief  of  Ordnance  Bureau— Brigadier  General  S.  V.  Benet,  of  Florida 

Signal  Officer— Brevet-Major  General  Albert  J.  Myer,  of  New  York 

General  Officers  of  Regular  Army. 


KAME  AND  11AXK. 

EXTRY    1XTO 
6KUVICK. 

APPOINTED 
FliOH. 

KAJIK  AXD  RAXK. 

EXTISY    INTO 
8EUVICK. 

APPOINTED 

yilOil. 

General. 
Win.  T.  Sherman.  .... 
Lieutenant-  General. 
Philip  H.  Sheridan... 
Major-Generals. 
"Winfield  S.  Hancock. 
John  M.  Schotield  
Irwin  McDowell  

1  Brigadier-Generals. 
Oliver  0.  Ho-ward..  .  . 
Alfred  H.  Terry  
Edward  O.  C.  Ord  
Christopher  C.  Angur 
George  Crook  

July  1,  1840 
July  1,  1853 

Jnly  1,  1844 
July  1,  18H7 
July  1.  1838 

July  1,  1854 
Jan.  15,  18G5 
July  1.  1&59 
Jnly  1,  184C 
JuUr  1.  185* 
Jn'.v  1,  1842 

Ohio 
Ohio 

Penna. 
California. 
Ohio. 

Maine. 
Jonn. 
Maryland. 
Xew  York. 
Ohio. 
Illinois. 

Retired  List. 
Major-  Generals. 
Joseph  Hooker.  ...... 

Jnly  1,  1837 
July  1,  1826 
July  1,  1845 
Oct.  27,  1839 
Nov.2!),  186:3 
July  1,  1856 

July  1,  3849 
July  1,  1839 
Juii.27,  1856 

Califomla. 
Penna. 
Kentucky. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
Dist.  CoL 

Kentucky. 
New  York 
Kentucky. 

S.  P.  Heiutzelman. 
Thomas  J.  "Wood.. 
John  C.  Kobinson. 
Daniel  E.  Sickles.. 
Samuel  S.  Carroll. 

Richard  "W.  Johnson 
James  B.  Ricketts-. 
EliLong..  

John  I'ope.  1 

THE  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

Geographical  Divisions  and  Departments. 

1.  Division  V  the  Missouri.— Departments  of  Dakota,  of  the  Missouri,  of  the  Platte,  and  at 
Texas  (  headquarters  at  Chicago,  Illinois. 

3.  Division  of  the  Atlantic. — The  New  England  States,  tho  States  pf  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware.  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Indiana,  and  the  District  of  Columbia ;  headquarters  at  New  York  City. 

3.  Division  of  the  Pacific. — Departments  of  California ,  of  the  Columbia,  and  of  Arizona ;  head- 

quarters at  San  Francisco,  California. 

4.  Division  of  the  South. — Departments  of  the  South  and  of  the  Gulf;  headquarters  at  Louis- 

viile,  Kentucky. 

fi.  Department  of  the  Missouri. — The  States  of  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Illinois,  and  the  Territo. 
ries  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  Camp  Supply,  Indian  Territory ;  headquarters  at 
Fort  Leavonworth,  Kansas. 

*8.  Department  of  the  Platte. — Tho  States  of  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  and  the  Territories  of  Utah 
and  Wyoming;  headquarters  at  Omaha,  Nebraska. 

"7.  Department  of  Dakota. — Tho  State  of  Minnesota,  and  the  Territories  of  Dakota  and  Moo- 
tana  ;  headquarters  at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 

€.  Department  of  California. — Tho  State  of  Nevada,  the  post  of  Fort  Hall,  Idaho  Territory, 
and  so  much  of  the  State  of  California  as  lies  north  of  a  line  from  the  north-west  corner 
of  Arizona  Territory  to  Point  Conception,  California ;  headquarters  at  San  Francisco, 
California. 

9.  Department  of  the  Columbia.— Tho  State  of  Oregon,  and  the  Territories  of  Washington, 

Idaho,  excepting  Fort  Hall,  and  Alaska  ;  headquarters  at  Portland,  Oregon. 
JO.  Department  of  Arizona,  -The  Territory  of  Arizona,  and  so  much  of  the  State  of  California 
as  lies  south  of  a  line  from  the  north-west  «orner  of  Arizona  Territory  to  Point  Concep- 
tion, California ;  headquarters  at  Prescott,  Arizona  Territory. 

11.  Department  of  the  South. — The  States  of  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida, 

(3xccpt  the  Gulf  posts  from  Pensacola  Harbor  in  Fort  Jefferson  and  Key  West,  inclusive), 
Alabama,  including  the  posts  in  Mobile  Bay,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky ;  headquarters  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 

12.  Department  of  Texas.— The  State  of  Texas  and  the  Indian  Territory,  excepting  Camp  Sup- 

ply ;  headquarters  at  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

13.  Department  of  the  Gulf. — The  States  of  Louisiana,  Arkansas  nnd  Miosianippi,  nnd  th«  Golf 

posts  as  far  eastward  aa,  and  embracing,  Fort  Jefferson  and  Key  West,  Florida,  exclud- 
ing the  ports  IU  ilpbilQ  l>ay  ;  headquarters  at  New  Orleans.  Louisiana. 

THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT 

Has  charge  of  the  Naval  Establishment  and  all  business  connected 
therewith,  issues  Naval  Commissions,  instructions  and  orders,  super- 
vises the  enlistment  and  discharge  of  seamen,  the  Marine  Corps,  the 
•construction  of  Navy  Yards  and  Docks,  the  construction  and  equip- 
ment of  Vessels,  tho  purchase  of  provisions,  stores,  clothing  and  ord- 
nance, the  conduct  of  surveys  and  hydrographical  operations. 

Department  Officers. 

Salary. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy— RICHABD  W.  THOMPSON,  of  Indiana 8,000 

Chief  Clerk— John  W.  Hogg,  of  District  of  Columbia 2,500 

Superintendent  of  Naval  Observatory — Rear-Admiral  John  Rodgers 

Hydrographic  Office — Captain  S.  R.  Franklin 

Superintendent  National  Almanac — Prof.  Simon  Newcomb 

Commander  of  Marine  Corps— Colonel  C.  G.  McCawley .. 

Chief  Signal  Officer — Commodore  John  C.  Beaumont „ 

'Chief  of  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks— Commodore  R.  L.  Law 

Civil  Engineer— W.  P.  S.  ganger 

Chief  of  Navy  Bureau— Commodore  W.  D.  Whiting 

Ciief  of  Bureau  of  Ordnance — Commodore  Wm.  M.  Jeffers 

Cliief  of  Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing— P.  M.  General  G.  F.  Cutter . . 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery— Surgeon-Gen.  J.  W.  Taylor 

Caief  of  Bureau  of  Construction  nnd  Repairs— Naval  Constructor  J.  W.  Easby 
Chief  of  Bureau  of  Equipment  and  Recruiting— Commodore  Earl  English,. 
Ohief  of  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering— Chief  Engineer  W.  H.  Shock 


THE  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT, 
Officers  of  the  Navy. 


HAXK  AXD  HANK. 

BTATB 

FKUM. 

ENTRY  INTO 

iJ,KKVICK. 

NAME  AND  RASK. 

8TATB 

KHUM. 

*NTUT  INTO 
BKliYlCK. 

Admiral. 
David  D.  Porter  

Vice-  Admiral. 
Stephen  C.  Rowan  

Rear-Admirali. 
Active  Lint. 

Penn  
Ohio  

Maryland 
New  York 
New  York 
N".  Jersey 
Penn  
Louisiana 
Penn  
Georgia.. 
N  H  
Alabama. 

Feb.     2,  1829 
Feb.     1,  182fi 

April  18,  182& 
Jan.    11,  183;: 
Jan.      7,  1.-3-. 
Oct.       5,  183; 
Oct.     23,  1834 
April   5.  183i 
June    5,  1831 
Dec.    14,  163f: 
March  11,  1831 
Dec.   30,  183', 

Commodores. 
Active  List. 

Thomas  H.  Stevena. 
Foxhall  A.  Parker..  . 
John  M.  B.  Cliiz  
Andrew  Urysou  
Donald  McN.  Fairfax 
Tames  11.  Spotts  .... 
J.  W.  A.  Nicholson... 
G.  H.  (Jooper  

Conn  
Virginia.  . 
Michigan 
NewYork 
N.  C  

Dec.    14,  1835 
Marrhll,183T 
April  12,  1837 
Dec.       1,  183T 
Ang.    12,  lb3T 
Aug.      2,  1837 
Feb.     10,  1838 
Aug.      4,  1837 
March  1,1838 
Sept.     4,  I83S 
June      5,1838: 
Feb.     10,  183* 
Oct.     20,  1838- 
April    1,  1839 
April  24,  183» 
May    11,  1839 
Sept.     3,  1838 
July    25,  1839 
Nov.    13,  1839 
March  2,  1839 
Sept.    25,1840 
Feb.     11,  1840 
April  18,1840 
Feb.     14,  1840 

Kentucky 
NewYork 
NewYork 
Penn  
Ohio  
Fenn  
NewYork 
New  York 
Missouri. 
NewYork 
NewYork 
NewYork 
XewYork 
Vermont. 
NewYork 
N.  Jersey 
NewYork 
Vermont. 
Tenn  

J.  C  Beaumont  
I.C.  Fwbiger  
IMerce  Crosby  
f.  B.  Creighton  ...... 

V.K.  Hnghea  .'.  

C.  R.  Calhoun  

Win  E  Le  Roy...... 

IJbas.  H.  Baldwin. 
R.  W.  Shufeldt.  ... 
V.  C.  Rhiud..  

J.  K.  M.  Mullany  
O.K.  P.  Kodgers  
Stephen  D.  Trenchard 
Tuna.  II.  Patterson.  .  . 
John  C.  Ho  well  
EdwaidT.  Nichola... 
Robert  H.  Wyraan.  .. 
George  15.  Bui  ch  ..... 

r.  M.  Ransom  
W.  E.  Hopkina.  ... 

I'lioin-.iH  Patterson 
Wm.  N.  Jeffera  .  .  . 
Kdwanl  Simpson.. 
Wm.  G.  Temple... 
Samuel  B  Carter.. 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR  ,.;. 

Has  charge  of  the  survey,  management,  sales  and  grants  of  Public* 
Lands,  the  examination  of  Pension  and  Bounty  Land  claims,  the 
management  of  Indian  affairs,  the  examination  of  Inventions  and 
award  of  Patents,  the  collection  of  Statistics,  the  distribution  of 
Seeds,  Plants,  etc.,  the  taking  of  Censuses,  the  management  of  Gov- 
ernment mines,  the  erection  of  Publio  Buildings,  and  the  construe' 
tion  of  wagon  roads  to  the  Pacific. 

Department  Officers. 

Balary. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior — CAKL  SCHUBZ,  of  Missouri $8,000 

Assistant  Secretary — Charles  F.  Gorham,  of  Mich 3,500 

General  Land  Office — James  A.  Williamson,  of  Iowa,  Commissioner 4,000 

Indian  Office— Ezra  A.  Hayt,  of  New  York,  Commissioner 4,500 

Pension  Office— John  A.  Bentley,  of  Wisconsin,       " 3,600 

Patent  Office— Halbert  E.  Paine,  "  "          4,500 

Bureau  of  Education — John  Eaton,  of  Tenn.,          "          ..3,000 

Census  Office — Francis  A.  Walker,  Conn. ,  Superintendent 

THE  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT 

Has  charge  of  the  Postal  System,  the  establishment  and  discon- 
tinuance of  Post  Offices,  appointment  of  Postmasters,  the  contracts 
for  carrying  the  mails,  the  Dead  Letter  Office,  maintains  an  inspec- 
tion to  prevent  frauds,  mail  depredations,  etc. 


1.4  THE  GENERAL   GOVERNMENT. 

Department  Officers. 

Salary, 

Postmaster-General — HOEACK  MATNABD,  of  Tennessee $8,000 

Appointment  Office — 1st  Assistant  P.  M.  General,  Jas.  M.  Tyner,  Ind 3,500 

'Contract  Office— 2d  Assistant  P.  M.  General,  Thomas  A.  Brady,  Indiana 3,500 

Finance  Office— 3d  Assistant  P.  M.  General,  Abraham  D.  Ilazen,  Penn 3,500 

-Superintendent  of  Money  Order  System— C.  F.  McDonald,  of  Mass 3,000 

-Superintendent  of  Foreign  Mails— J.  H.  Blackfan,  of  New  Jersey 3,000 

Superintendent  of  Free  Delivery — R.  W.  Gurley,  of  Louisiana 3,000 

Superintendent  of  Dead  Letter  Office— E.  J.  Dallas,  of  Kansas 3,  COO 

General  Superintendent  R.  R.  Mail  Service— W.  B.  Thompson,  of  Ohio 3,000 

Auditor  Railroad  Accounts — Theophilus  French 2,000 

Superintendent  of  Bank  Agency— Dudley  W.  Rhodes,  of  Ohio 3,000 

Topographer— W.  F.  Nicholson,  of  D.  C 

DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE. 

The  Attorney -General,  who  is  the  head  of  this  department,  is  the 
legal  adviser  of  the  President  and  heads  of  departments,  examines 
titles,  applications  for  pardons,  and  judicial  and  legal  appointments, 
-conducts  and  argues  suits  in  which  Government  is  concerned,  etc. 

Department  Officers, 

Salary. 

Attosney-General— CHAELES  DEVENS,  of  Mass. $8.000 

Assistant  Attorney-General — Edwin  B.  Smith,  of  Maine 5,000 

do  do  Thomas  Simons,  of  New  York 5,000 

Solicitor-General—Samuel  F.  Phillips,  of  North  Carolina 7,000 

Assistant  Att'y-General for  Department  of  Interior — E.  M.  Marble,  of  Mich. .  5,000 

do  do  P.  O.  Department— Alfred  A.  Freeman,  of  Tenu 4,000 

Solicitor  of  Internal  Revenue— C.  Chesley,  of  New  Hampshire 4,500 

Solicitor  of  the  Treasury — Kenneth  Raynor,  of  N.  Carolina 4,500 

Assistant  Solicitor  of  Treasury — Joseph  H.  Robinson 3,000 

Examiner  of  Claims  for  State  Department — H.  O'Connor,  of  Iowa 3,500 

Law  Clerk  and  Examiner  of  Titles— A.  J.  Bentley,  of  Ohio 2,700 

-Chief  Clerk— George  C.  Wing,  of  Ohio 2,200 

THE   JUDICIARY. 

Supreme  Court  rf  the  United  States. 
Appointed.  Age.  Salary. 

1874.— MOKKISON  R.   WAITE,   of  Ohio..    .Chief  Justice.  63  $10,500 

1880.— Goo.  F.  Edmunds,  of  Vermont Asso.  Jus.  68  10,000 

1858.— Nathan  Clifford,  Portland,  Maine do  75  10,000 

1862.— Noah  H.  Swayne,  Columbus,  Ohio do  74  10,000 

1862.— Samuel  F.  Miller,  Keokuk,  Iowa, do  63  10,000 

1863.— Stephen  J;   Field,  California, do  62  10,000 

1870.— Joseph  P.  Bradley,  New  Jersey co  66  10,000 

1870.— William   Strong,  Pennsylvania, do  70  10,000 

1877.— John  M.  Harlan,  Kentucky do  64  10,000 

The  Court  holds  one  general  term,  annually,  at  Washington,  D. 
C.,  commencing  on  the  first  Monday  in  December. 

Salary. 

ID.  Wesley  Middleton,  of  Washington,  Clerk 

William  T.  Otto,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  Reporter 

John  G.  Nicolay,  of  Illinois,  Marshal 


TSE  GENERAL   QOVERNMEXt.  15 

Circuit  Judges  of  the  United  Males. 

MM*. 

I*IEST  CIBCTJIT.  — (Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island) 

— John  Lowell,  of  Boston,  Mass $6,000 

'SECOND  CIKCUIT. — (Vermont,  Connecticut,  Northern  New  York,  Southern 

New  York,  and  Eastern  New  York)— Samuel  Blatchford,  New  York 6,000 

THIRD  CIRCUIT. — (New  Jersey,  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  Western  Pennsylvania, 

Delaware) — "William  McKennen,  of  Pennsylvania 6,000 

FOURTH  CIRCUIT.— (Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  North  Carolina  and 

South  Carolina)— Hugh  L .  Bond,  Maryland 6,000 

FnfTH  .CiBcurr. — (Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Texas, 

Colorado,  Misssouri,  and  Nebraska) — Wm.  B.  Woods,  of  Alabama 6,000 

SIXTH  CIECTTIT. — (Ohio,  Michigan,  Kentucky  and  Tennesee) — John  Baxter, 

of  Tennessee 6,000 

SEVENTH  CIECUIT.— (Indiana,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin) — Thomas  Drummond, 

of  Illinois 6,000 

SIGHTH  CIRCUIT. — (Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Arkansas) — 

Geo.  W.  McCrary,  of  Iowa 6,000 

NTNTH  CIRCUIT. — (California,  Oregon  and  Nevada) — Lorenzo  Sawyer,  of 

California  .,> , 6,000 

District  Courts. — Judges.     (States.) 

ALABAMA,  N.  D.,  M.  D.  and  S.  D. — John  Bruce,  of  Montgomery,  Ala.  ARKANSAS, 
W.sD.— I.  C.  Parker,  of  Fort  Smith,  Ark.;  E.  D.,  H.  C.  Caldwell,  of  Little  Rock, 
Ark.  CALIFORNIA — Ogden  Hoffman,  of  San  Francisco.  COLORADO — Moses  Hallett 
of  Denver. '  CONNECTICUT — Nathaniel  Shipman,  of  Hartford.  DELAWABK — Ed- 
ward G.  Bradford,  of  Wilmington.  FLORIDA,  N.  D. — Thomas  Settle,  of  Jackson- 
ville; S.  D.,  James  W.  Locke,  of  Key  West.  GEORGIA,  N.  D.  and  S.  D. — John 
Erskine,  of  Atlanta.  ILLINOIS,  N.  D.— Henry  W.  Blodgett;  S.  D.,  Samuel  H. 
Treat,  Jr.  INDIANA — Walter  Q.  Gresham.  IOWA — James  M.  Love.  KANSAS— 
Cassius  G.  Foster.  KENTUCKY — W.  H.  Hays.  LOUISIANA — Edward  C.  Billings. 
MAINE — Edw.  Fox.  MARYLAND — Thos.  J.  Morris.  MASSACHSUETTS — T.  L.  Nelson. 
MICHIGAN,  E.  D.— H.  B.  Brown;  W.  D.,  S.  L.  Withey.  MINNESOTA— E.  R,  Nel- 
son. MISSISSIPPI,  N.  D.  andS.  D. — Robert  A.  Hill.  MISSOURI,  E.  D.— Samuel 
Treat;  W.  D.,  Arnold  Krekd.  NEBRASKA — Elmer  S.  Dundy.  NEVADA— Edgar 
W.  Hillyer.  NEW  HAMPSHIRE — Daniel  Clark.  NEW  JERSEY — John  T.  Nixon. 
NEW  YORK,  N.  D.— W.  J.  Wallace;  S.  D.,  W.  G.  Choate  ;  E.  D.,  Charles  L. 
Benedict.  NORTH  CAROLINA,  E  D. — George  W.  Brooks;  W.  D.,  Robert  P. 
Dick.  OHIO,  N.  D.— Martin  Welker ;  S.  D.,  Philip  B.  Swing.  OREGON— Matthew 
P.  Deady.  PENNSYLVANIA,  E.  D.— Wm.  Butler ;  W.  D.,  W.  W.  Ketcham.  RUODB 
ISLAND — John  P.  Knowles.  SOUTH  CAROLINA — George  S.  Bryan.  TENNESSEE,  E. 
D.  and  M.  D.— Conally  F.  Trigg;  W.  D.,  E.  S.  Hammond.  TEXAS,  E.  D.— Amos 
Morrill;  W.  D.,  T.  H.  Duval.  VERMONT— Hoyt  H.  Wheeler.  VIRGINIA,  E.  D.— 
Robert  W.  Hughes:  W.  D.,  Alexander  Rives.  WEST  VIRGINIA— John  J.  Jackson. 
WISCONSIN,  E.  D. — Charles  E.  Dyer;  W.  D.,  Romanza  Bunn.  Of  these  District 
Judges,  two  (Cal.  audCol.).  receive  $5,000  each;  one  (La.),  $4,500;  nine  (Md., 
Mass.,  N.  J.,  N.  Y.  3,  Penn.  2,  and  W.  D.  Ohio),  $4,000  each;  all  the  remainder 
$3,500-each. 

District  Courts. — Judges.    (Territories). 

ARIZONA— C.  G.  W:  French.  DAKOTA— Peter  C.  Shannon.  IDAHO— John  T. 
Morgan.  MONTANA — D.  S.  Wade.  NEW  MEXICO — L.  Bradford  Prince.  UTAH — 


16  THE  GENERAL   GOVERNMENT. 

John  A.  Hunter.  WASHINGTON — Roger  S.  Green.  WYOMTNO — James  B.  Sauer. 
DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA — David  K.  Cartter,  Chief  Justice,  $4,500.  Alexander  B. 
Hagner,  Walter  S.  Cox,  Charles  P.  James,  Andrew  Wiley,  Arthur  B.  McArthur, 
Associates,  $4,000  each. 

Court  of  Claims. 

Salary. 

/C.  D.  Drake,  Missouri,  Chief  Justice. $4,500 

J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  New  York 4,500 

"Wm.  H.  Hunt,  Louisiana 4,500 

Charles  C.  Nott,  New  York 4,500 

William  A.  Richardson 4,500 

Archibald  Hopkins,  Clerk 3,000 

John  Randolph,  Assistant  Clerk 2,000 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

'Salary. 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture — WM.  G.  LE  Due,  of  Minnesota. . . : $3,000 

Chief  Clerk— E.  A.  Carman,,  of  New  Jersey. 1,800 

Statistician — C.  Worthington,  of  Maryland 2,000 

Entomologist— J.  W.  Potter 2,000 

Chemise-Peter  Cottier,  of  Vermont 2,000 

Superintendent  of  Botanical  Gardens — Wm.  Saunders,  of  Pennsylvania. . . . 

Superintendent  of  Seed  Room — A.  Glass,  of  Dist.  of  Columbia 

Botanist — G.  Vasey,  of  Illinois 

Librarian — E.  H.  Stevens,  of  Louisiana 

Disbursing  Clerk— B.  F.  Fuller,  of  Illinois 


GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE; 

Salary. 

Congressional  Printer— J.  D.  DEFBEES,  of  Indiana 3,600 

Chief  Clerk— A.  F.  Childs,  of  Dist.  Columbia 


DEPARTMENT   OF   EDUCATION. 

Salary. 

Commissioner  of  Education — Gen.  JOHN  EATON,   Jr.,  of  Term $3,000 

Chief  Clerk— Charles  Warren 1,800 

Translator— Herman  Jacobson. . 


UNITED  STATES  MINT  AND  BRANCHES. 

Salary. 

A.  Landou  Snowden,  Superintendent  Philadelphia 

Thomas  C.Acton,  do  New  York 

Henry  L.  Dodge,  do  San  Francisco,  Cal 

Henry  S.  Foote,  do  New  Orleans,  La 

James  Crawford,  do  Carson  City,  Nev 

Calvin   J.    Cowles,   Assayer  Charlotte,  N.C 

Herman  Silver,  do       Denver,  Col 

Wm.  Penn  Prescott,      do       Carson  City,  Nev 

Albert  Walters,  do       Boise  City,  Idaho 

Charles  Rumley,  do       Helena,  Montana 

Benjamin  F.  Flanders,  Treasurer,  New  Orleans,  La 


THE   GENEEAL    GOVERNMENT.  17 


THE  LEGISLATIVE  BRANCH  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT. 

THE  National  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  of  two  members  from 
each  State,  making  the  full  Senate  now  consist  of  seventy-six  members, 
and  a  House  of  Eepresentatives,  now  having  two  hundred  and  ninety-three 
members.  The  Senators  are  chosen  by  the  Legislatures  of  their  several 
States,  for  a  term  of  six  years,  either  by  concurrent  vote  or  by  joint  ballot, 
as  the  State  may  prescribe.  The  members  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives are  usually  elected  by  a  plurality  vote  in  districts  of  each  State, 
whose  bounds  are  prescribed  by  the  Legislature,  for  the  term  of  two  years. 
In  a  few  instances  they  have  been  elected  at  large  :  i.  e.j  by  the  plurality 
vote  of  the  entire  State. 

The  Constitution  requires  nine  years'  citizenship  to  qualify  for  admis-» 
sion  to  the  Senate,  and  seven  years  to  the  House  of  Representatives. 
An  act  approved  July  26,  I860,  requires  the  Legislature  of  each  State 
which  shall  be  chosen  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  any  Senatorial 
term,  on  the  second  Tuesday  after  its  first  meeting,  to  elect  a  successor, 
each  House  Dominating  viva  voce,  and  then  convening  in  Joint  Assembly 
to  compare  nominations.  In  case  of  agreement,  such  person  shall  be 
declared  duly  elected;  and  if  they  do  not  agree,  then  balloting  to  continue 
from  day  to  day  at  12  M.  during  the  session  until  choice  has  been  made. 
Vacancies  are  to  be  filled  in  like  manner.  The  members  of  each 
House  receive  a  salary  of  $5,000  per  annum,  and  actual  mileage  at 
twenty  cents  per  mile .  For  each  day's  absence,  except  when  caused 
by  sickness,  $8  per  diem  is  deducted  from  the  salary.  The  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  receives  $10,000. 


CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

The  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  is  composed  of 
members  elected  by  Districts.  The  number  apportioned  to  the  States  has 
varied  at  each  decennial  census,  as  shown  by  the  following  Table  : 

Cenau*.  "When  Apportioned.  "Whole  No.  Rep.  Ratio,  Ono  to 

Uy  Constitution , 65 

1790 April  14,     1792 105 33,004 

1SOO Jan.  14,       180-2 141 523,000 

1810 Dec.  21,       1311 181 35,000 

1820 March  7,      182-2 213 40,000 

1830 May  22,        1832 240 46,700 

1840 June  25,       1842 22» 70,080 

1850 July  30,        1852 233 93,423 

1860 April—,      1861 242 137,000 

1870 Dec.—        1871 , 281 142,000 

By  adding  members  for  fractions  of  tho  rntio,  and  the  admission  of  Colorado,  the  numbor 
of  Representatives  has  been  brought  up  lo  5:1)3. 


re 


THE    GENERAL    GOVERNMENT 


Presidents  under  tfie  Federal  Constitution. 


Names. 

Inaugurated. 

Born. 

Age  at 
Inaugu- 
ration. 

Tears 
in 
office. 

Died. 

Age 
at 
Deatjfc 

1.  (rcorge  Washington,  of  Virgiuia  .  . 
2.  John  Adams,  ot  Massachusetts  .  .  . 
3.  Thomas  Jefferson  .  of  Virginia  

April  30,  1789 
Mar.  4—1797 
Mar.  4—1801 
Mar.  4—1809 
Mar.  4—1817 
Mar.  4—1825 
Mar.  4—1829 
Mar.  4—1837 
Mar.  4—1841 

Apr.  4—1841 
Mar.  4—1845 
Mar.  4—1849- 

July  9—1850 
Mar.  4—1853 
Mar.  4—1857 
Mar.  4-T-1861 

Apr.  15-1865 
Mar.  4—  ICLII 
Mar.  4—1877 

1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1759 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 

1790 
1795 
17e4 

1800 
1804 
1791 
1809 

1808 
1*22 
1822 

57 
62 
58 
58 
58 
58 
62 
55 
68 

57 
49 
65 

50 
49 
65 
52 

57 
47 
55 

8 
4 

8 
8 
8 
4 
8 
4 

4 
4 
1 

3 
4 
4 
4 

4 

8 

Dec.  14,  1799 
July  4—1826 
July  4—1826 
June  28,  1836 
July  4—1831 
Feb.  21!,  1^48 
June  8  —  1845 
July  24,  1862 
April  4,1841 

Jan.  17,  1862 
June  15,  1*49 
July  9—1850 

Mar.  8—1874 
Oct.    8—1869 
June  1—1869 
April  15,  1865 

July  31,1675 

68 
91 
83 
85 
73 
80 
78 
79 
63 

7Z     f 
54 
66 

74 
65 
77 
59 

67 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Mass  
7.  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee.  .  . 
8.  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York 
9.  William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio 
10.  John  Tyler,  or  Virginia,  Vice-Pres- 
ident, succeeded  President  Harri- 

)1.  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee  
IS!.  Zachary  Taylor,  of  Louisiana  
13.  Millard  Fillmore,  of  N.   Y.,  Vice 
President,  succeeded  Pres.  Taylor 
who  died  July  9  1850  

14.  Franklin  Pierce,  of  N.  Hampshire 
15.  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania 
16  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois  

17.  Andrew  Johnson,  Viee-Pregidcnt 
succeeded  President  Lincoln,  who 
•was  assassinated  April  14,  1665  .  .  . 
18.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois  

19.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio  

Vice-Presidents. 


Names. 

Inaugurated. 

Born. 

Died. 

1.  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts  

1789 

1735 

1826 

Z.'  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia  

1797 

1743 

1826 

3.  Aaron  Burr,  of  New  York  

1801 

1750 

1836 

4.'  George  Clinton,  of  New  York  

1805 

1739 

181-2 

5.  Elbridgo  Gerry,  o  f  Massachusetts 

1813 

1744 

1814 

C.  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York  . 

1817 

1744 

1825 

7.  John  C.  Calhoan,  of  South  Carolina 

1825 

1782 

1850 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York 

1833 

1782 

1803 

9.  Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky  

1837 

1780 

1850 

10.  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia  . 

1341 

1790 

1862 

11,  George  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania  

1845 

1792 

1B65 

12.  Mitlard  Fillmore,  of  New  Y*brk  

1849 

1800 

1874 

13.  William  R.  King,  of  Alabama  

1853 

1786 

1853 

14.  John  O.  Brec  ken  ridge  of  Kentucky  

1857 

1881 

1875 

15,  Hannibal  Haraliu,  of  Maine                    

1861 

1809 

10.  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee  .                      

1865 

1808 

ItTS 

17.  Schuvler  Colfax»  ot"  Indiana  

1869 

1823 

18.  Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts  

1873 

|        1812 

187& 

1U.  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York... 

1877 

Chief  Justices  of  tJie  Supreme  Court  of  tlie  United  States. 


Name. 

State. 

Term  of 
Service. 

Born. 

Died. 

John  Jay  
John  Rut-ledge  

New  York  

1789—1795 
1795  1795 

1745 
1739 

1829 
1800 

Oliver  Ellsworth  

1706     180J 

1752 

1«07 

Jojin  Marshall  

1801     1830 

1755 

1836 

Roger  B.  Taney  
Salmon  P.  Chase  

Maryland  
Ohio 

1836—  18C4 
18C4     1873 

1777 
1808 

1864 
1873 

Morrison  R.  Waite  

Ohio  

1874—....   | 

l<«5 

Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 


NAME. 

State. 

Term  of 
Service. 

Born. 

Died. 

.Tohn  Rutledgo  
William  Cushing  

South  Carolina  

1789—1791 
1789—1810 

1739 
1733 

1800 
1810 

James  Wilson  

1789     1798 

1742 

1798 

John  Blair  

1789     1796 

1732 

1800 

Robert  H.  Harrison  
Jumps  Iredell  

Maryland  

1739—1789 
1790—1799 

1745 
1750 

1790 
1799 

Thomas  .Johnson  
"William  Patterson  .  .  . 

Maryland  
New  Jersey.  .. 

1791—1703 
179:!     IPOfi 

17T2 
174:1 

1819 
'HOfi 

THE    GENERAL     GOVERNMENT 


Associate  Justices  of  Hie  Supreme  Court  oftlie  U.  S.  (Continued.) 


Name. 

State. 

Term  of 
Service. 

Bom. 

Died. 

••Samuel  Chase  •  

Bushrod  Washington  • 

Maryland  
Virginia  
North  Carolina  

1796—1811 
1798—1829 
1799--1804 

1741 
1759 
1755 

1811 
1829 
1810 

South  Carolina.  .  . 

1804—  -1834 

1771 

1834 

New  York 

180K  —  1823 

1757 

1823 

Thomas  Todd         

Kentucky  

1807—1826 

1765 

1826 

Joseph  Story  

Massachusetts  

1811—1845 

1779 

1845 

Gabriel  Duval              

Maryland  

1811—1835 

1751 

1844 

New  York  

1823—1845 

1767 

1845 

Jiobert  Trimble  

Kentucky  

1826—1829 

1776 

1829 

John  McLean  

Ohio  

1829—1861 

1785 

1861 

Henry  Baldwin  

Pennsylvania  

1830—1846 

1779 

1846 

James  M.  Wayno  

Georgia  

1835—1867 

1786 

1867 

Philip  H.  Harbour  

Virginia  

1836—1841 

1779 

1841 

John  Cat  ron  

Tennessee  

1837—1865 

1786 

1865 

Alabama  

1837—1852 

1852 

Peter  V.  Daniel    .     .            

Virginia 

1841     1860 

J785 

1860 

Samuel  Nelson  

New  York  

lfri£—  1851 

1792 

1863 

Lievi  Woodbnry.  

New  Hampshire  .  . 

1845—1851 

1790 

1851 

Robert  C.  Gtier    

Pennsylvania. 

1846  —  1870 

1794 

1870 

Massachusetts  

1851—1857 

1809 

James  A.  Campbell  

Alabama  ...,  

1853—  185(i 

1802 

Nathan  Clifford  -  

Maine  .......... 

1858  —  .   .. 

1803 

.1 

Noah  H.  8wavn«...  

Ohio  

isea—  .  .. 

1805 

Samuel  7.  Miller  

Iowa  .............. 

18C8—  .    .. 

1816 

DaridDavls.  

Illinois    

1832—  1877 

1815 

flfeophon  J.  FleM  ..............                   ., 

California       

1817 

1870  —  .   .. 

l«09 

Jooepb  P.  Bradley  

1S79 

1813 

"Ward  Hunt  

New  York  

1872—.   .. 

1811 

John  M.  llarlan  

Kentucky  ........ 

1877—  

1814 

IPPOSTTONlfENT  OF  REPEESENTATTYES. 
By  Act  Deo.  14,  1871,  under  census  of  1870. 


.Alabama  

8 

Kansas  ....... 

..     3 

1 

Rhode  Island  . 
South  Carolina 

2 
..I  5 

10 

Arkansas  
California  

4 
4 

Kentucky  
Louisiana  

...10 
...6 

Nevada  
New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey.  
New  York  
North  Carolina.  . 
Ohio. 

..  1 
..  3 

..  7 
..33 

..  8 
20 

4 

Maine  

...  5 

c 

Texas  
Virginia  

...  6 
...  9 
3 

Delaware.     .  . 

1 

Florida      .     .  . 

2 

Massachusetts 
Michigan  

...11 

...  9 

XJeorgia  

9 

West  Virginia  . 

...  3 
.  .  8 

Illinois  

19 

Minnesota  .... 

...  3 

Ore  "on  .  ... 

1 

Indiana  

13' 

Mississippi..  .. 

.   c 

Pennsylvania.  .  .  . 

..27 

Colorado, 
Totai  

1 

..293 

Iowa  

....  9 

Missouri  

...13 

The  ratio  of  apportionment  is 'about  142,000  inhabitants  for  a 
Member  of  Congress,  though  allowance  is  made  for  fractions  in 
.excess  of  one-half. 


Expense  of  maintaining  the  government,  not  including  the  inter- 
est on  the  bonds,  for  each  year  from  1861  to  1878  : 

Jane  30,  1862 $570, 841, 700  25 

1863 714,709,99558 

1864 865,234,08786 

1865 1,290,312,982  41 

1866 1,141,072,66609 

"    1867 346,729,12433 

1868 377,340,284  00 

1H69 321,490,59775 

1870 309,653,560  75 


June  30,  1871 $292,177,188  25 

1872 270,559,695  91 

1873 2(52,254,216  97 

1874 302,63:3,873  76 

1875 268,447,54376 

1876 258,459,79710 

1877 238,660,0893 

1878 236,964,326  80 

1879 161,610,933  53 


VALUATION  OF  PROPERTY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  iy  1370. 


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| 


THS  PUBLIC  DEBT.  21 

PUBLIC    DEBT    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

OCTOBER  1,  1880. 

Debt  bearing  Interest. 

Bonds  at  6  per  cent $222,819.050  00 

Bonds  at  5  per  cent , , ' 474,531,550  00 

Bonds  at  4£  per  cent 250,000,000  00 

Bonds  at  4  per  cent .' 738,263,950  00 

Refunding  Certificates 1,083,850  00 

Navy  Pension  Fund 14,000,000  00 

Principal $1,700,698,400  00 

Interest 18,134,503  00 

Debt  on  which  Interest  has  ceased  since  Maturity. 

Principal §6,011,665  00 

Interest ' 764,356  00 

Debt  bearing  no  Interest. 

Old  demand  and  Legal-Tender  Notes $346,741 ,841  00 

Certificates  of  Deposit 9,965,000  00 

Fractional  Currency 7,181,940  00 

Gold  and  Silver  Certificates 26,033,660  00 


Principal $389,922,441  00 

Unclaimed  Interest. 8,077  00 

Total  Debt. 

Principal $2,096,632,507  00- 

Interest 1 8,906,936  00 


Total §2,1 15,539,443  00 

Cash  in  Treasury. 
Total  Cash  in  Treasury,  at  date $199,945,260  00 

Debt  less  Cash  in  the  Treasury,  December  1,  1875 $2,117,917,132  67 

Debt  less  Cash  in  Treasury,  December  1,  1876 2,089,336,099  42 

Debt  less  Cash  in  Treasury,  December  1,  1877 2,046,027,065  94 

Debt  less  Cash  in  Treasury,  December  1,  1878 2,027,414,325  79 

Debt  less  Cash  in  Treasury,  December  1,  1879 2,016,049,722  83 

Debt  less  Cash  in  Treasury,  October  1,  1880 1,915,594,183  00 

Bonds  to  Pacific  Railway  Companies,  Interest  payable  in  Lawful  Money. 

Principal  outstanding $64,623,512  00 

Interest  accrued  and  not  yet  paid 909,352  00 

Interest  paid  by  the  United  States 47,589,861  00. 

Interest  repaid  by  Transportation  of  Mails,  etc 13,824,655  00 

By  Cash  Payments  5  per  cent,  net  earnings 6~5,199  00 

Balance  of  Interest  paid  by  the  United  States 33,1 10,008  00 


22 


THE  PUBLIC  DEBT. 

THE  PUBLIC  DEBT— MAECH  1,  1879. 


THE   LOANS   MADE    BY    GOVEKNMENT   NOT   YET    REDEEMED. 
1. — Debt  bearing  Interest  on  Coin. 


TITLE  OF  LOAN. 

Amo'nt 
Issued 
in  Mil- 
lions. 

Per  Cent 
Interest 

'When  Redeemable. 

Amount 
Out  stand- 
ing. 

Accrued 
Interest  to> 
Date. 

20,000 
7,022 
18,415 
1,091 
189,327 
75,000 

194,567 

379,506 
42,540 

508,440 
250,000 

5 
5 
C 
6 
G 
6 

5 

6 
6 

5 

4)4 
4 

After  Jan.  1,  1874  

260,000 

3,250  00 

Loan  of  Jan.  1,  1861  (Act  of  ? 
June  22  1860           J 

<  After  Jan.l,  1871  &be-? 
\  fore  Jan.  1,1881  5 
Pay  able  Jnn  1  1681  

18,415,000 
945,000 
189,321,350 
75,000,000 

194,566,300 
161,857,600 

508,440,350 

250,000,000 
406,900,000 

184,150  00 
9,45000 
1,893,213  50 
750,000  00 

4,864,157  50 
5,612,472  75 

2,118,501  46 

937,500  00 
8,220,567  25- 

Loan  of  Feb.  8,  1861  (1881's).. 
Oregon  "War  Debt,  July  1,  ? 
1861  (Act  of  MarchS  1861)  $ 
L'n  July  17&Aug.  5,  '61('81's) 
Loan  of1  1863,  dated  June  15,  J 
1864  (1881  s),  3d  issue  J 

Ten-Forties  of  1864  

Payable  July  1,  1881  
Payable  Jan.  &.  July;  1881 
Pay  'ble  after  June  30,  1881 
(  After  March  1,1  874,  &  ) 
\  Payable  M'ch  1,1904.  5 
After  July  1,  1K72  \ 
After  July  1  ,  1873  J 

Five-  Twenties  of  1867*  
Five-Twenties  of  1868 

Fnn'd  L'n  1881,  issued  under  > 
ActsJ'ly  14,'70&Jan.20,'71  J 
Fitn'dL'n  1801,  Acts  TO  &  '71. 
Fund'dL'n  of  1907,  same  Acts. 

After  May  1,1881  

After  Sept.  1,  1891  

After  July  1,  1907  

2,014,271,900 

24,603,587  00 

2. — Debt  bearing  Interest  in  Currency  or  lawful  money. 


TITLE  OF  LOAN. 

Per  Cent. 
Interest. 

Principal 
Outstanding. 

Interest 
Accrued<t 
not  yet 
Paid. 

Balance  of 
Int'stpaidby 
Uiiit'd  State*. 

3 

$14  000,000 

f210  000 

PACIFIC  RAILWAY  COMPANIES  LOANS. 
Conditional—  Half  interest  now  and  all  the  principal  and 
interest  eventually  to  be  paid  by  Companies- 
Central  Pacific                                         

C 

25  8P5  120 

1 

6 

6  303  000 

6 

27236J512 

Central  Branch  of  Union  Pacific  

6 

1  600.000 

>  646,235 

41,773,743  00 

6 

1,970  560 

6 

1,628320 

J 

Totals  

$64,623,512 

$646235 

$41  773  745  00 

There  had  been  also  to  March  1,  1879,  $10,658,076  of  interest  paid  by  trans- 
portation of  mails,  &c.     These  loans  are  to  run  30  years  from  date  of  their  issue. 

3. — Debt  on  which  the  Interest  has  ceased  since  maturity. 


PrCt 

Principal. 

Interest. 

Total. 

Called  Bonds  not  yet  Surrendered  May  1,  1979  

6 

67,429,110 

1,203,641 

68,629,755 

4.  —  Debt  bearing  no  Interest. 

TITLE  OF  DEBT. 

Principal. 

Remarks. 

Old  Demand  and  Legal  Tender  Notes  

$346.742,941 
46,100,000 

15,986,412 
19,087,680 

$  More  than  half  of  this  is  probably 
(     destroyed  by  flre  or  otherwise. 
Am'nt  diminished  since  redempt'n. 

Certificates  of  Deposit.  

Fractional  Currency  

Coin  and  Silver  Certificates  

*  Before  May  1, 1879,  all  the  Five-Twenties,  amounting  to  $1,602.5S7,350,  were  funded  into  the  5.  4^  anil 
4  per  cent.  Loans,  the  Loan  of  June  14, 1853  and  all  the  Ten-Korties  of  1864,  amounting  together  lo- 
$194,826,300,  were  called  in,  and  by  July  10,  all  would  be  refunded  in  Four  per  cents. 


THE  PUBLIC  DEBT. 


PUBLIC  DEBT  AT  ITS  MAXIMUM— CUKEENCY  AT  ITS  COIN  VALUE. 

The  public  debt  reached  its  maximum  on  August  31,  18G5,  when  it  amounted  to 
$2,845,907,626,  composed  as  follows: 

Funded  debt $1,109,568,192 


Matured  debt 

•Temporary  loans 

Certificates  of  debt 

Five  per  cent,  legal-tender  notes 

Compound-interest  legal- tender  notes. 

Seven-thirty  notes 

United  States  notes,  (legal  tenders).. . . 

Fractional  Currency 

Suspended  requisitions  uncalled  for. . . 


1.503,020 

....; 107,14.8,713 

85,093,000 

, 33,954,230 

217,024,160 

830,000,000 

433,160,569 

26,344,742 

2,111,000 

Total $2,845,907,626 

Of  these  obligatioms  $684,138,959  were  a  legal-tender  in  the  payment  of  all 
debts,  public  and  private,  except  customs,  duties  and  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

The  amount  of  legal- tender  notes,  demand  notes,  fractional  currency,  and  national 
currency,  and  national  bank  notes,  outstanding  on  August  31,  1865,  and  annually 
thereafter,  from  January  1,  1866,  to  January  1,  1878,  and  the  amounts  outstanding 
November  1,  1878,  are  shown  by  the  following  table,  together  with  the  currency 
price  of  gold,  and  the  gold  price  of  currency,  at  each  date : 


Bate. 

United  States  Issue. 

Notes  of  na- 
tional banks 
including 
Gold  Notes. 

Aggregate. 

§2 

"U 

ti 

v«» 

5*3 

Gold  price  of 
SlvO  Oui  Tencj- 

Legal-tender 
Notes. 

Old 
Demand 

Kotes. 

Fractional 
Currency. 

Aug.     31,  1865 

$432,757,604 

$402,965 

$26,344,742 

$176,213,955 

*635,719,266 

$144  25 

$69  35 

Jan.        1,  186G 

425,839,319 

392  070 

26,000,420 

298,588,419 

750,820,228 

144  50 

69  20 

Jan.        1,  18C7 

380,276,100 

221,682 

28,732,812 

299,846,206 

709,076,860 

133  00 

75  IS 

Jan.        1,  18G8 

356,000,000 

159,127 

31,597,583 

299,747,569 

687,504,279 

133  25 

75  04 

Jan.        1,  I860 

355,892,975 

128,098 

34,215,715 

299,629,322 

689,866,110 

135  00 

74  07 

Jan.        1,  1870 

356,000,000 

113,098 

39,762,664 

299,904,029 

695,779,791 

120  00 

83  33 

Jan.        1,  1871 

356,000,000 

101,086 

39,995,089 

206,307,672 

702,403,847 

110  75 

90  29 

Jaa;        1,  1872 

357,500,000 

92,801 

40,707,877 

328,465,431 

726,826,109 

109  50 

91  32 

Jan.        1,  1873 

358,557,907 

84,387 

45,722,061 

344,582,812 

748,947,167 

112  00 

89  23 

Jan.        1,  1874 

378,401,702 

79,637 

48,544,792 

350,848,236 

777,874.367 

110  25 

90  70 

Jan.        1,  1875 

382,0*0,000 

72,317 

46,390,598 

354,128,250 

782,591,165 

112  50 

88  89 

Jan.        1,  1876 

371,827,220 

69,642 

44,147.072 

346,479,756 

762,523,690 

112  75 

88  6d 

Jan.        1,  1877 

366,055,084 

65.462 

26,348,206 

321,595,606 

714,064,358 

107  00 

93  46 

Jan.        1,  1878 

349,943,776 

63,532 

17,764,109 

321,672,505 

689,443,922 

102  87 

97  21 

Nov.       1,  1878 

346,681,016 

62,065 

16,211,193 

322,460,715 

685,414,989 

100  25 

99  75 

THK  PTTKHG  DEB1. 


REDUCTION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
from  March  1,  1869,  to  January  I,  1881. 


DATES. 

Debt  of  the 
UnitC'l  States, 
less  cash  in  the 
Treasury. 

DATES. 

Debt  of  the 
United  States, 
less  cash  in  the 
Treasury. 

DATES. 

Debt  of  the 
United  State*, 
less  cash  in  tho 
Treasury. 

1869 

1873 

1877 

Mar.  1.. 

2,525,463,260 

Mar.  1  . 

2,157,380,700 

Mar.  1. 

2,083,781,143 

June  1  .  . 

2,505,412,613 

June  1  . 

2,149,963,873 

June  1  . 

2,063,377,342 

Sept.  1  .  . 

2,475,962,501 

Sept.  1  . 

2,140,695,365 

Sept.  1  . 

2,055,469,779 

Dec.  1  .  . 

2,453,559,735 

Dec.  1. 

2,150,862,053 

Dec.  1. 

2,046,027,066 

1870 

1874 

1878 

Mar.  1.. 

2,438,323,477 

Mar.  1  . 

2,154,880,066 

Mar.  1  . 

2,042,037,129 

June  1  .  . 

2,406,562,371 

June  1  . 

2,145,268,438 

June  1  . 

2,035,786,841 

Sept.l.. 

2,355,921,150 

Sept.  1  . 

2,140,178,614 

Sept.  1  . 

2,029,105,020 

Dec.  1.. 

2,334,308,494 

Dec.  1. 

2,138,938,334 

Dec.  1. 

2,027,414,326 

1871 

1875 

1879 

Mar.l.. 

2,320,708,846 

Mar.  1  . 

2,137,315,989 

Mar.  1. 

2,026,207,541 

June  1  .  . 

2,299,134,184 

June  1. 

2,130,119,975 

July  1. 

2,027,207,256 

Sept.  1  .  . 

2,274,122,560 

Sept.  1. 

2,125,808,789 

Oct.    1. 

2,027,202,452 

Dec.  1  .  .' 

2,248,251,367 

Dec.  1. 

2,117,917,132 

Dec.31. 

2,011,798,505 

1872 

1876 

1880 

Mar.  1  .  . 

2,225,813,497 

Mar.  1  . 

2,114,960,306 

Apr  ill. 

1,980,392,824 

June  1  .  . 

2,193,517,378 

July  1. 

2,099,439,344 

July  1. 

1,942,172,296 

Sept.  1  .  . 

2,177,322.020 

Sept.  1  . 

2,095,181,941 

Oct.   1. 

1,915,594,183 

Dec.  1  .  . 

2,160,568,030 

Dec.  1. 

2,089,336.099 

Dec.31. 

DEBT  OF  EACH  ADMINISTRATION. 

Washington's  First  Term 1793 $80,352,636 

do  Second  Term 1797 82,064,479 

John  Adam's 1801 82,038,050 

Jefferson's  First  Term 1805 82,312,150 

do    Second  Term 1809 57,023,192 

Madison's  First  Term 1813 59,962,827 

do    Second  Term 1817 123,491,965 

Monroe's  First  Terra 1821 89,987,427 

do  Second  Term 1825 , 83,788,432 

John  Qnincy  Adams 1829 59,421,413 

Jackson's  First  Term 1833 7,001,022 

Interest 1836 291,089 

Jackson's  Second  Term 1837 1,895,312 

VanBuren 1841 6,488,784 

Tyler 1845 17,093,794 

Polk 1849 64,704,693 

Fillraore * 1853 67,340,620 

Pierce ,....'... 1857 29,060,387 

Buchanan 1861 90,867,828 

Lincoln 1865 2,682,593,026 

Johnson January  1  1866 2,810,810,357 

Johnson March  4  1869 2,491,399.904 

Grant March  1  1871 2,320,708,846 

,-do   March  1  1872 2,225,813,497 

do  March  4  1873 2,157,380,700 

do  March  1  1876 2,114,960,306 

do    March  4  1877 2,088,781,143 

Hayes March  4  1878 2,042,037,129 

do   March  1  1879 2,026,207,541 

do     .  Mar^li  1  1880 1,995,112,221 


I  HE  PUBLIC  DEBT. 


25 


PAPER  MONEY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  amount  of  Legal  Tender  notes,  Demand  Notes,  Fractional  Currency,  and 
National  Bank  Notes  outstanding  on  August  31, 1865,  and  annually  thereafter,  from 
January  1,  I860,  to  January  1,  1879,  and  the  amounts  outstanding  November  1» 
1878,  are  shown  by  the  following  table,  together  with  the  currency  price  of  gold 
nnd  the  gold  price  of  currency  at  each  date,  prepared  by  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currency : 


Date. 

United  States  Issues. 

Notes  of 
National 
Banks,     in- 
cluding 
Gold  Notes. 

Aggregate. 

.22 

"E'o 

&o 

^-•o 
So 

15 

o<= 

°s 
l| 

S 

^2 
OS 

$69  32 
69  20 
75  18 
75  04 
74  07 
83  33 
CO  29 
91  32 
89  28- 
90  70 
88  89 
68  69 
93  46 
87  21 
99  75 
100  00 

inooo 

100  00 

Legal  -  Ten- 
der Notes. 

Old  De- 
mand 
Notes. 

Fractional 
Currency. 

An<»-31  1865  

|432,757,C04 
425,839,319 
380,276,160 
356,000,000 
355,892,975 
356,000,000 
356,000.000 
357,500,000 
358,557,007 
378,401.702 
382,000.000 
371,827,220 
366,055,084 
349.943,776 
346,681,016 
346,681,016 
846,081.016 
846,6S1,01C 

$402,955 
392,070 
221,682 
159,127 
128,098 
113,098 
101.086 
92,801 
84,387 
79,637 
72.317 
69,642 
65,4fi2 
63.532 
62,065 
62,035 
61,RG5 
61,195 

$76,344,742 
26,000,420 
28,732,812 
31,597,583 
34,215,715 
39,762,664 
39,995,089 
40,767.877 
45,722,061 
48,544.792 
46.390,598 
44,147,072 
26,348.206 
17.764,109 
16,211,193 
16,108.155 
15,710,960 
15,625,297 

$176,213,955 
298,588,419 
299,846,206 
299,747,569 
299,629,322 
299,904,029 
306,307,672 
328,465.431 
344,582,812 
350,848.23(i 
354,128.250 
346,479,756 
321,595,606 
321,672.505 
322,460,715 
319,652,121 
83T,181,418 

$635,719,266 
750,820.228 
709,076.860 
687.504,279 
689,866,110 
695,779,791 
702,403,847 
7-J6.826.109 
748,947,167 
777,874  367 
782,591.165 
762,523,690 
714,064,358 
689,443,92-J 
685,414,'IHi 
682,503,327 
699,634,759 

$144  25 
144  50 
133  00 
133  25 
135  00 
120  00 
110  75 
109  50 
112  00 
110  25 
112  50 
112  75 
107  00 
102  87 
100  25 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 

Jan  1   1866     

Jan  1   1867  

Jan  1   1868  

Jan.l,  1869  
Jan  1  1870 

Jan  1  1871  ... 

Jan.  1,1872  

Jan.  1.1873  
Jan  1  1874  

Jan.  1,1875  

Jan  1,  1876  

Jan.  1.  1877  

Jan.  1  1878  

Nov.l,  1878  

Jan.  1  1879  

Nov.  1,1879  

April  1,1880  

From  the  organization  of  the  U.  S.  Government  to  the  30th  day 
of  June,  1861,  that  day  being  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  the  U.  S. 
Government  had  called  into  its  Treasury  from  the  people  the  follow- 
ing sums  from  the  following  sources : 

Customs  Eevenues $1,575,152,579  92 

Land  Disposed  of 175,817,961  00 

Taxes  and  other  Receipts 95,305,322  56 


Total  Ordinary  Revenue  from  1789  to  1861 1,846,275,863  48 

Total  Expenditure,  same  period 1,453,790,786  00 


Excess  Revenue $392,485,077  48 

The  following  sums  have  been  paid  out  as  interest  on  Bonds  for 
the  past  15  years  for  the  fiscal  years  ending  :      .  s 


June  30,  1861 $6,112,296  18 


1862 13,190,32445 

1863 24,729,846  61 

1864 53,685,421  69 

1865 132,987,350  25 

1866 133,067,741  69 

1867 135,034,011  04 

1868 140,424,04500 

1869 130,61-4,242  80 


June  30,  1870 129,235,498  00 


1871 125,576,565  93 

1872 117,357839  72 

1873 140,947,583  27 

1874 107,119,815  21 

1375 103,093,544  67 

1876..: 100,243,271  23 

1877 97,124,51158 

1878 *102, 500,874  65 

1879 *10f),327,949  00 

•This  apparent  increase  is  due,  to  the  payment  of  three  months  interest  on  tlie  called  bonds,  interest 

being  paid  also  on  the  4*4  and  4  per  cent  bonds  from  the  time  of  purchase.    The  next  two  years  wiV. 

•how  a  large  reduction. 


26  GOLD  AND  SILVER  COINS.— P£TROLEUM.— TERRITORIAL  GOVEttNlfTS, 


GOLD  AND  SILVER  COINS. 


Country. 

Monetary  Unit. 

Standard. 

Value 
iuU.S. 
Mon'.v 

Standard  Coins. 

Austria...  ...... 

Florin... 

8  Guldens  or  20  f.  Gold,  $3.85.89. 
5,  10,  and  20  Francs. 
Escudo,  half  Bolivar,  and  Boliva*. 
None. 
None. 
None. 
Dollar. 
Condor,  Doubloon  and  Escudo. 
10  and  20  Crowns. 
Dollar. 
5,  10,  25  and  50  Piasters. 
5,  10  and  20  Francs. 
Half  Sovereign  and  Sovereign. 
5,  10,  20,  50  and  100  Drachma 
5,  10  and  20  ilarks. 
1,  2,  5,  10  and  SO  Yen. 

5,  10,  20,  50  and  100  Lire. 

Peso  or  Dollar,  5.  10,  25  &  50  Centaoo 
Fioriu  ;  Teu  Guldens,  Gold,  |4.01.09t 
10  and  20  Crowns. 

2.  5,  and  10  Milreis. 
Quarter,  Half  and  One  Rouble. 

5,  10.  20.  50  and  100  Pesetas. 
10  and  20  Crowns. 
5,  10  and  20  Francs. 

25,  50,  190,  250  and  500  Piasters 

Belgium.  

Franc  

Gold&Silv'r 
Gold&Silv'r 
Gold- 

$.19.3 
0.96.5 
0.54.5 
1.00.0 
096.5 
0.93.5 
0.91.2 
0.26  8 
0.93.5 
4.97.4 
0.19.3 
4.80.65 
0.19.3 
0.23.8 
0.99.7 
0.44.4 
0.19.3 
1.00.0 
101.5 
038.5 
0.26.8 
093.5 
1.08.0 
0.74.8 
1.00.0 
0.19.3 
0.26.8 
019.3 
0.84.4 
0.04.3 
0.93.5 

Bolivia  
Brazil  

Dollar  
Milreisof  1,000  reis. 
Dollar  
Peso  
Dollar  
Peso  
Crown  
Dollar  

Brit.Pos8.N.Am 
Bogota  
CentralAmsrica 
Chili  
Denmark  
Ecuador  

Gold  
Gold  
Silver  
Gold  
Gold  
Silver  

E"ypt  

Pound,  100  Piasters. 
Franc  

Gold  

France  

Gold&Silv'r 
Gold.. 

Great  Britain  .  . 
Greece..  .  . 

Pound  Sterling  

Drachma        

Gold&Silv'r 
Gold 

German  Empire 
Japan  
India  

Marli           

Yen  

Rupee  of  10  Annas.. 
Lira  

Gold  
Silv.-r  
Gold&Silv'r 
Gold  
Silver  
Gold&Silv'i 
Gold  
Silver  
Gold  

Italy  ... 

Liberia  
Mexico  
[Netherlands. 

Dollar  
Dollar  

Norway  
Pern  

Crown  
Dollar  

Mill  eis«>f  1,000  reis 
RoubleoflOOCopecs 
Dollar  
Peseta  oflOOCentm's 
Crown  
Fran  c   

Portugal 

Ku.xsi  i.. 

Silver  
Gold  
Gold&Silv'j 
Gold  
G<'ld&Silv'i 
silver.  ... 

Sandwiclilsl'ds. 
Spain  

Sweden  
Switzerland  .  . 

Tiipoli  .  .  . 

M  abhubof  20  piast'rs 
Piaster  
Peso  

Turkey 

Gold  
Silver  

U.S.  ol'Colombia 

PETROLEUM  PRODUCTION. 

PETROLEUM,  crude  nnd  refined.    Its  production  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  tha 
amount  exported  in  each  of  the  last  eight  calendar  years. 


Production. 

Exportation. 

Gallons. 

Quantities, 

Values. 

Gallons. 

1871 

20S,  58  1,600 

"149,892,691 

*$36,894,810 

*  Fiscal  Years.      After  1874, 

1872 
1873 

250,243,200 
394,850,400 

'145,171,593 

"187,815,187 

"34,058,390 
"42,050,756 

tho  Amounts  and  Values  ai* 
for  Calendar  Years. 

1874 
1874 
1875 

432,104,400 
6H.Je30toD.31 
350,320920 

"247,806,483 
130,106,065 
238,548.312 

*41,  245,815 
17,072,677 
31,734,093 

1874  was  a  year  of  excep- 
tionally large  production,  and 
the  exports  increased  in  pro- 
portion, but  leaving  out  that 

1876 
1877 
1878 

366,683,400 
602,459,200 
619.007.004 

263,453,296 
361,887.225 
349,346,253 

49,045,040 
f>7,539,8?3 
41.022,007 

year,  and  there  has  been  a 
steady,  and  for  the  most,  part, 
rapid  increase,  both  in  the  pro- 
duction and  export  of  Petro- 

Totals. 

3,224,250,124 

2,074,027,097 

$351,163,461 

leum. 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENTS. 


Territories. 

Capitals. 

GOVERNORS. 

Territories. 

Capitals. 

GOVERNORS. 

Bcnj    P.  Potts. 

Alaska  

Sitku  

Now  -Mexico... 
Utah           

Santa  Fc  
Salt  Lake  City 

(Jen.  Low  Wallace. 
Eli  H.  Murray. 

Dist.  Col'bia 
Idaho  
Inflinn  

Washington. 
Boise  City,.. 
Talileqnnh.. 

Commissioners. 
Mason  Hrayman 
Lewis  Downing. 

Washington  — 
Wyoming  

Olympia  
Cheyenne  

Klislm  V.  Kerry. 
John  H.  Hoyt. 

The  Governors  of  the  organized.Tert  Stories  receive  a  salary  of  $2,COO  each. 


AXD  BAXKINQ.  27 

BANKS    AND    BANKING   IN    THE    U.    S. 

NATIONAL  BANKS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Table,  by  States  and  geographical  divisions,  of  the  number  of  banks  organized,  closed 
and  closing,  and  in  operation,  with  their  capital,  bonds  on  deposit,  and  circulation 
issued,  redeemed  and  outstanding  on  the  1st  day  of  November,  1878. 


STATES  AXD  TKRIU- 

TOKJES. 

BASKS. 

CAPITAL. 

BONDS. 

Cusciajanm. 

Organ 
izvd. 

nl.i 
.liilil- 
«li<  n 

Jit 
OIHT- 

Hli.m 

Capital 
Paiil  in. 

Bonds  on 
Deposit 

Issned. 

Redeemed. 

Outstand- 
ing. 

Maine  

14 

47 
50 
242 
G2 
86 

2 
1 
3 
5 

1 
4 

72 

46 
47 
237 
1  1 
82 

510.660,000 
5,740.000 
^,533,000 
95,407,000 
20,009.800 
2:>,504,e20 

$9.6:6,2:0 
5,769,000 
7,662,500 
72,221.950 
14254.400 
20,323  700 

$20,538.530 
12.118,075 
18,979,600 
166.473.645 
35.020,715 
47,555,410 

$11,738,656 
6,923,328 
11,627,166 
102,777.080 
21,976,50.1 
29,564.017 

$8,799  924 
5,194,741 
7,352,434 
63,696,r,6> 
13,050,210 
17,991,393 

New  Hampshire.  .  . 
Vermont  

Massachusetts  

Totals,  E.  States- 
New  York  
$ew  Jetsey  

5(il 

16 

545 

165,654,420 

129,857,800 

300,692,025 

184,006,752 

116,085,27:5- 

340 
71 
2,r>7 
14 
34 

CO 
2 
22 

"2 

2cO 
09 
235 
14 
32 

90,089.691 
13,858,350 
55,90!l,HO 
1,76:1.985 
12,865,010 

55,766,300 
12626,350 
46,677,650 
1,549,200 
7,821,000 

169,862,715 
29,531,520 
109,208,135 
3.432.065 
2-',314,450 

118.990.888 
18,172,195 
66,960,1-30 
2,000,005 
14,614.27(5 

50,871,827 
11,359,325- 
4  -',247,305. 
1,432,060* 
7,700,174 

Pennsylvania  

Totals,  M.  States 
Distr't  of  Columbia 

716 

86 

630 

175,086,876 

124,440,500 

334,349,485 

220,738,794 

113,610,691 

Jl 

29 

20 

15 
12 
17 

0 

11 
2 
11 
12 
3 
55 
32 
43 

4 
11 
5 

'5 
1 
1 
2 
4 
1 
1 
7 
7 
21 

7 
18 
IS 
15 
12 
12 
1 
10 

1.507,000 
3,285.000 
1,756,000 
2.  55  1.0(0 
2,851.100 
2,041.000 
50.000 
1,658,000 

1,1  55,  000 
2,529,P50 
1.458,000 
1.7ti4.i  00 
1,490,000 
1,925,000 
50.0CO 
1,621,000 

3,549,600 
7.226,270 
4,941,430 
3,980.200 
3,580.325 
4,817,790 
59,500 
2,999.130 
66,000 
6,557.760 

2,450,001 
4.865.578 
3.3K3.022 
.2,272,720 
2,230,960 
2,891  381 
15,700 
1,511.142 
65.389 
4.53:5.224 

1.090,599- 
2.360,692: 
1.548,40* 
1,713,  480> 
.1,349,365- 
1,926,409- 
43,800 
1.478,98.-*- 
611 
2.024,53(5 
537,005 
251,592 
8,227,340- 
2,567,833 
2,344,432 

"West  Virginia  

South  Carolina  
Georgia  

Florida  

Alabama  

7 
11 
2 

43 
23 
22 

3,475,000 
1,100,000 
205,000 
9,936.500 
3,080.300 
7,175,000 

1,820,000 

Texas  

680,000 
205,000 
8,546.350 
2.754.500 
2,000,000 

1,686,420 
53I%900 
18,039,495 
6,400,280 
10,947,335 

1,149,415 
280.307 
9,812  155 
3,832.947 
8,102,943 

Arkansas  

Kentucky  

Tcunei-seo  

Missouri  

Totals,  So.  States. 
Ohio    ... 

275 

70 

205 

40,670,900 

27,998,700 

75,380,475 

47,915,t84 

27,464,591 

196 
115 
165 
90 
56 
99 
39 
27 
12 

34 
21 
20 
11 
18 
23 
8 
16 
2 

1(2 
94 
139 
7J 
38 
76 
31 
11 
10 

26.986.900 
15,026.530 
17.194,600 
9,514.500 
3,315,000 
5,927,000 
4,968.700 
800,000 
1.000,000 

23.157.250 
12.918,500 
9,988,  500 
6,275,750 
2.094,500 
4,557,000 
2,679.400 
740,000 
844,000 

56.231,270 
34,542.755 
33,574.905 
1  0,253.  1!)0 
7,165,660 
12.427.740 
7,124.660 
2,813,680 
1,853,340 

34.845,147 
22,144,156 
23.659,677 
10,255,800 
4,878.370 
8,038.221 
4,502.396 
1,891,101 
1,112,;06 

2I.3X6.12S 
12,398,59V 
9.915,22* 
5,997,330- 
2.287,290- 
4,389.519 
2,622  264 
922,51* 
741,234 

Michigan  

Wisconsin  

Totals,  "W.  States 

799 

159 

1 

"5 
3 

3 

G40 

81,733,230 

63  254.900 

171.987,200  |1  11.  327,094 

60,060,106 

1 
1 

18 
4 
1 
6 
2 
2 
3 
1 

131.700 
487,000 
1,611,9x0 
614,930 
197,740 
544,420 
116.360 
591,070 
155,530 
45,000 

128,587 
263.100 
868,639 
545.8.4 
115,739 
297,871 
62,300 
325,510 
56,530 

3,m 

223,900- 
743  281 

e^.osti: 

82,001 
S4B,549- 
54,000- 
265,  500- 
99,000 
45,000 

Oregon,  

1 

13 

1 
1 
3 
2 
2 
3 
1 

2.10.  000 
1,235.000 
200.000 
100.000 
350  000 
125000 
300.000 
175.000 
150,000 

2T>0,000 
823.000 
50,000 
100.000 
260,000 
00,000 
300.000 
110.0UO 
50,0(  0 

Colorado  

Utah  

Idaho  .  .. 

Montana  

Wyomin"  

New  Mexico  

Dakota    

Totals,Pac.St.<tT'rs 
Mutilfd  NotesRetir 

Grand  Totals  
Add  Gold  Banks.  .. 

Totals  for  all  Banks 

:i9 

12 

27 

2.885,000 

2.023,000 

4,495,670 

2,664,210 

1,831,46* 

1,339,674 

469,230.  4-,'fi 
4,.:  00,000 

2,390 
10 

343 
1 

•'047 
9 

347,574.900 
1,834,000 

886.904,^55 
3,051,220 

567,252.734 
1,5-2.300 

320,9!'1.7S> 

],4£8,£;!(> 

2,400 

344 

2,056 

47J.530.426 

349  408,900 

889,956,075 

508,835,034 

322,460,715- 

28  BANKS  AND  BANKING. 

STATE  BANKS  AND  SAVINGS  BANKS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  June,  1878. 


STATES  AXI>  TKBKITOBIES. 

No.  of 
Banks 

Capital. 

Deposits. 

TAX. 

On  Capital. 

On  Deposits 

Totals. 

Maine 

CU 
71 
21 
170 
59 
58 
107 

$92,108 
61,000 
344,167 
834.666 
3,001,097 
3,883,267 
2,840,000 

$28,957,428 
28,309,624 
8,140,383 
157,816,812 
70,746,941 
50,028,328 
78,853,210 

|188  98 
152  50 
829  33 
1,429  33 
3,826  47 
8,188  1C 
5,604  62 

fl.253  21 
4,270  50 
4,096  57 
5,085  19 
17,694  04 
39,301  63 
31,271  53 

£1,442  19 
4,423  00 
4,92590 
6,514  52 
21,520  51 
47,489  79 
36,876  35 

New  Hampshire     

Vermont  

Rhode  Island  

Connecticut.  

New  England  States.. 
Now  York            

555 

11,116,605 

422,857,726 

20,219  59 

102,972  67 

123,192  26 

328 
443 
14 
59 
313 
59 
37 
9 
13 
41 
10 

10,427,448 
40,700,289 
642,000 
1,741,071 
10.807.358 
2,113,756 
4,657547 
712,578 
627,513 
4,162,516 
496,742 

148,258.669 
247,964,314 
12,153,189 
19,326.498 
29,979.015 
42,552,729 
13,727,252 
1,798,521 
559,703 
34,604,030 
3,151,613 

20,290  36 
56,276  58 
706  47 
3,536  29 
25,172  82 
4,648  68 
10,284  93 
1,667  97 
962  01 
8,795  49 
513  18 

100,972  62 
214,356  85 
4,039  36 
14,537  16 
74,851  74 
61,604  26 
22,599  96 
2,031  54 

yis  51 

15,740  49 

6,469  94 

121.262  98 
250,633  43 
4,745  83 
18,123  45 
100,024  56 
6(i,252  94 
32,884  89 
3,699  51 
1,875  52 
24,535  93 
6,983  12 

New  York  City  

Albany  

No  w  Jersey  .  

Pennsylvania   ...... 

Philadelphia  

Pittsburgh  

Delaware  

Maryland  

Baltimore  

Washington  .  .         .... 

Middle  States  

1,320 

77,088,818 

544,075,533 

132,854  78 

518,167  43 

651,022  21 

Virginia  

77 
22 
13 
18 
67 
6 
22 
32 
3 
21 
102 
15 
74 
17 
31 

3,281,667 
1,497.782 
588,290 
911,523 
4,317,817 
89,483 
993.276 
1,289.573 
116.000 
4,473,905 
3,707,057 
225,576 
7,010,103 
5,288,296 
1,769,671 

6,499.580 
3,927737 
978,018 
1,004,668 
3.948,488 
233,405 
1,813,605 
1,732,597 
43,110 
7,994,123 
4,626,420 
298,605 
6,287.262 
5,650  057 
2,731,199 

7,753  69 
3,668  37 
1,470  72 
2,273  77 
10,711  4!) 
223  70 
2,420  69 
2,535  64 
177  50 
10,726  42 
8,744  54 
514  24 
16,656  29 
12,9  il  68 
4,ai3  85 

15,421  29 
9,819  28 
2,445  03 
2,428  28 
9.190  49 
583  48 
4,533  93 
4,331  42 
120  28 
15,184  95 
11,565  63 
746  48 
15,718  26 
14,125  04 
6,^28  00 

23,174  98 
13,487  65 
3,915  75 
4,707  05 
19,901  85 
807  13 
6,954  62 
6,867  06 
297  78 
25,911  37 
20,310  17 
1,260  72 
32,374  55 
27,096  72 
11,061  tCj 

"West  Virginia 

North  Carolina  

South  Carolina.  ......  

Georgia  

Florida  

A  labama      .  . 

Mississippi.  

Louisiana  

New  Orleans  .   . 

Texas  

Arkansas  

TCflntiir.Vy                      ... 

Louisville  

Tennessee  

Southern  States  

520 

35,559,029 

47,774,074 

85,087  50 

113,041  84 

198,129  34 

Ohio  

255 
21 
9 
150 
319 
31 
153 
15 
89 
11 
287 
77 
176 
32 
109 
48 

6,042,364 
2,022,369 
8!»8,623 
5,091,175 
4.509,738 
3.G12,!iOn 
2,636,707 
1,108,368 
1,386.425 
729,853 
5,255.013 
1,510,502 
4  124.269 
6,576,033 
1,472,344 
503,595 

15.952,238 
7,361,629 
12,244.907 
10,224,039 
12,472,557 
6,832,575 
4,737,722 
5,179,009 
3,714,069 
5,747,509 
8.224,785 
3,233,693 
10,184,792 
16,387,002 
2,598,746 
1,189  250 

12,959  68 
3,388  23 
1,590  98 
11,721  3C 
10,153  55 
4,892  45 
6,454  25 
1,1-00  91 
3,026  20 
1,669  66 
12,711  94 
3,662  47 
9,811  03 
14,540  48 
3,441  85 
1,203  76 

38,776  39 
17,295  38 
17,403  31 
21,838  78 
29,981  71 
17,043  45 
11,844  11 
11,038  32 
9,284  96 
14,368  72 
20,377  82 
7,950  50 
25,461  50 
4     40.967  45 
6,496  55 
2,972  96 

51,736  07 
20,683  61 
13,994  29 
33,563  14 
40,135  26 
21,935  90 
l,->,298  30 
12,839  23 
12311  Ifi 
16,038  38 
33,089  76 
11,612  97 
35,272  53 
55,507  93 
9,933  40 
4,176  71 

Cincinnati  .. 

Cleveland  

Indiana  

Illinois  

Chicago  

Michigan  

Detroit  

Wisconsin  .  ... 

Milwaukee  

Iowa  

Minnesota  

Missouri  

St.  Louis  

Kansas  

Nebraska  

Western  States  

1,782 

47,470,286 

126,284,766 

103,031  80 

293,101  91 

396,133  71 

Oregon  

10 
84 
33 
28 
18 
8 
4 
3 
2 

8 
3 
4 

643,225 
9.143.1-29 
21,787,031- 
526.11)0 
412.268 
190,000 
5.000 
82,794 
54,000 
78,039 
133,413 
20-.000 
85,000 

1,439,547 
17,422,175 
78,070629 
934,915 
1,914,583 
714,555 
61,180 
148,682 
16,358 
277,927 
188,918 
537,450 
25.885 

1,499  49 
24,733  99 
4(i,256  46 
1,315  46. 
1,030  66 
475  00 
12  50 
198  69 
135  00 
195  10 
333  53 
520  09 
212  50 

3,602  45 
37,946  00 
132,601  59 
2,336  38 
4,786  37 
1,786  37 
152  95 
371  70 
40  8* 
694  80 
472  28 
1,343  62 
64  70 

5,101  94 
62,679  99 
178,858  05 
3,651  84 
5,817  03 
2.261  37 
165  45 
570  39 
175  88 
889  PO 
805  &t 
1,863  62 
277  20 

California  

San  Francisco  

Colorado  

Nevada  

Utah  

New  Mexico  

Wyoming... 

Idaho  

Dakota  

Montana.  

Washington  .... 

.Arizona?  

Pacific  St's  (feTeritor's 
Totals  

217 
4,40ot 

34,148.094 

101,802,804 

76,918  38 

186.200  09 

263,118  47 

205.382,  Sfi* 

1,242.794,9031     418,1120'. 

1.213.483  94 

1,631.595  00 

BANES  AND 


In  the  following  table  the  number  of  State  Banks  &  Trust  Companies  was,  on  the  1st  of  Jon*,. 
1878,  853;  their  average  capital  was  $124,347,262 ;  the  nniouut  of  their  deposits,  $.>ii9,482,ti25. 

The  nunibc r  of  private  Bankers  was  2856 ;  their  average  capital  for  the  previous  six  mouth* 
was  $77,798.228 :  the  average  amount  of  deposits.  $183,832.9115.  The  number  of  Savings  Bank* 
with  capital  was  23;  amount  of  capital  $3,237.342.  Tho  number  of  Savings  Banks  without  cap- 
ital was  668 ;  the  amount  of  their  deposits  $803,299,345. 

STATE  BANKS  AND  SAVINGS  BANKS. 

The  laws  of  the  United  States  require  returns  of  capital  and  deposits  to  be  made 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  for  purposes  of  taxation,  by  all  State 
banks,  savings-banks,  and  private  bankers.  The  data  of  the  following  table  were 
obtained  from  that  Commissioner.  This  table  exhibits,  by  geographical  divisions, 
the  number  of  State  banks,  and  trust  companies,  private  bankers,  and  savings-banks* 
and  their  average  capital  and  deposits  for  the  six  months  ending  May  31, 1878: 

STATE  RANKS  AND  TRUST  COMPANIES. 


V 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DIVISIONS. 

No.  of 

Banks. 

Capital. 

Deposits, 

Kew  England  States  

42 

$8  189  517 

$15  062  430 

Middle  States  .  ...... 

217 

42  446  037 

122  098  84T 

Southern  States..  .......................................... 

233 

27  378  751 

30  667  577 

Western  States  ....  .  .....      .      ..... 

296 

20  247  869 

38  877  28T 

Pacific  States  and  Territories  

C5 

26  085  088 

82  776  484 

United  States... 

853 

124.347.  1C2 

229.4^.625 

PRIVATE  BANKERS. 


Middle  States 
Southern  States 
"Western  States 


1  States  

71 

2  858  688 

3228297 

916 

3<  482  781 

61  922  90S 

,es  

280 

7  298,396 

13,683,874 

08  

1,450 

26,917,565 

75,107,656 

and  Territories.  .......  ...  .    ....  ..... 

139 

6  240  798 

29  P30  230 

States... 

2,8f>6 

77.798.2-J8 

183.832,905 

SAVINGS-BANKS  WITH  CAPITAL. 


Hew  England  States.  

1 

08,400 

1  139  916 

Middle  States      

3 

ICO  000 

1  273  143 

4 

881  882 

1  278  90ft 

11 

304  852 

1  931  700 

Pacific  States  and  Territories.............  

4 

1  822208 

20  456  307 

United  States  

23 

3  '237  342 

26  179  968 

SAVINGS-BANKS  WITHOUT  CAPITAL. 


New  En  "land  States.                 

441 

403  427  085 

Middle  States                           

190 

358  6SO  635 

Southern  States.  

3 

2,143,723 

"Western  States  

25 

10308,123 

Pacific  States  and  Territories  

/ 
9 

28,739,783 

United  States... 

CG8 

803.299.345 

New  England  States.           

555 

11  116  605 

422  857  726 

Middle  States             .                   

1  326 

77  088  818 

544  075  533 

Southern  States  ............................................ 

520 

35,559  029 

47,774,074 

Western  States  ........ 

1,782 

47  470  286 

126  284,766 

Pacific  States  and  Territories  

217 

34,148,094 

101,802,804 

United  States  

4,400 

205,382,832 

1.242.  794.903 

LEGAL  SATES  OF  INTEREST  IJT  THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


LEGAL    INTEREST. 


Alabama. — Eight  percent.  On  usurious  contracts 
the  principal  only  can  be  recovered. 

Arhinxu.— Six  per  cent.',  but  parties  may  con- 
tract far  any  rate  not  exceeding  ten.  Usury  for- 
feits both  principal  and  interest 

•California .— Ten  per  cent,  after  a  debt  becomes 
•due,  but  parties  may  agree  upon  any  rate  of  inter- 
est whatever,  simple  or  compound, 

Colorado  Territory. — Ten  per  cent  on  money 
loaned. 

Connecticut.— Six  per  cent.  Usury  forfeits  in- 
terest taken  In  excess  of  legal  rate. 

Dakota.— Seven  per  cent.  Parties  may  contract 
•for  a  rate  not  exceeding  twelve.  Usury  forfeits 
a)!  the  interest  taken. 

Delaware  — Six  per  cent.  Penalty  for  usury  for- 
tfeits  a  sum  equal  to  the  money  lent. 

District  of  Columbia. — Six  per  cent  Parties  may 
stipulate  in  writing  for  ten.  Usury  forfeits  all  the 
interest. 

Florida. — Eight  per  cent  Usury  laws  repealed. 
Money  may  be  loaned  at  any  rate. 

Georgia.—  Seven  percent.  Parties  may  contract 
for  twelve.  A  higher  rate  than  twelve  forfeits 
interest  and  excess. 

Idaho  Territory.— Ten  per  cent  Parties  may  agree 
im  writing  for  any  rate  not  exceeding  two  per 
cent  per  month.  Penalty  for  greater  rate  is  three 
times  tho  amount  paid,  fine  of  $300,  or  six  months 
imprisonment,  or  both. 

Illinois, — Six  per  cent.,  but  parties  may  agree  in 
writing  for  ten.  Penalty  for  usury  forfeits  the 
*ntire  intcrc*t. 

Indiana.— Six  per  cent  Parties  may  agree  in 
writing  for  any  rate  not  exceeding  ten.  Beyond 
that  rate  is  illegal  as  to  excess  only. 

Iowa—  Six  percent.  Parties  may  agree  in  wri- 
ting for  ten.  A  higher  rate  works  a  forfeiture  of 
ten  per  cent. 

Kansas. — Seven  per  cent  Parties  may  agree  for 
twelve.  Usury  forfeits  the  excess. 

Kentucky. — Six  per  cent.,  but  contracts  may  be 
made  in  writing  for  ten.  Usury  forfeits  the  whole 
Interest  charged. 

Louisiana. — Five  per  cent.,  eight  per  cent,  may 
too  stipulated  for,  if  embodied  in  the  face  of  tho 
obligation,  but  no  higher  than  eight  per  cent 

Jiaine.— Six  per  cent.  Parties  may  agree  in 
writing  to  any  rate. 

Maryland.— Six  percent.  Usurious  contrac's  can- 
not be  enforced  for  the  excess  above  tho  legal  rate. 

Michigan. — Seven  per  cent.  Parties  may  contract 
for  any  rate  not  exceeding  ten. 

Minnesota. — Seven  per  cent.  Parties  may  con- 
tract to  pay  as  high  as  twelve,  in  writing,  but  con- 
tract for  higher  ra'c  is  voi<l  to  the  excess. 

llissisKippi. — Six  per  ccttt  Parties  may  contract 
In  writing  for  ten.  .Where  more  than  ten  is  taken 
the  excess  cannot  be  recovered. 

Hissouri.— Six  per  cent  Contract  in  writing  may 
be  made  for  ten.  The  penalty  for  usury  is  forfeiture 
of  the  interest  at  ten  per  cent 

Montana. — Parties  may  stipulate  for  any  rate  of 
Interest 


Ifebraslia.— Ten  per  cent  or  any  rate  on  express 
contract  not  greater  than  twelve.  Usury  prohibits 
the  recovery  of  any  interest  on  tho  principal. 

Nevada.—  Ten  percent  Contractsin  writingmay 
be  made  for  the  payment  of  any  other  rate. 

Nete  Hampshire.— Six.  per  cent  A  higher  rate  for- 
feits three  times  tho  excess  to  the  person  aggrieved 
suing  therefor, 

New-Jertey.— Six  per  cent  Usury  forfeits  all 
interest  and  costs. 

New-Mexico  Territory.— Six  per  cent,  but  parties 
may  agree  upon  any  rate. 

tfeic-  York,— Six  per  cent.  Usury  Is  a  misde- 
meanor, puni.hable  by  a  fine  of  $1,000  or  six 
months  imprisonment,  or  both,  and  forfeit*  the 
principal,  even  in  tho  hands  of  third  parties. 

Worth  Carolina — Six  per  cent ;  eight  may  be  stip- 
ulated for  when  money  is  borrowed.  Penalty  for 
usury  is  double  the  amount  lent  and  indictment  for 
misdemeanor. 

Ohio.— Six.  per  cent  Contract  in  writing  may  bo 
for  eight  No  penalty  attached  for  violation  of 
law.  If  contract  is  for  a  higher  rate  than  eight  it 
is  void  as  to  interest,  and  recovery  is  limited  U> 
principal  and  six  per  cent 

Oregon.— Ten  per  cent  Parties  may  agree  on 
twelve. 

Pennsylvania. — Six  per  cent.  Usurious  interest 
cannot  be  co'.lcctcd.  If  paid  it  maybe  recovered 
by  suit  therefor  within  six  months. 

Rhode  Island. — Six  per  cent  Any  rate  may  be 
agreed  upon. 

South  Carolina. — Seven  per  cent  Usury  laws  are 
aboUshcd,  and  parlies  may  contract  without  limit 
Contracts  must  be  in  writing. 

Tennessee. — Six  per  cent  Parties  may  con'ract In 
writing  for  any  rate  not  exceeding  ten  per  tent 

Texas.—  Eight  per  cent.  All  usury  laws  abolished 
by  the  Constitution. 

Utah  Territory.— Ten  per  cent  No  usury  law*. 
Any  rate  may  be  agreed  on. 

Vermont.—  Six  per  cent  Usury  forfeits  only  the 
excess. 

Virginia.— Six  per  cent  Lenders  forfeit  all  in- 
t  rest  in  case  of  usury. 

Washington  Territory.— "Ten  per  cent.  Any  «&U 
agreed  upon  in  writing  is  valid. 

Went  Virginia.— Six  per  cent.  Excess  of  Interest 
cannot  be  recovered  if  usury  is  pleaded. 

Wisconsin.— Seven  per  cent  Parties  may  con- 
tract in  writing  for  ten.  No  interest  can  bo  com- 
puted on  interest  Usury  forfeits  all  tho  interest 
paid. 

Wyoming  Territory.— Twelve  per  cant,  but  any 
rate  may  be  agreed  upon  in  writing. 

Upper  Canada.— Six  per  cent,  but  parties  may 
agree  upon  any  rate. 

Loicer  Canada.— Sis.  per  cent,  but  any  rate  maj 
be  stipulated  for. 

The  Currency  Act  of  Congress  limits  Nation*! 
Banks  to  a  rate  of  six  per  cent.  In  tho  District  of 
Columbia  Congress  allows  a  rate  often  par  cent 


susnruss  FAILURES, 


81 


BUSINESS  AND  FAILURES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  1878. 

JTnmber                      From  Dun,  Barlow  £  Co.'s  Report.                      Number  Amount 

•reported                                                                                                                    of  ^             of 

InBns'na                                   STATES  AND  CITIES.                                   Failures.  Liabilities. 

6,315    Alabama 51  $874,062 

202    Arizona 6  81,307 

4,211    Arkansas A      41  407,653 

California, 310  6,899,539 

City  of  San  Francisco 222  4,700,591 

2,522  "  Colorado 58  541,542 

12,587    Connecticut 281  4,680,588 

840    Dakota 7  83,000 

3,635    Delaware. i    '23  281,500 

2,713    District  of  Columbia. \      30  320,202 

1,879    Florida 4      22  133,288 

7,748    Georgia 119  3,738,134 

299    Idaho \    ...»   • 

K1  n7r  ( Illinois *    470  7,672,931 

<U>U'{)-      City  of  Chicago 362  12,926,800 

25,402    Indiana 374  5,243,549 

22,760    Iowa •    400  3,428,100 

8,863    Kansas 44  647,902 

16,846    Kentucky 220  5,905,756 

7,859    Louisiana 127  4,830,462 

11,004    Maine 170  1,406,200 

13,329    Maryland 119  2,568,986 

,/.  71o  j  Massachusetts 604  12,707,645 

<5<5,71dj     cilyofBoston 325  11,279,523 

23,336    Michigan 369  6,627,709 

9,127    Minnesota 149  1,052,403 

5,525    Mississippi 99  1.073,660 

Missouri 101  1,036,416 

City  of  St.  Louis 167  4,171,300 

401    Montana ...  

4,029    Nebraska '. 106  825,400 

1,516    Nevada 37  419,797 

7,587    New  Hampshire Ill  854,739 

19,500    NewJersey 168  4,741,993 

New  York ...;..... 969  15,791,084 

City  of  New  York 863  42,501,731 

6,635  '  North  Carolina 89  11,059,200 

, „  ,  rR  t  Ohio 515  10, 799, 300 

u>  °°1      City  of  Cincinnati ;...      216  7,570,311 

2,679    Oregon ;,. 13  173,500 

Pennsylvania 770  15,714,270 

City  of  Philadelphia 257  101,373,700 

5,123  '  Rhode  Island. 130  2,521,981 

4,593    South  Carolina 59  1,788,522 

8,243    Tennessee 194  2,205.873 

11,909    Texas 228  2,733,725 

1,265    Utah 17  121,050 

6,751    Vermont 113  1,843,350 

15,534    Virginia  nnd  West  Va 166  1,584,626 

816    Washington  Territory 3  16,900 

20,305    Wisconsin 163  2,317,382 

394    Wyoming 11  62,050 

674,741            Total  10,478  $234,383,132 

The  great  increase  in  the  number  of  failures  and  the  amount  of  liabilities  in  1878, 
was  due  to  several  causes.     Prominent  among  these  were  the  culmination  of  five 

years  of  business  depression;  unfavorable  weather  in  the  winter  and  spring  ;  at- 
tempts in  Congress  to  defeat  resumption;  a  general  decline  of  prices  all  over  the 
world ;  the  yellow  fever  epid  mic,  and  the  repeal  of  the  bankrupt  law,  which  took 

effect  Sept.  1,  and  hastened  the  bankruptcy  of  many  who  sought  to  lake  advantage 

of  its  provisions.    Tho  resumption  of  specie  payments  in  1879,  the  immense  crops 

of  1878,  and  the  cheering  prospects  for  trade,  give  a  much  better  outlook  for  the 
present  year. 


83  KATES   OF  POSTAGE. 

RATES   OF   POSTAGE 

BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES   AND    GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    OTHER    FOREIGN    COUNTRIES. 

The  standar-l  single  rate  to  Great  Britain  is  %  oz.  avoirdupois;  to  Prance  and  the  Continent  (by 
French  Mails),  it  is  15  prammcs,  or  >4"  oz.  avoirdupois. 

*  Prepayment  of  U::ion  Rates  arc  optional.    When  not  prepaid,  double  Rates  are  collected. 


DESTINATION. 


CTS.  CIS. 

Africa,  Spanish  Possessions  on  Northern  Coast *5  2 

Australia,  except  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland,  via  San  Fran .  5  2 

Austria *5  2 

Azores '. t *5  2 

Balearic  Isles . . *5  2 

Belgium *5  2 

Bermuda 5  2 

Canary  Islands *5  2 

Carthagena  and  U.  S.,  of  Colombia,  direct  Mail 5  2 

Costa  Rica,  direct  Mail,  via  Aspinwall 5  2 

Cuba,  direct  Mail '.'. 5  2 

Denmark *5  2 

Egypt *5  2 

Faroe  Islands *5  2 

Fiji  Islands,  direct,  via  San  Francisco 6  2 

Finland '. 5  2 

France *5  2 

Germany *5  2 

Gibraltar,  British  Mail. *5  2 

Great  Britain *5  2 

Greece *5  2 

Hay ti,  by  direct  Steamer 5  2 

Honduras,  Spanish,  via  Panama 5  2 

Iceland. . ' *5  2 

Island  of  Malta *5  2 

Island  of  Madeira *5  2 

Italy '. *5  2 

Japan,  direct,  via  San  Francisco 5  2 

Luxemburg '. *5  2 

Moldavia,  Montenegro,  Roumania  and  Servia 5  2 

Morocco — Western  Coast — Spanish  Postal  Stations *5  2 

Netherlands. *o  2 

New  Foundland 5  2 

New  Granada,  direct  Mail 5  2 

Nicaragua,  direct  Mails,  Western  Ports  only 5  2 

Norway *5  2 

Panama,  direct  Mail 5  2 

Pekin,  Tien  Tsin,  Kalgan,  and  Ourga,  via  Germany  and  Russia.. . .  2 

Persia,  German  Mail 2 

Poland 2 

Porto  Rico,  direct  Mail 2 

Portugal *  2 

Roumania *  2 

Russia *  2 

Servia *  2 

Shanghai,  direct  from  San  Francisco 5  2 

Spain *5  2 

St.  Domingo,  direct  Steamer 5  2 

Sweden *5  2 

Switzerland *5  2 

Tangier,  via  Spain *5  2 

Tripolis,  Italian  Mail -.  5  2 

Tunis,           "           " 5  2 

Turkey *5  2 

West  Indies,  direct  Mail 5  2 


Postal  Uiiiou  Bates.    Miscellaneous  Mails  on  next  page. 


RATES   OF  POSTAGE. 
KATES  OF  POSTAGE.— Continued. 


33 


The  standard  single  rate  to  Great  Britain,  is.  Jj  oz.  avoirdupois;  to  France  and  the  Continent  (by 
French  Mails),  it  is  13  grammes,  or  }£  oz.  avoirdupois,  nearly. 

•  Prepayment  of  L'nion  Gates  are  optional.    When  not  pre-paiil,  double  nates  are  collected. 


DESTINATION. 


Africa,  British  Possessions  on  West  Coast,  by  British  Mail 

Argentine  Confederation,  U.  S.  Packet,  via  Brazil. 

Australia,  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland,  via  Southampton 

Bolivia,  British  Mail,  via  Aspinwall 

Brazil,  direct  Mail 

British  Columbia 

Burmah,  German  Mail 

Burmah,  British  Mail,  via  Brindisi 

Buenos  Ayres,  U.  S.  Packet,  via  Brazil 

Canada 

Carthagena,  New  Grenada,  British  Mail  and  U.  S.  of  Colombia. . . . 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  British  Mail ; 

Curagoa,  British  Mail,  via  St.  Thomas. 

Ceylon.  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

Chili,  British  Mail,  via  Colon 

Costa  Rica,  Eastern  parts  of  British  Mail,  via  Colon 

Ecuador,  British  Mail  via  Colon 

Gambia,  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

Gold  Coast,  British  Mail 

Guadaloupe,  British  Mail,  via  St.  Thomas 

Greytown,  British  Mail,  via  Aspinwall 

Guiana,  British,  French  and  Dutch,  via  St.  Thomas 

Guatemala,  direct  Mail,  via  Aspinwall 

Hawaiian  Kingdom,  direct  Mail 

Honduras,  British 

Honduras,  other 

Hayti,  via  St.  Thomas 

Hong  Kong,  Canton,  Swatow,  Arnoy  and  Foo  Chow,  via  San  Fran. 

India  (Hindostan  except  Ceylon)  British  Mail 

Java,  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

Liberia,  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

Martinique,"        "      "    St.  Thomas 

Morocco,       "        "     except  Spanish  Possessions  on  West  Coast. .. 

Mexico,  by  sea 

New  Caledonia  and  all  French  Colonies 

"        overland 

New  South  Wales,  direct  Mail 

New  Zealand.  "        "     

Nicaragua,  (Eastern  ports  of)  British  Mail,  via  Colon 

Paraguay,  British  Mail 

Persia,  via  Persian  Gulf 

Peru,  British  Mail,  via  Aspinwall 

Queensland,  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

Salvador  direct  Mail 

Siarn,  direct  from  San  Francisco 

Sierra  Leone,  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

St.  Domingo,  via  St.  Thomas 

St.  Helena,  British  Mail 

Straits  Settlements,  Singapore,  &c 

Turks  Island,  British  Mail,  via  St.  Thomas 

Uruguay,  British  Mail 

Venezuela,  British  Mail,  via  St.  Thomas 

Victoria 

West  Indies,  British  Mail,  via  St.  Thomas 

4i         it       French  Colonies,  via  France 

Zanzibar.  British  Mail,  via  Southampton 

+  Thi»  rate  for  8  oz.  Samples — No  Samples  exceeding  8  oz.  in  wight  can  be  forwarded.     $  For  4  oz. 


Letters'^ 
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CTS. 

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84  .         HATES  OF  POSTAGE. 

s~ 

EATES    OF   DOMESTIC   POSTAGE. 
LETTEES. 

The  standard  single-rate  weight  is  %  °z-  avoirdupois. 

Single-rate  letter,  throughout  the  United  States 3  eta. 

For  each  additional  %  oz.  or  fraction 3    " 

Drop  letters,  fi  r  local  delivery,  single  rate 2    " 

Drop  letters,  where  there  is  no  local  delivery,  single  rate 1  ct. 

Postal  card,  throughout  the  United  States I    " 

Advertised  letters  are  charged  extra 1    " 

These  postages  must  be  prepaid  by  stamps.  Letters  are  to  ba 
forwarded  without  additional  charge,  if  the  person  to  whom  they  are 
addressed  has  changed  his  residence,  and  has  left  proper  directions 
to  such  effect.  Letters  uncalled  for  will  be  returned  to  the  sender, 
if  a  request  to  that  effect  be  written  upon  the  envelope.  Properly 
certified  letters  of  soldiers  and  sailors  will  be  forwarded  without  pre- 
payment. No  extra  charge  is  made  for  the  service  of  carriers  taking 
letters  to  or  from  the  Post-offices. 

NEWSPAPERS. 

1.  On  newspapers  (excepting  weeklies),  whether  regular  or  transient,  and  without  regard  to 
weight  or  frequency  of  issue,  1  cent  each. 

2.  On  periodicals  (other  than  newspapers),  whether  regular  or  transient,  not  exceeding  two 
ounces  in  weight,  1  cent  each. 

3.  On  periodicals  (other  than  newspapers),  whether  regular  or  transient,  exceeding  two  ounces 
in  weight,  2  cents  each. 

4.  Circulars,  unsealed,  1  cent  each.    These  rates  to  be  prepaid  by  ordinary  postage  stamps 
affixed. 

_5.  Weekly  newspapers,  excepted  above,  to  regular  subscribers,  2  cents  per  pound,  to  be  ' 
weighed  in  bulk,  and  prepaid  with  "  newspaper  and  periodical  stamps"  at  the,  office  of  mailing. 

6.  Weekly  newspapers  to  transient  parties,  1  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof,  to  oe 
prepaid  by  ordinary  postage  stamps  affixed. 

RATES  OF  POSTAGE  ON  THIRD-CLASS  MATTEB. 

Mailable  matter  of  the  third  class  embraces  all  pamphlets,  occasional  publications,  transient 
newspapers,  magazines,  handbills,  posters,  unsealed  circulars,  prospectuses,  books,  book  manu- 
scripts, proof-sheets,  corrected  proof-sheets,  maps,  prints,  engravings,  blanks,  flexible  patterns, 
articles  of  merchandise,  sample  cards,  phonographic  paper,  letter  envelopes,  postal  envelopes 
and  wrappers,  cards,  plain  and  ornamental  paper,  photographic  representations  of  different 
types,  seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  scions,  and  all  other  matter  which  may  be  declared  mailable 
by  law,  and  all  other  articles  not  above  the  weight  prescribed  by  law,  which  are  not,  from  their 
form  or  nature,  liable  to  destroy,  deface,  or  otherwise  injure  the  contents  of  the  mail-bag  or  the 
person  of  any  one  engaged  in  the  postal  service.  Weight  of  packages  not  to  exceed  four  pounds. 

By  act  of  July  12, 1876,  third-class  matter  is  divided  as  follows : 

One  cent  for  two  ounces. — Almanacs,  books  (printed),  calendars,  catalogues,  corrected  proofs, 
handbills,  magazines,  when  not  sent  to  regular  subscribers,  maps— lithographed  or  engraved — 
music  (printed  sheet),  newspapers  when  not  sent  to  regular  subscribers,  occasional  publications, 
pamphlets,  posters,  proof-sheets,  prospectuses,  and  regular  publications  designed  primarily  for 
advertising  purposes,  or  for  free  circulation,  or  for  circulation  at.  nominal  rates. 

One  cent  for  each  ounce.— Blank  books,  blank  cards,  book  manuscript  passing  between  authors 
and  publishers,  card  boards  and  other  flexible  material,  chromo-lithograpns,  circulars,  engravings, 
envelopes,  flexible  patterns,  heliotypes,  letter  envelopes,  letter  paper,  lithographs,  merchandise, 
models,  ornamented  paper,  postal  cards, -when  sent  in  bulk  and  not  addressed,  photographic 
views,  photographic  paper,  printed  blanks,  printed  cards,  sample  cards,  samples  of  ores,  metals, 
minerals,  and  merchandise,  seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  and  scions,  stereoscopic  views. 

Any  article  of  mail-matter,  subject  to  postage  at  the  rate  of  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  frac- 
tion thereof,  which  may  be  inclosed  in  the  same  package  with  items  subject  to  the  rate  of  one 
cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  thereof,  will  subject  the  entire  package  to  the  highest  rate, 
viz. :  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof. 

All  packages  of  matter  of  the  third  class  must  be  so  wrapped  or  enveloped,  with  open  sides 
or  ends,  that  their  contents  may  be  readily  and  thoroughly  examined  by  postmasters  without 
destroying  the  wrappers  ;  but  seeds,  and  other  articles  liable,  from  their  form  or  nature, _to  loss 
or  damage  unless  specially  protected,  may  be  inclosed  in  unsealed  bags  or  boxes  which  can 
readily  be  opened  for  examination  of  the  contents  and  rcclosed  ;  or  sealed  bags,  made  of  mate- 
rial sufficiently  transparent  to  show  the  contents  clearly,  without  opening,  may  be  used  for  such 
matter. 

Matter  of  1'ie  third  class  inclosed  in  sealed  envelopes  notched  at  the  ends  or  sides,  or  with  the 
corners  cut  off,  cannot  be  mailed  except  at  letter  postage  rates. 

Matter  of  the  second  and  third  clashes  containing  any  writing  whatever  will  be  charged  with 
1  otter  postage,  except  as  follows : 

The  sender  of  any  article  of. the  third  class  of  mail-matter  may  write  his  or  her  name  or 
address  therein,  or  on  the  outride  thereof,  with  the  word  '•  from  "  above  or  preceding  the  t^ame, 
or  may  write  briefly  or  print  on  any  package  the  number  and  names  of  the  articles  inclosed. 


RATES   OF  POSTAGE.  35 

POSTAL  CAEDS. 

The  object  of  the  postal  card  is  to  facilitate  letter  correspondence  and  provide  for  the  trans- 
taission  through  the  mails,  at  a  reduced  rate  of  postage,  of  shorf'communications,  either  printed 
or  written  in  pencil  or  ink.  They  may  therefore  be  used  for  orders,  invitations,  notices,  receipts, 
acknowledgments,  price-lists,  and  other  requirements  of  business  and  social  life  ;  and  the  matter 
desired  to  be  conveyed  may  be  either  in  writing  or  in  print,  or  partially  in  both. 

In  their  treatment  as  mail-matter  they  are  to  be  regarded  by  postmasters  the  same  as  sealed 
letters,  and  not  as  printed  matter,  except  that  in  no  case  will  unclaimed  cards  be  returned  to  the 
-writers  or  sent  to  the  Dead  Letter  Office.  If  not  delivered  within  sixty  days  from  the  time  of 
receipt  they  will  be  burned  by  postmasters. 

The  postage  of  one  cent  each  is  paid  by  the  stamp  impressed  on  these  cards,  and  no  further 
payment  is  required. 

No  card  is  a  "  postal  card "  except  such  as  are  issued  by  the  Post  Office  Department.  An 
•ordinary  printed  business  card  may  be  sent  through  the  mails  when  prepaid  by  a  one-cent  post- 
age stamp  attached  ;  but  such  card  must  contain  absolutely  no  written  matter  except  the  address  ; 
otherwise  it  will  be  treated  as  not  fully  prepaid,  and  refused  admission  into  the  mails. 

In  using  postal  cards,  be  careful  not  to  write  or  have  anything  printed  on  the  side  to  be  used 
for  the  address,  except  the  aijdress ;  also  be  careful  not  to  paste,  gum,  or  attach  anything  to 
them.  They  are  unmailable  as  postal  cards  when  these  suggestions  are  disregarded. 

THE  FOLLOWING  AKTICLES  ARE   UNMAILABLE. 

Packages  containing  liquids,  poisons,  glass,  explosive  chemicals,  live  animals,  sharp-pointed 
instruments,  flour,  sugar,  or  any  other  matter  liable  to  deface  or  destroy  the  contents  of  the  mail, 
or  injure  the  person  of  anyone  connected  with  the  service.  All  letters  upon  the  envelope  or 
which,  or  postal  card  upon  which,  indecent,  lewd,  obscene,  or  lascivious  delineations,  epithets, 
terms,  or  language  may  be  written  or  printed,  or  disloyal  devices  printed  or  engraved,  and  letters 
or  circulars  concerning  illegal  lotteries,  so-called  gift  concerts,  or  other  similar  enterprises  offer- 
ing prizes,  or  concerning  schemes  devised  and  intended  to  deceive  and  defraud  the  public.  Also, 
all  obscene,  lewd,  or  lascivious  books,  pamphlets,  pictures,  papers,  prints,  or  other  publications 
of  an  indecent  character. 

Registration. — Letters  may  be  registered  on  payment  of  a  fee  of  ten  cents,  but  the  Govern- 
ment takes  no  responsibility  for  safe  carriage  or  compensation  in  case  of  loss. 

Registration,  Fee  on  Packages. — Prepaid  at  letter  rates,  not  over  four  pounds  in  weight,  to  any 
part  of  the  United  States,  10  cents  for  each  package,  in  addition  to  the  postage.  The  package 
must  be  endorsed  on  the  back,  with  the  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  and  a  receipt  will  be 
returned  from  the  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed. 

Money  Orders.— AM  principal  post-offices  now  receive  small  sums  of  money,  and  issue  drafts 
for  the  same  upon  other  post-offices,  subject  to  the  following  charges  and  regulations. 

These  Orders,  payable  at  any  Money  Order  Post  Office  in  the  country,  are  issued  at  the  fol- 
lowing rates : 

On  orders  not  exceeeing  $15 10  eta. 

Over  $15  and  net  exceeding  $20. 15  " 

Over  $30  and  not  exceeding  $40 20  " 

Over  $40  and  not  exceeding  $50 25  " 

When  more  than  $50  is  required,  additional  orders  must  be 
obtained,  but  not  more  than  three  orders  will  be  issued  in  one  day  to 
the  same  payee,  at  the  same  office. 

If  a  money  order  is  lost,  a  certificate  should  be  obtained  from 
both  the  paying  and  issuing  Postmaster  that  it  has  not  been  paid, 
and  will  not  be  paid,  and  the  Department  at  Washington  will  issue 
another  on  application. 

If  a  money  order  is  not  collected  within  one  year  from  date,  it  is 
invalid,  and  can  only  be  paid  by  the  Department  at  Washington  on 
application  through  the  issuing  or  paying  Postmaster. 

PRINTKD   MATTER  TO   THE   BRITISH   PROVINCES. 

The  regular  United  States  rates  must  be  prepaid,  but  these  only 
pay  for  transportation  to  the  boundary  line;  a  second  fee  is  charged 
on  delivery  by  the  Provincial  post-office. 

ACT  OF  JANUARY  27,    1873,   ABOLISHING   THE   FRANKING  PRIVILEGE. 

Be  it  enacted,  $c.,  That  the  franking  privilege  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby 
abolished,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  July,  A.  D.  187i5,  and  that  henceforth 
all  official  correspondence  of  whatever  nature,  and  other  mailable  matter,  sent 
from  or  addressed  to  any  officer  of  the  Government  or  person  now  authorized  to 
frank  such  matter  shall  be  chargeable  with  the  same  rates  of  postage  as  may  bo 
lawfully  imposed  upon  like  matter  eeut  by  or  addressed  to  other  persons. 


36 


RAILROAD  SYSTEM  OF  THE  TNITED  STATES. 


RAILKOAD     STATISTICS. 

MILEAGE   OF  RAILROADS   IN   OPERATION,    AND   ANNUAL   INCREASE,    1830-1878. 
[From  Poor's  Manual  of  the  Railroad*  of  the  Vnital  State*.} 


TEAKS. 

M'lesin 
Operati'n. 

Annual 
Increase  of 
Mileage. 

YEARS. 

Miles  in 
Opcrati'u 

Arinnal 
."noTeiisooi 
Mileage. 

YEARS. 

Miles  in 
Operati'n. 

Annual 
Increase  of 
Mileage. 

isrx).... 

23 

1847.  .  .  . 

5.5P3 

CfiS 

1804..... 

33,  £08 

738 

1-31.... 

95 

"•72 

1848  

5.99G 

398 

1  181)5  

35,085 

1,177 

1832.... 

229 

134 

1849.... 

7,363 

I,3(i9 

I860  

3ti,827 

1,742 

,1833.... 

380 

lol 

1850  

9,021 

1,650 

,  1867  

39.271! 

2,449 

183.4.... 

B33 

2.>:i 

1851  

10.  962 

1,9(51 

1808  

4-2.255 

2,979 

,1835.... 

1  098 

4(i;> 

1852  

12.903 

1,92(5 

I860.... 

47,203 

4.953 

1836.... 

1.273 

175 

1  f  53  

15,300 

2,45-2 

18  0  

5-J.688 

5,(i90 

1837.... 

1,497 

224 

1854.... 

lfi.720 

1,300 

1871  

CO.  508 

7,070 

1838.... 

1,913 

41G 

1853... 

18,374 

1.G54 

1872... 

0(5,735 

f.,107     i 

1839.... 

2,30-J 

389 

1856.... 

22.010 

3,042 

1873.... 

70,8-10 

4,105 

1840.... 

2.818 

51G 

1857  

24  ;03 

2,487 

1874.... 

72,741 

1,901 

1841  

3,535 

717 

1858.... 

2I5.9H8 

2.4H5 

1875  

74,053 

1,917 

1842.... 

4,026 

491 

1859.... 

28,789 

1,821 

1876.... 

77,514 

2,850 

1843.... 

4.18-. 

159 

1  SCO  .  .  . 

30.C35 

1,840 

1877.... 

79,795 

2.281 

1844.... 

4,377 

19J 

IStil.... 

31,2rG 

G51 

Ic78  

82,483 

2,083     , 

1845.... 

4,*>33 

256 

18(12  

3,',  120 

834 

\ 

1846.  .  .  . 

4,030 

297 

1803.... 

33,170 

1,050 

Itisc'tiinnlcd  t  lint  them  are  l.gflUinilr*  of  railroad  track, in  donlilo.  tr<  bio  or  quad  ruplc  tracks,  sid- 
ings, etc..  inakiii','  the  total  teiiutli  in  slnple  track.  January  1,  1.-78.  18.21W  miles,  and  January  1,  1879. 
about  101,000  miles.  The  mileage  of  1878  is  2,CS3  against  2,i81  in  1877. 

MILEAGE  OF  NEW  15  AILBOADS  CONSTRUCTED  IN  EACH  STATE  AND  TERRITORY  FOR  FIVE  TEARS, 

[I mm  the  nai'icny  Age.} 


STATES,  <tc. 

1874. 

1875. 

1870. 

1877. 

1678. 

STATE?,  &c. 

1374. 

1875. 

1870. 

1877. 

187a 

13 

1}* 

22 

Missouri...   . 

31 

27 

low 

36 

209 

Montana.  .. 

Arizona    

30 

Nebraska  



go 

52 

C9 

55 

Al'k:ins:is  .    . 

Id 

38!  A 

49 

7 

Nevada  

40 

C4 

Calitornia..  . 
Colorado  

Hoy. 

23 

1R5 

lll?6 
21 

344% 
154  JV 
7 

235% 
l£Jk> 
3)j 

71  X 
193J4 

N'.  Hiimpshire 
New  Jersey  . 
New  Mexico 

45 
39 

15,'< 

i-iy, 

9J4 
C4 

18 
81V. 

35 
3 

15 

New  York 

125  V 

206 

co% 

151% 

P1V, 

19 

• 

6 

X.  Carolina 

Vs'4 

13 

43 

27 

10 

Florida  

13 

13 

Ohio  

17C>< 

£6 

275 

2C9 

97 

Geor"ia.  ... 

5 

4 

43 

C2 

()n-pon  

3G 

Idaho  

126 

1'eniisylvania 

l''Ua 

13C94 

OOJs 

119% 

1S8)£ 

231 

200 

53 

55M 

103 

Rhode  Island, 

14 

9 

9?s 

£09>* 

109  V> 

72M 

24 

74 

S.  Carolina  . 

15 

17 

48% 

1  Oi- 

Indian  Ter't'j' 

2 

7^ 

21% 

IO 

Iowa  

48 
01 

84H 

9C?4 
70 

165>£ 

80" 

255  J6 

Kit  14 

Texas  
Utah 

75 

59 

34>^ 

£7 

387% 

108  }<2 
£0 

"-'« 

Kentucky  

31M 

138 

28M 

20 

Vermont.... 

f> 

33 

71 

Louisiana.  .. 

2 

Virginia 

70% 

10 

10% 

ic;^ 

Vainfl-. 

yiyz 

10 

20 

Washini'tonT 

0 

5-2)$ 

15 

Maryland  

Mas»H;hus't8 

12 

279.1 
43 

17 

y  ; 

30 

15 

5 

40 

"iik 

56 

5)6 
0 
IIO1^ 

\V.  Virginia.. 

Wisconsin  .  . 

"ic2"  " 

. 
£3 



'123% 

20>£ 
02 
5 

1GK 
63% 

36 

°04 

•twi/ 

Missisbinni  .  . 

£7 

10 

26 

Total... 

5.025 

l.:,Ci 

2.4:0 

1.281 

2.CS3 

GENERAL  RESULT   OF  RAILROAD   OPERATIONS,   1871-1878. 

YEAES.  •. 

Miles 
Operated. 

Capital  nnd 
Funded  Debt 

EAUNIXCS. 

Dirjdenda 
Paid. 

Gross. 

Kct. 

1871      

44.C14 

57.327 
C6,2:t3 
09,273 

•?2.GG4.G27,G4-> 
3,  159,42:5,057 
3.784,543,034 
4.2-21.703.594 
4,415,031.6..0 
4,468,591,935 
4,r)(;8,507,248 
i,5i9,9-.o,.l/«; 

$403,309,20=! 
4  'JO  24  1.055 
526,4  19,!':,5 
580.406,016 
563.065.505 
497.257,9:9 
472,000,272 
i9J,103,G51 

$141,746.404 
105,754,373 
183,810  5t:i! 
139,570,958 
18.\r.0  .,433 
180,452,752 
170.07'.  C^- 
187,o75,16T 

t.-)G,45fi,GPl 
G-4,  118.157 
07,1-20,709 
07,042,04-2 
74,-J94,293 
08,039.008 
5P,5f>n,31:: 
53,029,368 

1872     .          

1873            

1874  

1875                           

71,757 
73,508 
74112 
73,'J^O 

1876  
18.77  

j^-,8                

DIFFERENCES  IN  TIME.— THE  LARGE  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 


87 


DIFFERENCE  OF  TIME. 

WHEN  it  is  12  o'clock  at  noon  at  New  York  City,  ifc  will  bo  morning  at  nil  places 
west  of  New  York,  and  afternoon  at  all  places  east,  as  in  the  annexed  table. 


PLACES  WEST. 


Aoapnlco,  Mexico 

Auburn,  New  York. .. 

Augusta,  Ga 

Baltimore,  Md 

Burlington,  N.  J. 

Buffalo.N.Y 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Chicago,  III 

Cincinnati,  O 

Columbus,.  O 

Dayton,  O 

Detroit,  Mich 

Dover,  Del 

Ewing  Harbor,  O.  T... 
Ft.Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Galveston,  Texas 

Geneva,  N.  Y 

H  arrisburg,  Pa 

Honolulu,  S.  I 

Huntsville,  Ala. 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

Jackson,  Miss 

Jefferson,  Mo 

Key  West,  Fla 

Knoxville,  Tenn 


4938 
5031 


(>    2 

13  1C 

11  23  5'J 


1920 

23 

M 


•I 
P 
8 
10  36  5? 


83d 
1037 


47  53 
48-1  -I 


34  S 
81fi 
1144 

10  55  32 

10  47  32 

11  28  54 
11  2028 

I 


PLACES  WKST. 


Little  Rock.  Ark 

Louisville.  Ky 

Mexico,  Mex 

Milledgeville,  Ga 

Milwaukee-,  Wis 

Mobile,  Ala 

Monterey,  Mex 

Monterey,  C<)1 

Nashville.  Tenn 

Natchez,  Miss 

Newark,  N.  J 

Newbi-rn,  N.  C 

New  Orleans.  La 

Norfolk.  Va 

Pennacnla,  Pl» 

Petmbnrg,  Va 

Philadelphia.Pa 

Pittsbnrg,  Pa 

Point  Hudson,  W.  T.. 

Princeton.  N.  J 

Kacine,  WU 

Raleigh,  N.  C 

Richmond,  Va 

Ilochenter.  N.  Y 

Sacketts  Uarbor,  N.Y. 


1047 

10  14 
10:1944 

11  22  43 
II    4,10 
II    0|  2 
10 

8l48;3J 
lit  8|48 
10  50  2(i 
It  SO  2 
1147,44 

10  5G    4 

11  5049 


Ill  8 


11  4C  44 
II  3.V2.r> 
113: 
74.' 

I  1  57  26 
llj  5 

II  4(1 
1146 

II  44  40 
1152 


PLACES  WEST. 


Sacramento,  Cal 

St.  Augustine,  Fla.. . 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

San  Antonio.  Teaas. . 

^an  Diego,  Cal 

S;in  Francisco.  Cal... 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex 

Santa  Cruz.  W.I 

Savannah,  Ga 

Scarlioro  liar.  W.  T 
Springfield.  III....:... 

Tallahassee,  Fla 

Tampico,  Mex 

Toronto.  C.  W 

Trenton,  N.  J 

Tuscal"os:i.  Ala... 

Utica.  N.Y 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex 

Viiirennea,  Ind 

Washington.  I).  C... 

Wheeling,  AY.  Vn 

Wilmington,  N.C.... 

Wilmington.  Del 

Yorktown,  Va 


a. 
85644 


29 
5.i  44 


10  43  45 


84fi 
9  51 

84* 


8  37  36 


10  24  37 


3833 
28 
1C 
12 

U30 
624 
4753 
1133 

4324 
II  54 
11  4U48 


52 
1740 


PLACES  EAST 


AFTER- 
NOON. 


FLACKS  EAST. 


PLACES  EAST. 


Albany,  N.Y 

Augusta,  Mo 

Bangor,  Me 

Berlin,  Prus 

Boston,  Mass 

Constantinople,  Tur... 

Dublin,  Ireland 

Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
JTredericton.  N.  H 


II.  M. 
0    1 

0  Ifi 
0  20 


0  11  30 

i;  :-•>.  o 

4  30  4  J 


Halifax.N.S 

Hambure,  Germany.. 

Hurt  lord,  Conn 

London,  England 

Low-oil.  Mass 

MlddletAwn,  Conn.. . 

Mon'reil.  L.  C 

Now  Haven,  Couu.. 


II.  I  M. 

ONI 

5  35  58 
0  521 
45541 
0  104' 

0|  5!S* 
0  1  44 
0  423 


Paris,  Franco 

Portland,  M»ino 

Providence,  II.  I 

Quebec,  Canada 

Home,  Italy 

St.  Petersburg,  Rus. 
Stockholm.  Sweden.. 
Vicuna,  Aubtria 


AFTKB- 

NOON. 


M 

10 

1025 

I-    0 

5  45  59 

5718 

818 

137 


THE  LARGE  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 


CITIES.      POPULATION. 

CITIES.     POI-ULATIOS. 

CITIE3.     POPULATIOK. 

CITIES.       POPTTLATIOS. 

8,533,184 

1,988,748 
1,500,000 
1.300,000 
1,209,561 
1,075,61)0 
1,045,000 
l,02n,770 
847,452 
800.000 
800.000 
794,615 
780,6-21 
670,00(1 
644,405 
620,000 
€11,970 
600,00!) 
600,000 
566,930 
560/200 
555,044 
533  000 
5-27,000 

Chicapo  

508,298 
500,000 
448,743 
406,014 
400,000 
400,000 
400,000 
4i>o,iOO 
397,522 
380,238 
377,000 
367,'284 
363  5iio 
850,000 
349.883 
342,815 
330,(iOO 
820,000 
818,864 
315,506 
314,666 

Saiklo         

300,000 
284,779 
2*2,00(1 
274,97^ 
261,ii7t; 
236.02:: 
:55,lM 
452,01; 
251,584 
251,<Hh 
250,001 
24ti,15S 
28!).o5< 
227,SM' 
221,805 
219,93? 
•21-.74I 
!15,14( 
!i  5.128 
'12.054 
:07,770 

•or>.ooi 

98,8'<9 
;)7,295 

JuenosAyres..  . 
Jristol  
Prngne  
Bradford  
Santiago  ........ 

95,000 
'!)u,5.S9 
S9.y4i> 
.Sti.OUO 
Sit.OC'O 
.75.188 
174,894 
.74,249 
67,o93 
165,077 
102,975 
161,814 
16-1,01)0 
ir.9,i'65 
158  900 
157,946 
154.766 
154,417 
152500 
152,009 
150.000 
149,720 
149,003 

Paiis  
Peking        .  .  . 

Nlnj!]io  

l.uclcnow  
Sheflield    
Hio  <le  Janeiro  .  . 

Canton  

Hamburg  
Manchester  
Birmingham  •••• 
Nanking  
Amoy  
Madras  
Brussels  
St.  Louis  
Madrid  
Boston  
Che  Foo  
Cairo  

New  York  
Constantinople 
Berlin  
Vienna  

Koine  
B.-mLkok  
Barcelona  
Warsaw  
Melbourne  
Havana  
Cincinnati  
Ureslau  
San  Francisco  ..  . 
Bucharest  
Palermo  
Edinburgh  
Bordeaux  
New  Orleans  .... 
Alexandria  
Turin  

3enares  
ielfast  
rvdney,  N.S.W.. 
?loreuce  
•StiickUolm  ..... 
Ulle  ... 
Odessa  
Washington  
Pittsburgh  
Patna,  India  
Cleveland  
Buffiilo  
Delhi  
Salfo'd  
Seville  
Monte  Vidao  
Dundee  

Philadelphia  .. 
Tokio,  1'te  Yedo 
Foochow  
Calcutta  
New  Yedo  
St.  Petersburg.. 
Bombay  

Hankow  

Shanghai  
Marseilles  
Mexico  
Dublin    

Kon  Kiang  .... 
Brooklyn  
Kioto,  Japan  .. 

Buda-Pesth  
Amsterdam  

813,401 

3i  12,266 
800,000 

Copenhagen  
Munich  
Dresden        .   . 

Osaca,  Japan  .  . 
Liverpool  

Agra,  India  

IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


TABLE  OF  IMPOSTS,  FOREIGN  EXPORTS,  NET  IMPORTS  AND  DOMES- 
TIC EXPORTS,  FROM  1844  TO  1880. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  Imports,  Exports  of  Foreign  Goods,  net  Im- 
ports and  Exports  of  goods,  the  production,  growth  or  manufacture  of  the  United 
Slates  from  the  year  1S21,  -when  for  the  first  time,  the  distinction  was  made  between 
the  imports  and  exports  of  merchandize  and  that  of  coin  and  bullion.  The  fiscal 
year  closed  September  30,  till  June  30,  1843,  when  it  closed  as  now,  June  30.  An 
additional  column,  gives  the  value  of  our  domestic  exports,  since  1861,  in  mixed 
values — gold  and  currency,  all  the  other  columns  being  in  gold  values. 


TEAR,  ENDIHG: 

Imports. 

Foreign 
Exports 

Net  Imports. 

DOMESTK 

Total 
Gold  Value. 

;  Kxi'twrs. 
Gold&C'riicy 

i-Wpt.  30  1821.... 
••       "  1822.... 
11      "  18B3... 
"      "  1824.... 
"      "  1825  
"      "  1826.... 
"      "  1827.... 
"      "  182S.... 
"      "  1829.... 
"      "  1830  
•      "  1831  
1      "  1632  
1      •'  1833  
1      "  18,4  

1 

62,585,724 
83,241,541 
77.579,267 
80,549,007 
96.310,075 
84,974,477 
79,484,068 
88,509,824 
74,4  2,527 
7(1,876,920 
103,191,124 
101,029,266 

12^521  1332 
149,895,742 
189,980,035 
I40,9r-9,217 
113,717,404 
162,092,132 
107,141,519 
127,946,177 
100,162,067 
64,753,799 
108,435,035 
117,254,564 
121,691,797 
146,545,638 
154,998,928 
147,857,439 
178.138.318 
216,224.932 
212  945,442 
267,978,647 
304,562,381 
261,468,520 
314,639,942 
360,890,141 
282,613,150 
338,768,130 
362,16ri,254 
335.650,153 
205,771,729 
252,919.920 
329,562,895 
248.555,652 
445,512,158 
417,833,575 
371.624,808 
437,314.255 
462,377,587 
541,493,708 
640,338,766 
663,617,147 
(  595,861,248 

* 

21,302,488 
22,886.202 
27,543,622 
25.337,157 
32,590,643 
24.539,612 
23,403,136 
21,595017 
16,658.478 
14,387,479 
20  0:(3,526 
24,039,473 
19,822,735 
23,312.811 
20,504,495 
21,746,360 
21,854,962 
12,452,795 
17,494,525 
18,190,312 
15,469,081 
11,721,538 
6,552,697 
11,484  867 
15,346,830 
11,346,623 
8,011,158 
21,128,010 
13,08«,8C5 
14,951  806 
21,698,293 
17,289,382 
17,558,460 
21,850,194 
28,448.293 
36,378,578 
23,975  617 
30,886,142 
20,  89.'),  077 
26,933,022 
20,645,427 
16,869,466 

20]256!94C 
32,114,157 
14,742,117 
20611,508 
22,601,126 
2:>,173,414 
30,427,159 
28,459,899 
22,769,749 
28,149511 
23,780,338 

$ 

41,283,236 
60.955,339 
50,035,645 
55,211,850 
63,749,432 
60,434,865 
56,080,932 
66,914,807 
57,834,049 
56,489,441 
83,157,598 
7(i,989,793 
88,295.576 
103,208,521 
129.391,247 
168,233,675 
119,134,255 
101,21)4,1)09 
144,597,607 
88.951,207 
112,477,096 
88,440,549 
58,201,102 
96,950,166 
101,907,734 
110,345,174 
138,534,460 
133,870,916 
134.768,574 
163,186,510 
194.526,639 
195,656,060 
250,420,187 
279,712,187 
233,020,227 
2J8,261,364 
336,914,524 
251,727.008 
317,873,053 
335.233.2:52 
315,004,726 
188,902,263 
226,796,336 
309,305.955 
216.441,495 
430,770,041 
397,222,067 
349,023,682 
412.140.841 
431,950.428 
513,033,809 
617,569,017 
635.467,636 
572,080,910 

1 

43,671,8^4 
49,874,079 
47,155,408 
50,649,500 
66,944,745 
53,055,710 
58,921,691 
50,669.669 

61,  '277^057 
63,137,470 
70,31  7,  G'> 
81.024.162 
101,189,062 
106,916,680 
95,564,414 
96,033,821 
103,533,691 
113,895.634 
106.382,722 
92,969,996 
77,793,783 
99,715,179 
99,299,776 
10-2,141,893 
150,637.464 
132.904.121 
132,666,955 
136,946.912 
196,689,718 
192,368,984 
213,417.697 
252,047,806 
246,70i>,553 
310,586,330 
338,985,665 
293,758,279 
335,894,385 
373,189,274 
228,699,486 
210,688,675 
241.997,474 
243,977,589 
5201,558,372 
420,161,476 
332,618,0811 
353,135,875 
318,082,663 
4-20,500,275 
512,802267 
501,-285,371 
578,938,985 
629,133,107 
§10,200,059 
583,141,229 
§15,596,5-24 

|213,069,5J» 

300,035,109 

323,743.187 
550,684,277 
433.577,312 
454,301,713 
413,961,115 
499,092,143 
56-2,518,651 
549,219,713 
649,132,563 
693  039,051 
§11,424.0«; 
643,094,767 
§15596,524 
644,956.406 
§10,507  563 
676,115,592 
72-2.811,815 
$10,5:15,857 
717,0!>3,77r 
S45,9'JO,.V2a 

1      "  1835.... 
'      "  1836.... 
"      "  1837.... 
"      "  1838.... 
"      «•  »1839  ... 
"      «•  ......1840  

"      "  1641  
"      "  1842.... 
June  30  1B43*... 
June  30  1814  

"  1845.... 

••    "  isS:... 

"      "  1848.... 
«•      "  1849.... 
«•      "  1850.... 
"      "  1851.... 
"      "  1852.... 
41      •'  1853.... 
"      "  1854.... 
••      "  1855.... 
41      "  1856.... 
"      "  1857... 
"      "  1858... 
-      "  1859... 
"      "  1860... 

*      "  1861  

"        '        ...     .       1862 

••        '  1863  
"        '  1864.... 
"        '  1865.... 
"       '  1866.... 
•'        '  1867.... 
*•        '  1868...'. 
"        '  1869.... 
"        '  1870.... 
"      "  1871.... 
*•      "  1872.... 
•'      "  1873.... 

«      "  1874.... 
"      "  1875.... 

*•      "  1877... 
"      "  1878.... 

"      "  1879.. 
"  I860.... 

(  553,906,153 

22,433,624 

531,472,529 

C  476,677,671 

21,270,035 

455,407,836 

575,6-20,938 
§10  507  503 

492,097,540 
466,872,846 

460.078,775 
743,481,765 

25,832,495 
20,834,738 

12,093,651 
11,692,305 

4~6~6,265,045 
446,038,106 

446,532,718 

632,804,962 
707,771,153 

717/93777 
645,1)90,528 

*  Nine  months  only. 
5  Addition  to  Domestic  Exports,  Merchandise  only,  taken  from  Canadian  reports. 


THE  SILK  INTEREST. 


39 


ssss 

•S.li'3 


w  if  H  5'  g  "*  M  1.L 
sL  o"1!  S  s  -  — 


Totals  

1  1?  »  :  i  :  i  ::«-=•:  i  ::::: 

e  2  :  i  :::.::  t»2  :::::::: 

«  l»  OS  

ARTICLES  MANUFACTl 

American  Silk  Industry.—  Value  of  Goods  Manufactured  each  Tear. 

3 

_co                               jfe         JOfS"                  -'J-° 

—  •_  :  —        to                  *-»  00  to  p—  *\n^^;i  00       IO  oo  -X1  SO 

M 

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O 

P 

§ 
s 

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-j  o  to  jo  p—      »-*  tc  to  «i'  to  .—  -^  w'  o  ci  w  o  o  ^  c: 

tO  C"  Ci  00  ->  IO  CT.  rf^  O  OS  ^  ">O  "-O  O  P—  —  ill  CO  i*i  •*»  OD  4» 

ft 

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Totals  

g  00  tt  g>  3.)  «4«Cc|  O  O  ffi  M  £••  W  •<  Jg  13  O  5f  g 

ARTICLES  IMPOR' 

Importation  of  Silk  Goods  and  Manufactures,  at  the  Port  of  Kcw  Tork 
In  each  Tear. 

Q*  &   *"&    •      ~'  2.  ^MfDpiTOOOCt^^^SH 
—    M7Q'     Jfzi;^'rf'soW®'      B^O-rjOO.      O 

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H 

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«*.W-»OO-»MP*-  —  KI<—  •    o-iocc;    ~iui£ 

I 

<ouptk-aoco)    ;    >uvi>u          !8  ®  S  ?j      °  ^  ""*  4» 

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o  <—  *  to          '    *        »-•          '    <o^r>  i^  .-*      co      o 

OCOOIOlPt-'      '      .UO_         '      CJCitOO         OOWOO^., 
CO  Si  ^  —  •  iO  *      *      tO^trTUi*      tn  —  p***3         COOOI** 

H 
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Is  II  Si:  :  £.1^3:  illsli-lO 

.40 


EDUCATIONAL. 


THE  Educational  condition  of  the  United  States,  though,  not  yei 
what  wo  may  hope  it  will  be,  is  far  in  advance  of  that  of  any  other 
nation.  Some  of  the  German  States  maintain  a  system  of  compul- 
sory education,  which  ensures  to  every  child  a  certain  amount  of 
intellectual  training,  but  this  is  surrounded  by  such  restrictions  that 
it  is  not  so  beneficial  to  the  youth  of  the  State  as  our  more  free  and 
practical  system  of  education.  In  our  country,  up  to  the  close  of 
the  late  war,  very  few  of  the  Southern  States  had  any  thorough  sys- 
tem of  primary  education,  and  many  of  their  secondary  and  higher 
schools,  colleges  and  seminaries,  were  very  superficial;  but  the  last 
ten  years  has  witnessed  a  great  advance  in  these  respects  in  those 
States,  and  the  Narthern .States  have  made  equally  rapid  progress. 

The  tables  which  follow,  show  that  nearly  9,000,000  of  our  chil- 
dren— somewhat  niore  than  one-fifth  of  our  entire  population — are 
enrolled  in  our  Public  Schools;  24G,G54  in  our  secondary  and  special 
schools  (these  returns  are  so  incomplete  that  they  do  not  probably 
represent  one-half  of  the  actual  number  in  attendance,  the  Catholic 
Secondary  Schools  reporting  242,000  children),  the  Universities  and 
Colleges  have  5G,253  students,  and  the  Scientific  and  Professional 
Schools  25,039,  making  a  grand  total  of  nearly  9,600,000  children 
and  youth  under  instruction;  more  than  270,000  teachers  are 
engaged  in  the  work  of  instruction.  For  the  purposes  of  this  edu- 
cation, the  investment  in  real  estate,  appliances  for  teaching,  and 
libraries,  is  over  $314,000,000;  the  amount  of  vested  and  permanent 
funds  (largely  increased  by  benefactions,  sales  of  land,  etc.,  every 
year,)  is  more  than  $127,500,000,  and  the  annual  income  $108,300,- 
000.  No  nation  in  the  world  can  make  such  an  exhibit  as  this,  but 
we  may  fairly  hope  that  another  decade  will  show  one-fourth  of  our 
population  under  instruction,  with  greatly  increased  facilities.  The 
reader  will  find,  also,  in  the  tables  which  follow,  an  account  of  the 
piivate  benefactions  made  to  education  since  1870,  and  of  the  large 
libraries  which  have  made  such  a  rapid  growth  within  the  past  few 
years. 


PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 


STATES  ANI> 
TJERRITORIKS. 

School  Age. 

School  Population. 

Number  between  9 
and  18  years  of  age. 

Number  enrolled  in 
Publio  Schools. 

*Averntre  Daily  At- 
tendance. 

Average  duration  of 
School  in  d:iys. 

Number  of 
Teachers  em- 
ployed  in 
Publio  School. 

ij 

* 

Female. 

Alabama  

5to2i 
6    21 

406,270 
184,G92 
171,563 
23,27.i 
134,976 
47.82.T 
94.522 
394,037 
958.003 
667.711 
533,903 
199.986 
437,100 
274,1:8? 
221.477 
818,120 
294,70? 
448.784 
218,641 
318.45!) 
738,431 
80,122 
6,315 
76.272 
312,694 
1,583,064 
348.60:i 
1,017,726 
44.661 
1,222,697 
53,31(i 
239,264 
426.012 
313,061 
89.541 
482,78!) 
179,897 
461,829 

284.389 
138,519 
154,406 
16,292 
112-480 
35,878 
70,891 
354.633 
718.502 
500.783 
341,713 
129,331 
349.680 
206,010 
14,t,!)(iO 
207,090 
294,708 
336.588 
153,048 
222,921 
516  901 
56,085 
5,6a3 
55,865 
265  790 
1.108.144 
261,452 
757,138 
31,262 
917,031 
48,321 
239,264 
383,950 
281.754 
67,155 
307,230 
134,922 
323,280 

147,340 
73,878 
130.930 
12,552 
120.189 
19,881 
32.371 
156.394 
C87.446 
502,362 
384.012 
142606 
228.000 
74.846 
157.3-.i3 
142,992 
302,118 
343,619 
130,280 
168.217 
394,780 
55,423 
4.811 
66,751 
191,731 
1,059,238 
146,737 
712,129 
21,518 
890.073 
38,554 
110,416 
199,058 
184.705 
78,139 
184  486 
115.300 
279,854 

110,253 

42,680 
78,027 
7,343 
C8.993 

"28,306 
96,680 

86.5 

149.6 
116.0 
176.0 
140.0 
132.0 

2,702 
1,582 
1,033 
172 
721 
(4 
(7 

1.29T 
740 
1,660 
205 
2,324 
30) 
96) 

Arkansas  

California  

5    17 

Colorado  

5    21 

Connecticut  

4     10 

Delaware  

5    21 

Florida  

6.  .21 
6    18 

6    21 

9.288 
7.670 
6,500 
2,484 
4,236 
797 
1984 
1,120 
1,169 
3,285 
1.372 
2.989 
5.004 
1,504 
35 
503 
946 
7,428 
(2. 
12,306 
496 
8.585 
195 
1,773 
3,125 
(4. 

r>67 

2,711 

2,677 
(9, 

12,330 
5,463 
11,645 
2890 
1,732 
760 
4,475 
1,594 
8,047 
D.183 
1,591 
1979 
3,747 
1,587 
60 
3.100 
2.307 
22,585 
690) 
10,180 
457 
11,295 
861 
1,083 
10S3 
030) 
3,739 
1,551. 
734 
451) 

0..2I 
5    21 

300,743 

120.0 
1360 
1020 
100.0 

5    21 

85.580 
159,000 

Kentucky  

6    20 

Louisiana  

6    21 

Maine  

4    21 

100,641 
69,25!) 
216.861 
200,000 
71,292 
106,894 
192,904 

117.r 
187.0 
177.0 
138.0 
1200 
1400 
99.0 
96.0 

iobo 

194.0 
1760 
50.0 
140.0 
105.5 
151.0 
178.0 
10UO 
100.0 
780 
111.0 
112.0 
92.5 
14H.O 

Maryland  

5    20 

Massachusetts  

5    15 

Michigan  .. 
Minnesota  
Missippi  
Missouri  
Nebraska  
Nevada  

5..  20 
5.  .21 
5.  .21 
5..  21 
S..21 
6    18 

2.884 
48,268 
98089 
531,835 
97.830 
435,341) 

New  Hampshire  — 
New  Jersey  
New  York  
"North  Carolina  
Ohio    

4.  .21 
5.  .18 
5.  .21 
6.  .21 
6    21 

Oregon     

4    20 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  
South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

6.  .21 
5..  15 
6.  .16 
6    18 

551.848 
26,163 

136,805 
125,224 
50,023 
103,927 
79,002 

Texas  

6  .18 

5    20 

5    21 

6    21 

4    20 

Totals            

6.  .21 

13,983,634 

10,533,055 

8,693,289 

(247, 

468) 

2,508 
f.34:i 
31,671 
4020 
3822 
29,312 
35,696 
8,350 
1,095 

1.881 

5,840 
29,133 
2.814 
2,250 
28,984 
29.747 
5,427 
845 

508 
4.428 
18,785 
3.270 
2215 
5,151 
19,278 
6,699 
1.2-.22 
3,754 

419 

180. 

6 
11 

8 
154 
871 

D'ikoti 

5.  21 
6.  .17 
5    21 

Uist.  of  Columbia.. 

13,494 

191.0 

Montana  
New  Mexico  
Utah   

4.  .21 
7.  .18 
4..  16 

1.710 

920 
132.0 
140.0 
70.0 

43 

132 
220 
(2 

56 
15 

238 
20) 
1G 

13,462 

Washington  
Wyoming  

4.  .21 
5.  .20 
6    16 

Total  

124,817 

106,921 

77,922 

(1, 

839) 

Grand  Totals  

14,108,451 

10,639,9761         8,771,211 

(249, 

307) 

*  So  many  of  tho  States  do  not  return  the  average  daily  attendance,  that  the  total  footing* 
are  of  no  value,  and  are  omitted. 


PUJSLIO  SCHOOLS. 


STATISTICS  OP  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  JAN.,  1870. 


STATES  AND 

TERRITORIES. 

Average 
Monthly 
Salary  of 
Teachers. 

Annual  income  of  the  Public  Schools 

Annual  Expenditures  of  Public  Schools. 

4 

Female. 

Sites,  T5iiiltlings,Libraries, 
Furuitnre  and  apparatus. 

Salaries  of  Superintend- 
cuts. 

Salaries  of  Teachers. 

Miscellaneons. 

Total  Expenditures. 

$<27 

20) 

$553014 
789,536 
3,390.359 
254.6W 
1,592,749 
192,735 
188.952 
435  319 

$100 
5491i. 
465,  95r 
76,215 
220,942 

34,187 
24.100 
43,622 
7,500 
20,000 

$489,492 
259,747 
1,810,479 
102,783 
1,057,242 

523,779 
750,000 
2,701,863 
218,313 

1,552,583 

Arkansas  

California..  

84.93 
CO.OO 
70.05 
(28 
50.00 

68.01 
48.00 
37.35 
00) 
30.00 

381,803 
31.815 
254,399 

Colorado  
Connecticut  

Delaware    

Florida  



15,600 



107,724 

Georgia  

Illinois  
Indiana  

48.21 
05.00 
3668 
33.9S 
(49. 
37.00 
37.00 
41.73 
88.37 
51.29 
41.36 
55.47 
38.00 
38.CO 
(100. 
42.61 
67.65 
(58. 
30.00 
60.00 
51.45 
4107 
58.18 
31.64 
30.1-5 
(53. 
45.62 
33.52 
3503 
50.83 

3332 
40.00 
28.33 
27.25 
40) 
37.00 
18.00 
41.73 
35.35 
28.19 
28.91 
55.47 
2950 
33.10 
56) 
25.54 
37.75 
36) 
2500 
44.00 
45.50 
34.09 
46  17 
29.21 
30.85 
00) 
25.65 
28.71 
30.77 
33.28 

8,268,540 
5,041,517 
5,035.498 
1,042,298 
1,438,436 
699  665 
1,313,303 
1,376,046 
0,410,514 
4,173,551 
1,861,158 
1.110.248 
3  013  595 

1.090.574 
700.000 
1,114.68 
182.886 
111,406 
60.182 
110,725 
272,539 
1,533,14-2 
571,109 
208.03(1 
55,000 

'50,666 

5,326,780 
2,830,747 
2,598.440 
089,907 

971,854 
949  457 
892,626 
113,208 

8,268,540 
4.530  204 
4.605,749' 
1.020  101 
1,559,452 
699,665 
1  313.303 
1,641,047 
7.000,000 
3.516,7-2 
1.158,447 
1.040  (iOO 
3,000  000 
928.  188 
124.301 
742,854 
9,340,983 
1,601  .25* 
300,  000 
7,651,956 
215,707 
9,363.927 
704,643 
420,4iil 
703,35!* 
72U,  230 
625,057 
1,0-23,390 
715,160 
2.066,375 

Kansas  
Kentucky  

34,100 

Louisiana  

24.000 
29,668 
25,440 

573,144 
1,046.766 
1,035.755 

42,339 
126.144 
307,313 

Maine  

Maryland  
Massachusetts  
Michigan  
Minnesota  
Mississippi..  ..... 



1,950,928 
702,662 
856,950 

994,745 
247,755 
80,000 

48,650 

Missouri.  ....... 

Nebraska 

292,475 
146.181 
621,649 
2.311,465 
11,601,256 
500,000 
8,711,411 
204,760 
8,798,816 
761,796 
489.542 
740,316 
244.  H79 
516,252 
1,215,353 
753,477 
2,308,187 

327,406 
22,723 
264,244 
549,619 
2,131,927 
15.100 
1,313,515 
3.125 
2,059,465 
275.835 
22,222 
44,406 
60,081 
89,789 
97.278 
123,844 
371,496 

18,916 

414,827 
83.548 
424.889 
1,731,816 
7,849,667 
158,129 
4,787,964 

4,  640,  825 
383,284 
369,685 
582,918 
630,334 
440,536 
726,300 
541,359 
1,350,884 

167,039 
18,030 
5:»,721 
30,780 
1.569,662 
8,445 
1,391,704 

'"2,557,587 
77,059 
31,554 
42,420 
2ti,5-8 
82  089 
151.150 
47,457 
241,777 

New  Hampshire.... 
New  Jersey  

28,770 

58",  773 
2,000 
00,050 
11,681 

New  York  

North  Carolina  
Ohio  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

19,385 
9,233 
12,643 
48,668 
2.500 
50,000 

Texas  

"Vermont  

"Virginia  
"West  Virginia... 

Wisconsin  

Totals  

88,399,237 

14,710,475 

25,486 

46,448,787 

11,893,524 

-5,526,91-4 

00.00 
35.00 
lo.OO 
55.00 
65.00 

100.00 
25.00 
75.00 
55.00 
57.00 

28,759 
32.C02 
517.610 
22,497 
31,821 
25,473 
130,799 

24,151 
32,603 
366,57» 
17,2  0 
67,147 
18.890 
183,813 
54  720 
16,40* 
99,000 

9,985 
61,123 

18.046 
209,368 

4,572 
86,568 

Dist.  of  Columbia.  . 
Idaho  

9,520 

Montana  

28,726 

4,500 

33,921 
.    15,432 
130,800 
54,720 
16,400 

New  Mexico.  ....... 

3,458 

Utah   

47.00 

23.00 

49,568 

3,450 

"Washington  

AVyoming     ........ 

99,929 

Total  

889,490 

149,402 

17,470 

578,687 

94  :  598 

88C,5C$ 

Qrand  Totals  

b9,288.7-27|  14,859,877 

42,956 

47,027,474 

11,988,122 

R0,407,440 

SCHOOLS. 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  JAN.,  1878. 


STATES  AND 
TliPvIUTOliiKS. 

Number  of  School- 
Housett. 

Estimated  viilue  of 
sites,  buildings  nnd 
all  other  School  Prop- 
erty. 

Amount  of  Permanent 
School  Fund. 

Expenditure  in  the 
yvurper  capita  of 
tho  School  population 

Expenditure  in  the 
year  per  capita  of 
pupils  enrolli-d  in  the 
Public  Schools. 

1  Expenditure  in  the 
year  per  capita,  of  av- 
Iercgo  attendance  on 
the  Public  Schools. 

Amount  of  benefac- 
tion for  educational 
Surposes  reported  aa 
avingbeeii  made  dur- 
ing the  year  1875, 

Alabama  

3,898 

2  "  06  ;>50 

$2,825 

2,  134 

355  000 

1  ->2-2  500 

$4.06 

$10  15 

$17.57 

5,680 

2,1  no 

5  068  67d 

1  737  500 

17.09 

2582 

13,000 

172 

474  OOd 

9  38 

17.39 

29.73 

1,300* 

Connecti  cut  

1,650 

2  807  697 

11.80 

12.92 

2250 

34,750 

Delaware  

369 

470  000 

9.64 

10,000 

Klorida  

796 

225  000 

1.99 

5.83 

6.69 

500 

Geor'na  

3,669 

1.10 

2.78 

4.50 

Illinois  

11,451 

19  876  708 

7  r<cO  554 

388,434 

Indiana  

9,307 

10  870  338 

8  799  192 

078 

9.01 

15.06 

51,600 

9,528 

8  617  95  i 

3  303  961 

6.75 

9.38 

15.99 

174,859- 

3715 

4  141)  090 

1  163  OHO 

4.28 

•      5.93 

9.99 

3,20O 

4  1-94 

1  6°4  OHO 

1  327  000 

26495- 

1,032 

896  100 

400  000 

245 

9.40 

12,80i> 

4  180 

3  019  549 

400  558 

541 

7.68 

1201 

307,800- 

Maryland  

1.846 

350  370 

5.01 

968 

19.99 

Massach  u  set  ts  
Michigan  

5,551 
5.702 

20.856,7:7 
SJ.3V)  894 

2.000.000 
3,977,^69 

22.00 
6.67 

20.00 
11.97 

30.00 
14.97 

247,39» 
32  342 

Minnesota  

3,0r5 

2  808  156 

3  200  000 

5.74 

9.29 

16.98 

18.967 

Mississippi  

2275 

1  000  000 

1  068  359 

2.84 

5.38 

C.83 

21,000 

7  325 

6  771  163 

7  248  535 

184,455- 

1  805 

1  "12  288 

7  76 

11.42 

115 

1°1  Oil 

New  Hampshire.... 

2,223 
2948 

2,258  000 
6  287  207 

500.000 
800  000 

6.57 
585 

731 
9.55 

1041 
17.97 

475,760 
324  901 

New  York 

11  781 

29  928  6°0 

3  08(1  11)8 

410,421 

North  Carolina  
Ohio  

4,02D 
11,834 

19  876  504 

2,187.564 
3  046  713 

'""•j'-Q 

""ib".  57 

""i7» 

33,550> 
181,030 

85'J 

350  000 

1  314  000 

3,175- 

Pennsylvania  

17.092 

24  200  78') 

810,67-2 

lihodo  Island. 

739 

2360  017 

205  143 

937 

12.96 

19.09 

16.94S 

2347 

313  289 

4  19  543 

1  78 

3^6 

17,925- 

Tennessee  

3,125 

0  512  5:10 

1.64 

3.53 

5.14 

42.  1ST 

Texas 

3898 

1  73  508 

2  031  673 

7,850 

2800 

1  339  804 

7-04 

889 

12.60 

25,075- 

Virgiui  i  

757  181 

1  050  000 

1-93 

5.05 

8,96 

91,012 

~WV«t  Virginia  

3245 

5260 

1  60:>,027 
4  979  1C9 

290.000 
2  624  -'40 

292 
3  64 

468 
605 

7.1!) 

15,000 
40,300 

Totals  

162,(J.r)l 

192  193  598 

72  6tfl  517 

11 

20  000 

9  (52 

42  41 

57.66 

Dakota 

29li 

24  ('°0 

3  92 

7  36 

Dist.  of  Columbia.  . 
Idaho  

47 
53 

1,114.16:2 



11.57 

19.51 

27.10 

6,500 

76 

60  000 

8  4° 

14  36 

1860 

New  Mexico  

138 

500 

Urah            

296 

438  665 

5  15 

8.53 

13.69 

6.671 

Washington  

219 

2,400 

AVvomiug  

13 

32  500 

ludian  

163 

2.000 

Total  

1  312 

1  6'JO  253 

Grand  Totals..  .  .  . 

104.263 

193,^83.851 

'4,120,50:4 

t  Nominal  not  ranch  over  3  per  cent,  now  available.  J  The  benefaction  to  education  in  1874. 
were  $6  053.304;  in  1873,  $11,226,977;  iu  1872,  $9,957,494;  in  1871,  $8,435,990;  making  a  total  in  fiv» 
years  of  $39,800,327. 

In  1876  there  were  3,032  Public  Libraries  in  the  U.  S.,  with  12,276,964  volumes.  201  contained  over  10,00* 
volumes  each ;  73  over  20,000;  52  over  33.000;  29  over  40.030,  and  19  over  50,003  volumes  The  largest  are: 
Library  of  Congress,  303,003 ;  Boston  Public  Library,  199,809 ;  Harvard  University,  227,650 ;  Astor.  152,446 ; 
-Mercantile,  N.  Y.,  160,613 ;  Mercantile.  Philadelphia,  125,168;  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  125,  • 
OOJ;  Yale  College,  114,200;  Boston  Athcnseu.n,  20-VXX);  P;  ila.  Lib.  Co., 101,000;  N.  Y.  State,  at  Albany,  95,- 
000,  and  several  others  rapidly  approaching  103,000.  Permanent  endowment  funds,  about  $15,003,000. 
Amount  invested  in  buil-lings,  grounds,  books,  manuscripts  *c..  $40,OCO,OCO,  at  least.  Amount  investcit 
in  Academies  of  Design,  Art  Collections,  Arch.to'n  y,  Natural  History  and  Science  (of  which  then;  a.-a 
nearly  120) ,  aggregates  from  $15,OUO.(X)0  to  $.0,OMi,CCO. 


SECONDARY  AND  SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOLS. 


SECONDARY  INSTRUCTION. 

After  our  Pablic  Schools,  of  which  we  have  given  such  full  statistics  in  the  pro- 
ceding  tables,  some  schools  of  secondary  or  superior  instruction,  which  uuder  a 
variety  of  names,  form  the1  connecting  links  between  the  public  school  and  the 
college  or  university.  Some  of  these  are  private  schools  but  somewhat  permanent 
in  character;  they  may  be  schools  for  boys,  or  for  girls,  or  both;  others  rank  as 
academies,  high  schools  or  seminaries;  others  still,  are  preparatory  sphools  for  (he 
college  course;  others  still  as  schools  of  superior  instruction  lor  women,  Female 
Seminaries,  Colleges,  Academies,  or  Collegiate  Institutes.  Still  another  class,  are 
•Commercial  or  Business  Colleges.  There  are  also  Normal  Schools  or  Colleges, 
sometimes  private,  sometimes  State  or  City  institutions,  intended  for  training 
teachers — and  schools  of  special  instruction  for  deaf  mutes,  blind,  feeble  minded, 
orphans  and  juvenile  offenders.  The  character  of  these  schools  is  so  diverse  that 
we  cannot  bring  them  under  a  table,  showing  the  number  in  each  State,  but  we 
givo  below  the  aggregate  number  of  each  class  in  the  entire  country,  with  such 
.particulars  as  can  be  collected  concerning  them,  premising  that  a  considerable  num- 
ber are  not  reported  in  any  year. 


03 

E 

E 

! 

6  i 

t> 

1 

.= 

k 

S 

c. 

£4 

c  £ 

a 

• 

CLASSES  OF 

S 

8 

I 

e 
£ 

O 

3 

a 

1  =  2 

t"=j 

6**J— 

If 

ff 

SCHOOLS. 

§ 

JS 

"a 

6 

fc| 

"3 
M 

a 

e 

V-—  -   J3 

|?3 

c  >,_>  c 

p—  s  i- 

C  3 

'f^ 

& 

m 

&• 

£ 

=  3  ~* 

§  0 

5Sse 

O-H 

o 

o 

0 

H 

* 

(o 

II 

C 
H 

6 
'x^i 

Schools*  Acad.  Bovs. 

215 

830 

152 

1^.70? 

15,676 

117 

$7,268.600 

£89o,8=;o 

$23\n8 

$1,144,63? 

JM.8i6 

Schools  <k  Acad.  Girls. 
Schools,  Boys  fc  Girls. 
Preparatory  Schools. 

617 

I  -2 

510 
1,239 
17 

1.943 
1.407 
46) 

22.37, 
70.067 

45 
35,978 
(12. 

21,918 
',54)' 

6,17^,601; 
12.193.332 
4.815.257 

35.553 
2.3i5,5»3 

4-735 
214  231 
72.782 

1,255,16? 

456,776 

122,8=5 

"te.lss 

Bailouts,  Acail*.  SIMM  Col 

*Col.  lua.    (or  imperial- 
Instruction  of  \vonipii  .. 

222 

585 

1,592 

23.975 

23-975 

10,805,1:0 

-78,650 

60,699 

1,259,411 

2i7.t»3 

Normal  Schools  &  Col. 
<;<)in.  *  Business  Col. 

137 

(1.0 

(c, 

3') 
94) 

26.106 

12.924 

(20, 

16.181 

10  ) 

684,071 

96.103 

Kindergarten  

(2 

ID) 

2,8=9 

(2, 

809.) 

&PKCIAL  'INSTRUCTION— 

iSchoolsforDeal  Mutes 
Schools  lor  the  Hliucl. 
Schools,  feeble  iniiul- 

4' 
29 

(2 

(4 

94  > 
98> 

S.o8; 
2,054 

2,795 

(2, 

2.292 
054) 

3.893-467 

1,049,524 

1,144.044 

866^11 

£«« 

eil,  Idiolic,  Ac  

9 

(3  I 

71) 

1.372 

816 

Stf 

242  ^IJ 

Reform  Schools  

367 

311 

10,670 

6.HI 

2,559 

Earn  gs 

nr       K- 

Orphan     A*vliimn.    Sol- 

" 

^liur's  Or.  Honinx,  Infnnt 

(1.3 

28) 

24,584 

10,656 

13,928 

f,     ,O2O 

AayliimsA  lint  iw  Schools 

Ora  ud  Totals  

2,163 

(14.0 

60; 

246,654 

(246, 

654) 

51,288,406 

5,c«3,i83 

2,264,202 

12,132,913 

r  ^5,07. 

IV.     SCIENTIFIC  AND  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 

There  still  remains,  to  complete  our  summary  review  of  tho,  Educational  institntions  of  ibid 
•country,  some  account  of  the  Scientific  and  Professional  Schools  or  Inalitnt ions  of  tho  U;.it«d 
States.  The  S  'ientiflc  Schools  are  of  two  class-es.  Those  organized  under  tho  law  nv,kirig 
grants  of  land  to  Agricultural  Collefros,  and  receiving  the  avails  of  these  grants,  and  Ihnse  not 
receiving  these  avails,  but  endowed  by  State  or  private  munificence.  Tho  Theological  Semina- 
ri'-s  and  institutions  o-tn  be  classed  under  a  single  head,  though  some  of  them  are  c-'iir.ected 
•with  Colleges  or  Universities,  and  others  are,  independent  of  these;  some  have  a.  com  so  of 
classical  study,  and  others  aro  confined  to  theological  studies  exclusively.  TKe  J^aw  Bcburja 
-come  under  a  single  head,  but  tho  Medical  Schools  are  divided  into  Kegular.  Homoeopathic  a cd 
Eclectic,  and  the  Dental  and  1'harmacentical  Schools  aro  also  classed  -*i't!i  them.  We  give 
hftrewitii  such  statistics  ns  can  be  obtained  of  nil  these  Scientific  and  PcufcftMonal  Schools'. 


6 

5 

c  "^ 

^-  K" 



".' 

— 

£  -  2 

^       c- 

i_  C 

£.— 

'-  f 

?  -4 

£  3 

"  °  a 

, 

»-  i. 

"  j 

•CLASSES  OP  SCHOOLS 
OK  INSTITUTIONS  IN 
UNITED  bl-ATtS. 

'S  '' 

°£  g 

*^l 
"9      K 

dumber  o 
lu  stiirti 

It: 

•I  »-  l; 
-.fcfi 

=  £| 

•*-i 

^a  a 

§•3° 

S^  = 

|l 

c  ^ 

11 

c  "5 

Co 

k-3 

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^ 

S 

x.  E 

Xa 

iz  "S 

£      b! 

"• 

00 

I.    S-CIKNTIKICSCHOOL8 

A—  School*    cnilowi-il 

D—  Not  thu*  rncloweil 

SI 

219 
f,  1  S 

Z  2S8 

ua 

CI1 

1.C2C 

1.820.0"' 

I.BI7.73S 

11  -'.Kir, 

22S,338 

216 

60.19S 
599.  17T 

52  311 

IV.    MKOICAI.8cilOOI.fi 

A  —  Hezular  I'rnrlice. 

6.1 

F09 

7.51S 

(", 

-•is 

2  4*7.  9"f 

lr,0.26f> 

12.071 

sns.72i 

B7  39(1 

B—  HomiEopatlilc  
C  —  Kcli-cltr  

11 

1SS 
36 

cr,i 
sns 

(6 

.IS) 

216  00(- 

00,000 

3,100 

4B.1T-I 

2.",.-t2S 

4,11*1) 
1.400 

D-ntnl  SciiooU  

IT,:, 

469 

68.00(1 

49,238 

1.513 

Schools  of  Pharmacy..  . 

11 

56 

952 

(9 

11 

Ilt.TM 

39,550 

3,205 

26.  .Ml 

Totals  

3  ill 

1.7B9 

2:..  039 

(--- 

KM 

1  r.f,7 

r,  BOO 

19  409.354 

15.942  J79 

l.ui..ru 

1  S!17  391 

H77.43I) 

In  nio^t  of  tlio  Thenlocic-al  Schoo.s.  tho  tuition  is  provided  lor  bv  endowment  and  i<  tn 
•*rs!iip«  of  tho  Scientific  Schools  cover  tho  tuition ;  thero  arc  also  Irco  scholarships  in  soino  of  th« 
Medical  Schools— usually  the  result  of  State  grants. 


UNIVERSITIES  AXD  COLLEGES. 


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RELIGIOUS  STATISTICS,  1878* 


,*     . 

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STATUS. 


47 


CENSUS  OF  1870. 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. — GENERAL  NATIYITY  AND  POEfiIGM 
PARENTAGE. 

/ 

|  From  the  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Cennu.] 


STATES  AND 
tKRRTTORIES. 

1870. 

I860. 

Total  population. 

Native  born. 

Foreign  bora. 

Total  population. 

Native  born. 

1 

Total  U.  States  
Total  States  

38,558,371 

32,991,142 

5,567,229 

31,443,321 

27,304,624 

4,138,69-1 

38,115,641 

32,1542,012 

5,473,029 

31,183,744 

27,084,592 

""^7,099,158 

996,992 
484,471 
560,247 
537,454 
125,015 
187,748 
1,184,109 
2,539,891 
1,680,637 
1,194,020 
304.399 
1,321,011 
726.915 
626,915 
780,894 
1,457351 
1,184  059 
439,700 
827,922 
1,721.293 

987.030 
479,445 
350.416 
423,815 
115.879 
182,781 
1,  172,982 
2,024.093 
1.539.1  63 
989,39^ 
310,007 
1,357,613 
005,088 
578,034 
697,482 
1,104.032 
1)16.04'.) 
279.000 
PI  6.731 
1  199  028 

9.962 
5,020 
209,831 
113.639 
9,136 
4,907 
11,127 
515,198 
141,474 
204,6!>2 
48,392 
63..JS8 
61.827 
48,881 
83,412 
35331!) 
2GH.OIO 
160,097 
11,191 
222.207 
:!0.74r< 
18801 
29.611 
188,943 
1,138.353 
3.02!) 
372,493 
11.600 

53,396 
8.074 
19,310 
62411 
47,155 
13.75-1 
17,091 
364,499 

964,201 
435,450 
379,994 
460,147 
112,216 
140,424 
1.057.280 
1.711.951 
1,350.428 
074  913 
107,200 
1,155,084 
708.002 
62H.279 
087.049 
1,231.000 
749,113 
172.023 
791,303 
1,182,012 
2S.841 
0.857 
326.073 
672,035 
3,880.735 
992.022 
2,339.511 
52,465 
2,900,215 
174.020 
703,708 
1,109.  801 
004,215 
315.098 
1,219.630 
3~S.088 
775,881 

951,849 
431,850 
233,466 
379,451 
103,051 
137,115 
1,045,615 
1,387,308 
1,232,144 
568,836 
94,515 
1,095,885 
627,027 
590,826 
609,520 
970,960 
600,020 
113,295 
782,747 
1,021,471 
22,490 
4,793 
305,135 
549,245 
2,879,455 
989,324 
2,011,262 
47,342 
2,475,710 
137,220 
693,722 
1,088,575 
560,743 
888,355 
1,201,117 
300,143 
498-954 

12,3»2 

3,  (WO 
146.528 
80,69* 
9,165 
3309 
11,671 
324,643 
118.284 
106.077 
13,691 
59,799 
80,975 
37,453 
77,529 
200,106 
149,093 
58,728 
8,558 
100,541 
6,351 
2,064 
20.938 
122,790 
1,001,280 
3,298 
328,249 
5,123 
430,505 
37,394 
9,98ft 
21,226 
43422 
32,743 
18,513 
16,545 
276,927 

Jilasaacliuseits  

122,993 
42,491 
318,300 
900,091! 
4,3*2,759 
1.071,301 
2,005.260 
90,923 
3,521,  !l..i 
217,353 
705,606 
1  258  520 

92,24'. 

23  6110 

•mi  153 
3.244,400 
1,988,332 
2,'»2.707 
79323 
2,'  170,042 
101,957 
697.532 
1,239,204 
750.108 
283,390 
1/M1.40T 
424.923 
690,171 

New  Hampshire  

New  York  
North  Carolina  
Ohio        .  

Pemudyvania  

Khmlo  Island  
South  Carolina  

818.579 
XiO.551 
1,225,163 
442  C14 
1,054670 

West  Virginia  

Cotal  Territories  .  . 
.Arizona  

442,730 

348,530 

94,200 

259,757 

220,032 

39,545 

9,658 
39  864 

3,849 
3:1.205 
9  300 
HM4C 
7,114 
.       12,010 
P6.254 
50,084 
B.93I 
5.605 

5  HO!) 

0,599 
4,815 
10,254 
7,885 
7,979 
5J6BO 
30.702 
5,024 
3.513 

34,277 

4,a37 
75,080 

31,011 
3,003 
62,596 

8,006 
1,774 

12,484 

Dakota.       

14.181 
131,700 
14.999 
20,595 
91  874 
B6,7«i 
23.955 
11.118 

I>i»t.  oi  Columbia. 
Idaho  

Montana  

Now-JIeiico  
'Utah              

93,516 
40,273 
11,594 

86,793 
27,519 
8,450 

6,723 
12,754 
3,144 

Wasljin^ton  
Wyoming  

48 


CENSUS    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES 


POPULATION  OP  ALL  THE  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

fTbis  iaMu  has  t«en  carefully  Compiled  from  the  census  (official  copy)  of  1870.  It  embra«?e» 
nil  iliBcUica  icturned  as  such,  with  a  few  that  appear  to  have  been  omitted  as  cities 
distinctively. 


STATES  AXD 
CITIES. 
i 

Total 
I'ojMia.tion. 

3,185 
4,907 
32,034 
10,588 
6,484 
1,933 
1,689 
1,214 

STATES  AND 

CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

STATES  AXI> 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

Alabama. 
"    liiilaula 

I  Uinois.  —  cont'd. 

7,161 
4,055 
5,441 
1,564 
7,889 
7,019 
10,158 
9,203 
7,263 
5,200 
3,852 
2,748 
3,546 
4,662 
3,138 
1,631 
1,640 
2,680 
7,736 
5,696 
82,849 
3,650 
«*,052 
11,049 
7,890 
2,051 
17.364 
3,998 
1,551 
4,507 

571,021 

1,663 
2,496 
3,701 
21,830 
11,718 
2,707 
3,133 
3,227 
48,244 
7,254 
S',1C4 
1?,506 
6,581 
?,139 
8,950 
10,709 
5,985 
13,396 
S,617 
9,445 
2,372 
2,731 
7,206 
16,103 
S',765 
5,440 
»,881 

Imoa  —  continued. 
Independence  .  . 

2.945 
5,914 
12,766 
4,088 
l,75fi 
3.21  S 
2,074 
6,710 
3,204 
5,214 
3,401 
4,337 
2,291 
1,485 

/  Huntsville  
Mobile  

Dixou  

Elgin  

Montgomery... 

El  Paso  

Maquoketa  
Marsh  alltown.. 
McGregor  

Talladf'a  

Tuscaloosa  
Tuscumbia  

Galesburg  
Jacksonville  — 
Joliet  

Muscatine  
Oskaloosa  

Arkansas. 
Lit  tie  Rock  
California. 
Los  Angelea.... 
Marysville  

12,380 

5,728 
4,738 
10,500 
16,283 
2,300 
149,473 
9,089 
10,006 

La  Sallo  
Li  tchuVlii  

Ottumwa  
Sioux  City  

Macomb  
Msndota  

Monmouth  

Wiutcraet  

Oakland  
Sacramento,  
San  Diego  

Mound  City.  .  .  . 
Mt.  Carmel  

Total  

Kantian. 
Atchison  
Baxter  Springs. 

160,630 

7,054 
1,284 
2.108 
4,147 
8,320 
17,873 
2,941 
1,811 
5,794 
L',948 

San  Francisco  .  . 
San  Jose  
Stockton  

Ottawa  

Pekin  

Fort  Scott  

Total  

Connecticut. 
Bridgeport  

208,177 

18,9C9 
37,180 
6,923 
50,840 
16,653 
10,826 

Peru  
Quincy  

Leaven  worth.  .. 

Rockford  

Hartford  
Middletown  
!Now  Haven  — 
Norwich  

Rock  Island  
Shelbyville  
Springfield  

"Wyaudotte  
Total  

54,351 

24.503 
5,330 
^,171 
3.13& 
14,801 
100,753 
4,705 
15,087: 
3,137 
C860 
2i655 

Waterburf  .... 
Total  "  

Watseca  

Kentucky. 
Covington  

141,391 
4,759 
30,841 

11,384 
_109,l!t9 
120,583 

6,912 
3,347 
1.717 
2,023 
13,999 

4,251 
21,789 
15,389 
7,401 
10,810 
2  750 
2.748 

\Vaukcgan  
Total  

Colorado. 

Henderson  
Hopkiusville  ... 
Lexington  

Delaware. 
Wilmington  
ZX«t.  of  Columbia. 
Georgetown  
Washington. 
Total  

Indiana. 

Connorsville... 
Crawfordsville 
Evansville  
Fort  Wayne... 
franklin  City. 
Goshen  

Owensboro  

florida. 
Jacksonville  ... 

Paris  

Greencastle  
Indianapolis  ..  . 
Jeffersouville... 
Kendall  ville.... 
Lafayette   

Total  

185,512 

6,498 
1,573 
191,418 
4.607 

St.  Angustine.. 
Tallahassee  
Total  

Louisiana. 
Baton  Rouge... 
Donaldsonville  . 
New  Orleans.  .  . 
Shreveport  
Total  

tieorma. 

Lawrenceburgl 
Logansport  
Madison  

204,096 

6.169 
7.808 
18,289 
7,371 
5,278 
10,282 
5,944 
3,007 
13,600 
31,413 
7.074 

Augusta  

Maine. 

,  Columbus  
1  Macon  
JMilledgeviDe... 
1  Rome  

Michigan  City.  . 
New  Albany... 
Pern  
Richmond  

Augusta  
Bangui-  
Bath  
Belfast 

,  Savannah  
Total  

Idaho. 
Boise  City  
Idaho  City  
Silver  City  

28,235 
93,373 

995 

889 
599 

Seymour'  
Shelbyville  
South-Bend  
Terre  Haute  .  .  . 
Valparaiso  
Vincennes  
Wabash  City... 

Biddeford  
Ciiliiis  
Hallo  well  .     .  . 

Portland  . 
Rocklaud  

Total  
Illinois. 
Alton  

2,483 

8,665 
2,825 
1.269 
11,162 
8,146 
14,590 
2,003 
6,267 
3,308 
3.190 
4,625 
29P,U77 
4.751 

Total  
Iowa. 
Burlington  
Cedar  Falls  
Cedar  Rapids.. 

itw/jsa 

14,930 
2,070 
5,940 
6,120 
10,020 
20,038 
12,035 
18,434 
9,226 
3,  095 
4.011 
1.291 

Total  

Maryland. 
Annapolis  
Baltimore  
Frederick...  f. 
Hagerstown  .. 

116,236 

5,744 
267,354 
8,526 
5,779 

Amboy  
Anna........  .. 

Aurora  

Bloomington  .. 

]',U  slllH'11  

Council  Bluffs. 
Davenport  
Des  Moines  — 
Dubuque  
Fairneld  
Fort  Dodge  .  .  . 
Fort  Madison  . 
Gle*>woo<l  

Total  

Massachusetts. 
Boston  

287,403 

250,526 
39,634 
28.323 
18.547 
W,7M 
i3,0'.W 

Canton  
Ccntralia  ..... 
Champaign  

Cambridge.... 
Oharlestown  .  . 

Fall  River  
Haverhill  

JJauviiie...... 

CENSUS    OF  THE    UNITED   STATES 


POPULATION  OF  ALL  THE  CITIES  OF   TEE  UNITED   STATES.  —  Continued. 


STATES  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population 

STATES  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population 

STATES  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

Va»».  —  continued 

28,921 
40,928 
28,233 
21,320 
12,595 
24,117 
26.703 
18,629 
41,105 

Missouri  —  co/it'd. 

310.864 
1,095 

Ohio. 

10,006 
8,600 
8.920 
216,239 
5,40-7 
92,825 
31,274 
30,473 
5,455 
3,711 
11,031 
5,686 
4,725 
8,029 
5.21H 
5,185 
4,876 
6,698 
5,927 
5,824 
10,592 
13,008 
12,652 
8,107 
5,648 
31,584 
4,278 
3,457 
5,419 
6,377 
8,075 
10,011 

Lowell  

"Westport  
Total 

Chillicothe  
Cincinnati  
Circleville  
Cleveland  
Columbus  

New  Bedford.. 
'  Newbnryport  .  . 

401,963 
3,842 

16,083 
6,050 

Montana. 
Helena  

Springfield  

Nebraska. 
Omaha  

"Worcester  

Nebraska  City 

Fremont  

Total  ,,.... 

Michigan. 

619,439 

8,438 
7,363 
5,838 
7,064 
1.227 
4,381 
••,408 
79,577 
11,350 
5,386 
3,147 
16'507 
3,518 
2,319 
11,447 
5,241 
1,772 
3,343 
4,925 
5,986 
6,002 
4,630 
2,065 
4,867 
5,973 
7,460 
1.790 
2,731 
5,471 

Nevada. 

1,324 
3,042 
7,048 

Hamilton  
Ironton  

Ann  Arbor  
Battle  Creek..  . 

"Rav  Pitv 

Carson  City  
Virginia  .  . 

Lancaster  
Mansfield  
Marietta  

Big  Rapids  
CoTdwater  
Corunna  

Totnl  
New  Hampshire. 
Concord  

12,241 
9,294 
23,536 
10,543 
9,211 

Xlassillon  
Mt.  Vernon  .  .  . 
Newark  

Detroit  
East  Saginnw 
Flint 

Manchester  .  .  . 
Nashua  

Pomeroy  
Portsmouth  
Sandusky  
Springfield  
Steubenville... 
Tiffin  

Grand  Haven  .  . 
Grand  Rapids.. 
Hillsdale 

Portsmouth  .... 
Total  

64,825 

1.043 

6,830 
5,817 
20.045 
20,832 
4,129 
20.297 
62.546 
.   6,101 
105,059 
15,058 
9,348 
33,579 
5,095 
2,798 
6.258 
22,874 

New  Jerxey. 
Atlantic  City.. 
Brighton  

Jackson  

Toledo  

Lansing  

Burlington  
Camden  

Lapeer  

Manistee  

Elizabeth  

Xenia  

Monroe  

Harrison  
Hoboken  

Yotmgstown  .  . 

Mnskegon  

Jersey  City  
Millville 

Total  

Niles  

595,461 

1,382 

8,293 

Owasso  

Oregon. 
Oregon  City.  .  . 
Portland  

Pontiac  

New  Brunswick 
Orange 

Port  Huron  
Sa<nnaw 

Total  

St.  Clair 

Plainfield 

9,675 

53,180 
13,884 
10,610 
«,393 
9,485 
6,461 
6,809 
19,646 
23,103 
20,233 
6,989 
7,103 
C74,0£J 
86,076 
33,930 
35,09;! 
8,639 
16..030 
11,003 

1,048,68(5 

12,521 
68,904 

81,423 

Wyamlotte  
Ypsilauti  

Princeton  

Pennsylvania. 
Allegheny  
Allentown  

Total 

Trentoii  

Minnesota. 
Dnluth  

3,131 

3,458 
3,482 
13,066 
2,070 
4,260 
3,953 
5,013 
2,161 
29,030 
7,192 

Total  

367,709 
4,765 

69.422 
17,225 
12,692 
396,099 
117,714 
15,357 
15,863 
8.615 
12,4* 
17,014 
942,292 
10.076 
20,910 
20,080 
62.386 
11,000 
11,026 
43,051 
46.465 
28,804 
»,336 

Carbon  dale  

New  Mexico. 
Santa  Fe  
New  York. 
Albany  

Hastings  

Mankato  

Minneapolis  
Owatonna  

Erie  

Harrisburg  

Red  Wing  

Binghamton  

Rochester  

Lock  Haven  .  .  . 

St.  Anthony  
8t.  Clond  

Buffalo  ... 

Philadelphia.... 
Pittsburgh  

St.  Panl  

Winona  

Total 

Lockport  

Scrantoh  

IKvtitirippi. 
Columbus..  N.. 
Grenada 

4.812 
1,887 
2,406 
4,234 
975 
9,057 
12,443 

Newburg  
New  York  
Ogdensburg  

Titusville  
Williamsport  .. 
York  

Holly  Springs.. 
Jackson  ....... 
Macon  

Oswego  
Poughkeepsie  .. 
Rochester  

Total  

Rhode  Inland. 

Natchez  
Ticksburgh  

Schenectady  ... 
Syracuse  

ProYideiice  .... 
Total  

Total  

Missouri. 
Cape  Girardean 
Ctullicothe  
Hannibal  
Independence  .. 
Jefferson  City.. 
Kansas  City  
Louisiana  

35,814 

3,585 
3,978 
10,125 
3,184 
4.420 
32,260 
3,639 
3,678 
5,570 
19,565 

Troy  
Utica  

South  Carolina. 

48,958 
9,298 

"Watertown  

Columbia  
Total       

Total  

North  Carolina. 
Charlotte  
Fayetteville.... 
Newborne  
Raleigh  

1,887,853 

4,473 
4,660 
5,849 
7,790 
13,446 

58,254 

6,093 
8,683 
40,226 
25.865 

Tennessee. 
Chattanooga.... 
Knoxville  
Memphis  
Nashville  

Total... 

St.  Charles  
St.  Joseph  

Wilmington  
Total... 

36.218 

80.866 

50  CENava  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

POPULATION  OP  ALL  THE  CITIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. — Continued. 


STATES  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

STATUS  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

STATES  AND 
CITIES. 

Total 
Population. 

Texas. 
Austin  

4428 

Vermont.  —  cont'd. 
Montpelier 

3023 

Wisconsin. 

4518 

Browusville.   .  . 

4  905 

Rutland 

9834 

3265 

Salves  ton  

13.818 

St.  Albans  

7,014 

Beloit  

4396 

Houston  

9,3*2 

St.  Johnsbury.  . 

4,665 

Fond  du  Lao... 

12,764 

San  Antonio  .  .  . 

12,256 

Total  

49,443 

Green  Bay  

4,660 

Total.  

44,789 

Virginia. 

Kenosha  

4309 

Logan  

1,757 

Fredericksb'gh 

4,046 

La  Crosse  

7,785 

Manti  
Mt.  Pleasant... 

1,239 
134G 

Lynchburgh  
Norfolk  

6,825 
19,229 

Manitowoc  

5,168 

Ogden  

3,127 

Petersburg!!  .  .  . 

18,950 

Milwaukee  . 

71,449 

Salt  Lake  City. 

12,854 

Portsmouth  
Richmond  

10,492 
51,038 

Portage  

12,663 
3,945 

Termont. 
Benuiugton  

2,501 
4  933 

Total  
West  Virginia. 
Parkersburg  .  .  . 

124,150 
,      5,546 

Sheboygan  
"Watertown  

5,310 
7.55T 

14  387 

Wheeling  

19,280 

Total 

175624 

Middleburv  .  .  . 

3.086 

Total... 

24.826 

ORDER  OF  THE  STATES  IN  POINT  OF  POPULATION,  AT  SEVERAL  PERIODS. 


1790. 

1830. 

1850. 

1860. 

1870. 

Virginia  
Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Pennsylvania.  

New  York  
Pennsylvania  
Virginia  
Ohio 

New  York  
Pennsylvania  
Ohio.  

New  York  
Pennsylvania  
Ohio.  

New  York  •  . 
Pennsylvania  . 
Ohio  

Illinois 

Indiana 

South  Carolina..  .  . 

Tennessee  

Indiana  

Massachusetts  — 

Massachusetts  — 
Kentucky.  . 

New  Jersey  

South  Carolina.... 

Georgia  

Tennessee.  .  "  

Tennessee  

New  llampsbiro 

Georgia  

North  Carolina  .  . 

Kentucky  

Virginia  

Maryland  

Illinois  

Georgia  

Iowa  

Maiuo         

North  Carolina.  .  . 

Georgia  

Alabama  

Michigan  

North  Carolina.  .  . 

Alabama  

Mississippi  

Wisconsin  

Wisconsin  

Alabama  

Vermont  

Maryland  

Maryland  

New  Jersey  

New  Hampshire  . 

Louisiana  

South.  Carolina.  .  . 

Mississippi  

Louisiana  

New  Jersey  
Michigan  

Iowa  
New  Jersey  

Texas  
Maryland  



Missouri  

Connecticut  

Louisiana  

Louisiana  

Mississippi  

New  Hampshire.. 

Maine  

South  Carolina.  .  . 

Rhode  Island  

Vermont  

Texas  

Maine  

Delaware  

Wisconsin  

Connecticut  

California  

Florida  
Michigan  

Texas  
Arkansas  

Arkansas  
California  

Connecticut  
Arkansas  

Arkansas  

Iowa  

New  Hampshire.  . 

West  Virginia.  ... 

Rhode  Island  
California  

Vermont  
Rhode  Island  

Kansas  
Minnesota  

Delaware  
Florida  

Minnesota  
Florida  

Vermont  
New  Hampshire  . 

Rhode  Island  .... 



Delaware  

Florida  





Oregon  

Delaware  
Nebraska  







Oregon  
Nevada  

ORDER  OF  TERRITORIES,  1870. 

District  of  Columbia,  New  Mexico,  Utah,                   Washington,  Montana,  Idaho,  Dacotah, 
Arizona,  Wyoming.    The  census  of  Alaska  has  not  been  taken. 


CENSUS   OF  THE    UNITED   STATE* 


POPULATION  OF  STATES  BY  RACES. 


\\  Kites. 

Colored. 

Indians. 

A  labama  

521.384 

9,581 
362,115 
499,424 
39,221 
527,449 
12,887 
102,221 
88.278 
96,057 
638,926 
10,618 
2,511,096 
1,655.837 
1,188,207 
346.377 
1,098,692 
362,065 
624,809 
605,497 
1,443,156 
1,167,282 
438,257 
382  f-96 
1,603,146 
18,306 
122,117 
38,959 
317.697 
875,407 
90.393 
4,330,210 
678,470 
2,601,946 
86,92!) 
3,4r>(i,i;o9 
212,219 
289,667 
936,119 
504,700 
86,044 
329,613 
712,089 
22.195 
424,033 
1  051,351 

475,510 
26 
122,169 
4,272 
456 
9,668 
94 

43.404 
91,689 
545,142 
60 
28,762 
24,560 
5,762 
17,108 
222.210 
364.210 
1,606 
175,391 
13,947 
11,849 
759 
444.201 
118,071 
183 
789 
357 
580 
30,658 
172 
52,081 
391,650 
63,213 
346 
65,294 
4,980 
415.814 
322,331 
253,475 

924 
512,841 
207 
17,980 
2,113 
183 
s,  10*;  New  J 

98 
31 
89 
7,241 
180 
239 
1,200 

15 
2 
4 

47 
32 
240 
48 
914 
108 
569 
499 
4 
151 
4,926 
690 
809 
75 
157 
87 
23 
23 
16 
1,309 
439 
1,241 
100 
318 
34 
154 
124 
70 
379 
175 
14 
229 
1,319 
1 
1,206 
66 
ersey  10. 

Arizona  

Arkansas  

Colorado  

Connecticut  ... 

Dakota  

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia  

Florida  ... 

Georgia  .  . 

Idaho                                             

Hliuoia  

Indiana  

Iowa  

Kansas      ..                          

Kentucky  .                                 

Louisiana  

Maine                     .                 .            .... 

Maryland  

^Massachusetts  

Michigan  

Minnesota  

Mississippi  

Missouri?  

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  

*New  Jersey  

New  Mexica  ;  

New  York  

North  Carolina          «... 

Ohio  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  ....  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermon  t  

Virginia  

Washington  Territory  

We«t  Virginia  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

8,726 
lassachusett 

*  Japanese:  —  California,  33  ;  1 

COMPARATIVE  INCREASE  OF  POPULATION. 


Census. 

Population. 

7ncr0*M, 
Per  Cent, 

1800  

3,929,827 
5  30")  937 

1810  

7  239  814 

1820  

18.TO  

12  866  020 

1840  

17  069  453 

1850  

2'J  191  876 

1860  . 

1870  

AREA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  *„„. 

Total  area  of  the  Public  Lands  of  the  States  atirt  Territories 1,792,844, 160 

Total  area  of  those  States  where  there  are  no  Public  Lauds 476,546,560 

Area  of  Indian  Territory 44, 154,2 10 

"  Area  of  District  of  Col.  iubia 38,400 

Grand  total  of  area  of  the  United  States,  in  acres 2,311,583,360 

«r,  Three  Million  Six  Hundred  Eleven  Thousand  Eight  Hundred  and  Forty-nine  square  Miles. 

This  does  not  include  the  area  of  the  great  Lakes  just  within  and 
forming  a  portion  of  our  Northern  boundary;  neither  does  it  include 
the  marine  league  on  the  coast. 


52 


THE  STATES  OF  THE  UNION. 


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TEE  IXDITIDUAL  STATES  OF  THE  UNIOtf. 


53 


THE  INDIVIDUAL  STATES  OF  THE  UNION. 

HIS-TORICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  UNIm^D  STATES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

[Note. — The  whole  area  of -the  United  States,  including  water  surface  of 
lakes  and  rivers,  is  nearly  equal  to  four  million  square  miles,  embracing  tho 
Russian  purchase.] 


The  Thirteen  Original 

States. 

6ET- 

TL'I) 

Sq, 
miles 

*  Pop. 
1870. 

The  Thirteen  Original 
States. 

Set- 
tled 

Sq. 
miles 

*  Pep. 

1870. 

1623 
1620 
KiUG 
1633 
1613 
1624 
1681 

9,280 
7,  tOO 
1.306 
4,750 
47,000 
8.320 
46,000 

318,300 
1,457,351 
217,353 
537,454 
4,386,  730 
906,096 
3,521,791 

1627 
1634 
'607 
1650 
1670 
1733 

2,120 
11,124 
61,352 
50,704 
34,000 
58,000 

125,015 
780.894 
1,C67,177 
1,071,361 
705,606 
1,184,109 

Maryland  ,  

Virginia  —  East  and  West  . 
North  Carolina  

New  York  
New  Jersey  
Pennsylvania  

South  Carolina  
Georgia  

*  The  totaf  population  of  the  United  States  in  18CO  was,  in  round  numbers,  31,500,000.  In 
1865  it  is  estimated  that  the  population  was  35,500,000,  including  the  inhabitants  of  the  Ter. 
ritories,  estimated  at  360,000  persons  on  January  1, 1865.  The  Census  of  1870  made  the  whole 
nuniber,abou*  39,000,000;  at  the  end  of  the  present  century  it  will  be,  probably,  103,000,000. 

THE   STATES    ADMITTED    INTO    THE    UNION. 


STATES 
AUJ1ITTKD. 


Kentucky 

Vermont 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Lonsiana , 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

A  liibama. 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida.: 

Iowa 

Texas , 

Wisconsin 

•California. 

Min IK  sola 

Oregon 

Kansms 

West  Virginia 

« Nevada 

f  Colorado 

g  Nebraska 


Set- 
tled. 


ACT 

ORGANIZING 
TKKIUTOBY. 


1774| 

VKt 


17.56 


Ordin'c  of  1787 


March    3,  1805 


1899 

1730 

1540 

1683  Feb'ry   3,  1809. 

1713!  March    3,  1817 


May 
April 


7,  1800 
7,  1798. 


16-J3 


1763;  June  4,  1812 
1685 1  March  2,  181P. 
1670  Jan'ry  11,  1805 
1565 :  March  30,  1822 
1718!June  12,  1638 
1694 


16G9  April   20,  1836 

1769! 

16fi4  March  3,  1849 
1792  Aug.  14,  1848. 
1849  May,  30,  1854 

1607J 

1848|Maroh  2,  1861 

|  Feb'ry  28.  1P61- 

1852  May  '   30,  1854 


U.S.  STAT- 
UTES. 


743 


ACT 

ADMITTING 
STATE. 


Feb.      4, 

Feb.  18, 
June  1, 
April  30, 
April  8, 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


1791 
1791 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 


March  3,  1820 


March  2, 


493  June  15 
309  Jan.  26 
654  March  3 
235 1  March  3, 
....Dec.  29, 
10  March  3 
Sept,  9 
Feb.  26 


403 

323  Feb.  14, 

277  Jan.  29, 

Dec.  31, 


1821 
1836 
1*37 
1845 
1845 
1P45 
1847 
1850 
1857 
1859 
1861 
1862 


Mar.   21,  1864 


March  1,  1867    13 


U.  8.  STAT- 
UTES. 


11 


189 
191 
491 
173 
701 
39'J 
472 
536 
608 
544 
645 

£0 
144 
742 
742 
108 
178 
452 
1P6 
3^3 
126 
633 

30 


AREA  IN 
SQ.  MILES. 


37,680 

a  10,212 
45,600 
39,964 

a  41,346 
33.8(9 
47,156 

a  55,410 
50,722 

a  35,000 
65,350 
52,198 

a  56,431 

59,268 

55,045 

274,356 

53,924 

a  188,981 
83,531 
95,274 
81,318 
23,000 

6112,090 

a  104.500 
75,995 


POPULA- 
TION, 
1870. 


1,323,264 

330,558 
1,258,326 
2,675,468 

734,420 
1,668,169 

842,056 
2,567.036 

996,175 

630,423 
1,725,658 

486,103 
1,184,653 

189,950 
1,181,359 

795.590 
1,055,501 

556,208 

424,543 
00.878 

379,497 

447943 
44.686 
39,681 

1 16,883 


TEUBTTORIES. 


Wyon\?ng 

XeV  Mexico 

Utah : 

Washington 

Dakota ^ . . 

Arizoua 

Idaho 

Montana 

Indian 

A  District  of  Columbia 

»  North-western  America, 
purchased  liy  treaty  of 
May  28,  1867 


tVH  UN- 
SET- 
TLED. 


1666 
1570 
1847 
1840 
1850 
1600 
1862 
1862 
1832 
177\  5 


1799 


ACT  ORGANISING 
TERRITORY. 


July  25,  1868. 
Sept.  9,  1850. 
Sept.  9,  18.50. 
March  2,  1853. 
March  2,  1861. 
Feb.  24,  1863. 
March  3,  1863. 
May  26,  1864. 


July    16,  1790. 
March  3,  1791. 


July   27,  1868. 


U.  8.  STAT- 
UTES. 


178 
446 
4.53 
172 
2'J9 
664 
808 
85 


130? 
214  } 


15       240 


AREA  IN  SQ. 
MILES. 


97.883 
121,201 
84,746 
69,994 
150,932 
d    113,916 
k      86.294 
143.776 
68,991 
10  miles  sq 


557,390 


POPULA- 
TION, 

1870. 


9,118 
92,6<14 
70,000 
23,925 
14,181 

9,658 


20,594 
131,706 


67,000 


gA  THE  INDIVIDUAL  STATES  OF  THE  UNION. 

NOTES  TO  THE  FOREGOING  TABLE. 

a.  The  areas  of  those  States  marked  a  are  derived  from  geographical  author- 
ities, the  public  surveys  not  having  been  completely  extended  over  them. 

J.  The  present  area  of  Nevada  is  112,000  square  miles,  enlarged  by  adding 
one  degree  of  longitude  lying  between  the  37th  and  42d  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude, -which  was  detached  from  the  west  part  of  Utah,  and  also  north-western 
part  of  Arizona  Territory,  per  act  of  Congress,  approved  May  5,  I860,  (U.  S. 
Laws,  1865  and  1866,  p.  43),  and  assented  to  by  the  .Legislature  of  the  State  of 
Nevada,  January  18, 1867. 

c.  The  present  area  of  Utah  is  84,476  square  miles,  reduced  from  the  former 
area  of  88,056  square  miles  by  incorporating  one  degree  of  longitude  on  the 
east  side,  between  the  41st  and  42d  degrees  of  north  latitude,  with  the  Terri- 
tory of  Wyoming,  per  act  of  Congress,  Approved  July  25,  1868. 

d.  The  present  area  of  Arizona  is  113,916  square  miles,  reduced  from  the 
fqrmer  area  of  127,141  square  miles,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  May  5, 
1866,  detaching  from  the  north-western  part  of  Arizona  a  tract  of  land  equal  to 
12,225  square  miles,  and  adding  it  to  the  State  of  Nevada.     (U.  S.  Laws  1865 
and  1866,  p.  43.) 

e.  Nevada. — Enabling  act  approved  March  24,  1864.     (Statutes,  vol.  13,  p. 
30.)    Duly  admitted  into  the  Union.    President's  proclamation  No.  22,  dated 
October  31,  1864.     (Statutes,  vol.. 13,  p.  749.) 

/.  Colorado. — Enabling  act  approved  March  21,  1863.  (Statutes,  vol.  13.  p. 
32.)  Not  yet  admitted. 

g.  Nebraska. — Enabling  act  approved  April  19,  1864.  (Statutes,  vol.  13.  p. 
47.)  Duly  admitted  into  the  Union.  See  Pi  esident's  proclamation  No.  9,  datecj 
March  1, 1867.  (U.  S.  Laws  1866  and  1867,  p.  4.) 

h.  That  portion  of  the  District  of  Columbia  south  of  the  Potomac  Rive* 
was  retroceded  to  Virginia,  July  9, 1846.  (Statutes,  vol.  9.  p.  35.) 

i.  Boundaries. — Commencing  at  54°  40'  north  latitude,  ascending  Portland 
Channel  to  the  mountains,  following  their  summits  to  141°  west  longitude; 
thence  north  on  this  line  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  forming  the  eastern  boundary. 
Starting  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  west,  the  line  descends  Behring  Straits,  be- 
tween the  two  islands  of  Krusenstern  and  Romanzoff,  to  the  parallel  of  65°  30', 
and  proceeds  due  north  without  limitation  into  the  same  Arctic  Ocean.  Begin- 
ning again  at  the  same  initial  point,  on  the  parallel  of  65°  30',  thence,  in  a 
course  southwest,  through  Behring  Straits,  between  the  Island  of  St.  Lawrence 
and  Cape  Choukotski,  to  the  170°  west  longitude,  and  thence  southwesterly 
through  Behring  Sea,  between  the  islands  of  Alton  and  Copper,  to  the  meridi- 
an of  193°  west  longitude,  leaving  the  prolonged  group  of  the  Aleutian  Islands 
in  the  possessions  now  transferred  to  the  United  States,  and  making  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  our  country  the  dividing  line  between  Asia  and  America. 

j.  The  present  area  of  Dakota  is  150,932  square  miles,  reduced  from  the  for 
mer  area  of  243,597  square  miles,  by  incorporating  seven  degrees  of  longitude 
of  the  western  part,  between  the  41st  and  45th  degrees  of  north  latitude,  with 
the  Territory  of  Wyoming,  per  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  25,  1868. 

k.  The  present  area  of  Idaho  is  86,294  square  miles,  reduced  from  the  for- 
mer area  of  90,932  square  miles  by  incorporpting  one  degree  of  longitude  ot» 
the  east  side,  between  the  42d  and  44th  degrees  of  north  latitude  with  the. 
Territory  of  Wyoming,  per  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  25, 1868. 


65 


IMMIGRATION,  FROM  1783  TO  1880. 

BY  an  Act  of  Congress  approved  March  2,  1818,  Collectors  of 
Customs  were  required  to  keep  a  record,  and  make  a  quarterly  return 
to  the  Treasury  of  all  passengers  arriving  in  their  respective  districts 
from  Foreign  Ports,  and  these  reports,  duly  condensed  in  the  Depart- 
ment, are  the  chief  bases  of  our  knowledge  of  the  subsequent  growth 
and  progress  of  Immigration.  Total  number  of  foreign-born  passen- 
gers arriving  at  the  ports  of  th£  United  States  in  the  several  years 
from  1783  to  1880  inclusive,  are  as  follows:  Previous  to 


1820 

250  000 

1835  

45,374 

1851  

379,466 

1867  

293,601 

8  385 

1836 

.  ..  76242 

1852  

371,603 

1868  

289,145 

1821 

9  127 

1837 

...  79  340 

1853  

3K8,(i45 

1869  

385,287 

1822 

6  911 

1838 

.  ..  39,914 

1854  

427833 

1870  

356303 

1823 

6  T)4 

1839 

.  ..  68.069 

1855  

200,877 

1871  

346938 

1824 

7  912 

1840 

84  066 

1856  

200,436 

1872  

404806 

1825 

10  ll)9 

1841 

.  ...  80289 

1857  

251,306 

3873  

437004 

1826 

10  837 

1842 

...104  565 

1858  

123,126 

1874  

277593 

1827 

18  875 

1843 

..  52496 

1859  

121,282 

1875  

209  036 

1828 

27  382 

1844 

78615 

1860  

153,640 

1876  

187  027 

1829 

22  "520 

1845 

114  371 

1861  

91,920 

1877  

149  020 

1830 

'     2:3*322 

1846  

154,416 

1862  

89,005 

1878  

157,778 

1831 

2°  633 

1847  

2)4,968 

1863  

174,523 

1879  ... 

..  .  197  954 

1832 

60  482 

1848  

226,527 

1864  

193,191 

1880 

4-4  HXJ 

1833 

58  640 

1849  

297,024 

1865  

248,394 

1834 

65  365 

1850  

369,980 

1866  

314,840 

Of  the  Immigrants  who  landed  on  our  shores  in  the  sixty  years  end- 
ing with  June  30, 1880  (1820  to  1880)  there  came  from  different  countries 
as  follows : 


Great  Britain 

and  Ireland.  4,792,207 

France 805.590 

West  Indies...  76,500 
Sweden  and 

Norway 800,292 

S.  America....  9,216 

Africa 841 

Spain 26,311 


Russia    and 

Poland 

Switzerland.. . 

China 

Germany 

Holland 

Mexico 

Italy 

Belgium 


49,658 

84,913 

202,054 

2,094.664 

45,795 

24,077 

72.555 

22,909 


Denmark 

Portugal ...... 

Turkey 

Greece 

Austro  -  Hun- 
gary  

Japan 

Asia,  not  spe- 
cified   


49,655 

7,484 

580 

860 

97,RS1 
855 

612 


British  North 

America 670.231 

Central  Amer.  1,453 

Australia,  Ac.  19,4:3 
Countries  not 

specified ....  813,755 

Total  60  years  10,1 29,295 


Of  those  arriving  here  from  January  1st,  1820,  to  June  30,  1880, 
those  wholly  or  mainly  speaking  English  were  from 


Great  Britain  and  Ireland 4,692,217 

British  North  America 570,231 

English  West  India  Islands  1,242 

Australia  and  adjacent  Islands 19,433 


Azores  and  African  Islands 

Africa 


8,076 


Total  of  English  speech 5,291,081 


Of  races  mainly  Teutonic  or  Scandinavian  there  were  from 


2994  664 

84.913 
.      49,655 
.     860,292 
545 

Of  Sclavic  races 
Total  

49,6T,8 

Austro-Hungary  
Holland  

.        97.SK1 
.      45,795 
22909 

Denmark   

Sweden  and  Norway  .  . 

S,706,8ia 

Of  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese  and  Italian  races  there  were  from 


France  
Ppain 

805,510 
26311 

Central  America  
South  American  States. 
West  Indies  
Cape    Verde.    Madeira 

1,458 
9,216 
76,500 

1,298 

Mlquelon  

8 

13 

Portugal  
Italy  

7,433 
72  555 

Total  

624,384. 

Mexico  

24,077 

60  IMMIGRATION. 

Of  Asiatic  and  Polynesian  races  there  were  from 


China                           

•  202  054 

African  Rations  

&41 

Japan 

855 

Turkey  

fxSO 

The  rest  of  Asia  and  Asiatic  Islands. 

612 

Greece  

MO 

47S 

Countries  not  specified 

313  755 

Total  Asiatic  Etc  

•  203  479 

Total  .  . 

815  536 

Of  the  3,734,248  passengers  Janded  at  Gastle  Garden  from 
August  1,  1855,  to  January  1,  1879,  their  avowed  destinations  were 
as  follows  : 


New  York  and 
undecided.  .  1,501,531 
Maine  6  164 

Florida  

710 
1,452 
1,405 
6,568 
3,329 
C26 
6,432 
16436 

Dakota  . 

4,729 
2,284 
271 
35,390 
322 
195 
1,725 
3 
2,179 
48,210 

844 

tries. 

88 
69,765 
12  205 

Nova  Scotia.. 
New  Fouudl'd 
NewD'miiiion 
S.  America  
Cuba 

145 
2 

616 
770 
404 
24 
389 

255 

llli 

473 
52 

7 
10 
SI 

23,036 

Alabama  
Mississippi  .  . 
Louisiana  
Texas 

Colorado  
Wyoming  
Utah  

New  Hampsh'r    4,120 
Vermont    C  210 

Massachusetts  170,024 
Khode  Island.    34,273 
Connecticut  .  .    67.600 
New  Jersey  .  .  115,566 
Pennsylvania.  381,614 
Delaware  3,404 
Maryland  27,103 
Dia.  Columbia    11,297 
Virginia  10,427 
W.  Virginia..      1,636 
N.  Carolina.  .  .      1,015 
S.  Carolina...      3,567 
Georgia  3,020 

Arkansas  
Tennessee  
Kentucky   .  . 

Idaho  

Lima  

Nevada  

Mexico  

Bermudas  and 
other  W.  In. 
Central  Am  .  . 
N.  W.  Coast.  . 
Australia  
Sandwich  Isl'a 
Japan  

Ohio  

191,434 
92,717 
46.848 
345,894 
175,199 
81,598 
67.780 
66,389 
19,503 
18,950 

New  Mexico.. 
California  
Oregon     and 
Wash.  Ter.. 

Other  Coun 
Brit.  Colum... 

Michigan  
Indiana  

Illinois  

Wisconsin  
Iowa 

China  

Minnesota  

Vancouver's  L 
Unknown  

Nebraska  

The  total  arrivals  of  Immigrants  Into  the  United  States  In  the  year  ending  June  80,1880,  was  457,257; 
of  whom  144,576  were  from  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  81,633  from  Germany  ; 
202,871  from  other  European  countries ;  99,706  from  British  America ;  5,806  from  China  and  Japan ;  643 
from  the  Azores ;  1,351  from  the  West  Indies;  23  from  the  East  Indies ;  S3  from  South  America,  and 
the  remainder  from  other  countries. 


Passengers  lauded  at  Castle  Garden  from  May  5,  1827,  to  January  1,  1879 . 


ARRIVED    FROM 

NUMBER. 

ARRIVED   FROM 

NUMBER. 

Austria  

28,530 

Italy     

62,453 

Asia  Minor  

98 

Japan  

320 

Atlantic  Islands  

2,134 

Malta  

22 

Australia  

241 

Mauritius  

18 

Asia,  including  Persia  and 

Mexico  

1,260 

Asiatic  Russia  

257 

New  Zealand  

24 

Africa  .   

243 

Norway,  including  Lapland  . 

49.057 

British.  America  

3.224 

New  Brunswick  

41 

Belgium  

10,444 

Nova  Scotia  

1,653 

Canada  

1,531) 

Portugal  

1,822 

China     

1,421 

liiissi.i  

29,064 

Central  America  

520 

Sandwich  Islands  

97 

Denmark  

36,837 

Switzerland  

85,144 

East  India  

388 

Scotland  

161,093 

Eugland  .  . 

740,196 

Sweden   

124,526 

France  

110,529 

Spain  .  

8,87(5 

Germany  

2,  163,  82  i 

South  America  

3,362 

Greece            

292 

Turkey  

298 

Hungary    • 

2,349 

Wales  

9,484 

Holland  

40,022 

West  Indies  

29,635 

Isle  of  Man  

49 

135 

Ireland 

2,018422 

Iceland  

147 

Total  

5,729.535 

THE  NE  TT  NATURALIZE  T10N  LA  W  57 


THE    NEW    NATUKALIZATION    LAW. 


ACT  TO  AMEND  THE  NATURALIZATION  LAWS  AND  TO  PUNISH 
AGAINST  THE  SAME,  AND  FOR  OTHER  PURPOSES. 


Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eeprcsentativcs  oftlie  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  in  all  cases  where  any  oath, 
affirmation,  or  affidavit  shall  be  made  or  taken  under  or  by  virtue  of  any 
act  or  law  relating  to  the  naturalization  of  aliens,  or  in  any  proceedings 
under  s.uch  acts  or  laws,  if  any  person  or  persons  taking  or  making 
such  oath,  affirmation,  or  affidavit,  shall  knowingly  swear  or  affirm  false- 
ly, the  same  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  be  perjury,  and  the  person  or 
persons  guilty  thereof  shall  upon  conviction  thereof  be  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment for  a  term  not  exceeding  five  years  and  not  less  than  one 
year,  and  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars. 

SEC.  2. — And  be  itfurtlicr  enacted,  That  if  any  person  applying  to 
be  admitted  a  citizen,  or  appearing  as  a  witness  for  any  such  person,  shall 
"oiowingly  personate  any  other  person  than  himself,  or  falsely  appear  in 
die  name  of  a  deceased  person,  or  in  an  assumed  or  fictitious  name,  or  if 
any  person  shall  falsely  make,  forge,  or  counterfeit  any  oath,  affirmation, 
notice,  affidavit,  certificate,  order,  record,  signature,  or  other  instrument, 
paper,  or  proceeding  required  or  authorized  by  any  law  or  act  relating  to 
or  providing  for  the  naturalization  of  aliens  ;  or  shall  utter,  sell,  dispose 
of,  or  use  as  true  or  genuine,  or  for  any  unlawful  purpose,  any  false, 
forged,  ante-dated,  or  counterfeit  oath,  affirmation,  notice,  certificate,  order, 
record,  signature,  instrument,  paper,  or  proceeding  as  aforesaid ;  or  sell 
or  dispose  of  to  any  person  other  than  the  person  for  whom  it  was  origin- 
ally issued,  any  certificate  of  citizenship,  or  certificate  showing  any  per- 
son to  be  admitted  a  citizen ;  or  if  any  person  shall  in  any  manner  use 
for  the  purpose  of  registering  as  a  voter,  or  as  evidence  of  a  right  to  vote, 
or  otherwise,  unlawfully,  any  order,  certificate  of  citizenship,  or  certificate, 
judgment,  or  exemplification,  showing  such  person  to  be  admitted  to  be  a 
citizen,  whether  heretofore  or  hereafter  issued  or  made,  knowing  that 
such  order  or  -certificate,  judgment  or  exemplification  has  been  unlaw- 
fully issued  or  made ;  or  if  any  person  shall  unlawfully  use,  or 
attempt  to  use,  any  such  order  or  certificate,  issued  to  or  in  the 
name  of  any  other  person,  or  in  a  fictitious  name,  or  the  name  of 
a  deceased  person ;  or  use,  or  attempt  to  use,  or  aid,  or  assist,  or 
participate  in  the  use  of  any  certificate  of  citizenship,  knowing  the  same 
to  be  forged,  or  counterfeit,  or  ante-dated,  or  knowing  the  same  to  have 


58  TEE  NEW  NATURALIZATION  LA  W 

been  procured  by  fraud,  or  otherwise  unlawfully  obtained ;  or  if  any 
person,  without  any  lawful  excuse,  shall  knowingly  have  or  be  possessed 
of  any  false,  forged,  ante-dated,  or  counterfeit  certificate  of  citizenship, 
purporting  to  have  been  issued  under  the  provisions  of  any  law  of  the 
United  States  relating  to  naturalization,  knowing  such  certificate  to  be 
false,  forged,  ante-dated,  or  counterfeit,  with  intent  unlawfully  to  use  the 
same ;  or  if  any  person  shall  obtain,  accept,  or  receive  any  certificate  of 
citizenship  known  to  such  person  to  have  been  procured  by  fraud,  or  by 
the  use  of  any  false  name,  or  by  means  of  any  false  statement  made  with 
intent  to  procure,  or  to  aid  in  procuring,  the  issue  of  such  certificate,  or 
known  to  such  person  to  be  fraudulently  altered  or  ante-dated  ;  or  if  any 
person  who  has  been  or  may  be  admitted  to  be  a  citizen  shall,  on  oath  or 
affirmation,  or  by  affidavit,  knowingly  deny  that  he  has  been  so  admitted, 
with  intent  to  evade  or  avoid  any  duty  or  liability  imposed  or  required  by 
law,  every  person  so  offending  shall  be  deemed  and  adjudged  guilty  of 
felony,  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned 
and  kept  at  hard  labor  for  a  period  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more> 
than  five  years,  or  be  fined  in  a  sum  not  less  than  three  hundred  dollars 
nor  more  than  one  thousand  dollars,  or  both  such  punishments  may  be 
imposed,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  And  every  person  who  shall 
knowingly  and  intentionally  aid  or  abet  any  person  in  the  commission  of 
any  such  felony,  or  attempt  to  do  any  act  hereby  made  felony,  or  counsel, 
advise,  or  procure,  or  attempt  to  procure  the  commission  thereof,  shall  be 
liable  to  indictment  and  punishment  in  the  same  manner  and  to  the  same 
extent  as  the  principal  party  guilty  of  such  felony,  and  such  person  may 
be  tried  and  convicted  thereof  without  the  previous  conviction  of  such 
principal. 

SEC.  3. — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who  shall  know- 
ingly use  any  certificate  of  naturalization  heretofore  granted  by  any 
court,  or  which  shall  hereafter  be  granted,  which  has  been,  or  shall  be,, 
procured  through  fraud  or  by  false  evidence,  or  has  been  or  shall  be  issued 
by  the  clerk,  or  any  other  officer  of  the  court  without  any  appearance 
and  hearing  of  the  applicant  in  court  and  without  lawful  authority ;  and 
any  person  who  shall  falsely  represent  himself  to  be  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  without  having  been  duly  admitted  to  citizenship,  for  any 
fraudulent  purpose  whatever,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor, 
and  upon  conviction  thereof  in  due  course  of  law,  shall  be  sentenced  to 
pay  a  fine  of  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned  not 
exceeding  two  years,  either  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  taking 
cognizance  of  the  same. 

SEC.  4. — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  provisions  of  this  act 
shall  apply  to  all  proceedings  had  or  taken,  or  attempted  to  be  had  or 
taken,  before  any  court  in  which  any  proceeding  for  naturalization  shall 
be  commenced,  had,  or  taken,  or  attempted  to  be  commenced ;  and  the 
courts  of  the  United  States  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  all  offenses  under 


i'HE  NEW  NATURALIZA TION  LA  W  53 

the  provisions  of  this  act,  in  or  before  whatsoever  court  or  tribunal  the 
eame  shall  have  been  committed. 

SEC.  5  — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  any  city  having  upward 
of  twenty  thousand  inhabitants,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  judge  of  the- 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  the  circuit  wherein  said  city  shall 
be,  upon  the  application  of  two  citizens,  to  appoint  in  writing  for  each1- 
election  district  or  voting  precinct  in  said  city,  and  to  change  or  renew 
said  appointment  as  occasion  may  require,  from  time  to  time,  two  citizens 
resident  of  the  district  or  precinct,  one  from  each  political  party,  who, 
when  so  designated,  shall  be,  and  are  hereby,  authorized  to  attend  at  all 
times  and  places  fixed  for  the  registration  of  voters,  who,  being  registered, 
would  be  entitled  to  vote  for  representative  in  Congress,  and  at  all  times 
and  places  for  holding  elections  of  representatives  in  Congress,  and  for 
counting  the  votes  cast  at  said  elections,  and  to  challenge  any  name  pro- 
posed  to  be  registered,  and  any  vote  offered,  and  to  be  present  and  witness 
tb.rougb.6ut  the  counting  of  all  votes,  and  to  remain  where  the  ballot 
boxes  are  kept  at  all  times  after  the  polls  are  open  until  the  votes  are 
finally  counted:  and  said  persons  or  either  of  them  shall  have  the  right 
fco  affix  their  signature  or  his  signature  to  said  register  for  purposes  of 
identification,  and  to  attach  thereto,  or  to  the  certificate  of  the  number  of 
votes  cast,  any  statement  touching  the  truth  or  fairness  thereof  which 
they  or  he  may  ask  to  attach  ;  and  any  one  who  shall  prevent  any  person 
so  designated  from  doing  any  of  the  acts  authorized  as  aforesaid,  or  who 
shall  hinder  or  molest  any  such  person  in  doing  any  of  the  said  acts,  or 
fihall  aid  or  abei  in  preventing,  hindering  or  molesting  any  such  person  in 
respect  of  any  such  acts,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  convic- 
tion shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  not  less  than  one  year. 

SEC.  6. — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  any  city  having  upward 
of  twenty  thousand  inhabitants,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  marshal  of  the 
United  States  for  the  district  wherein  said  city  shall  be,  to  appoint  a* 
many  special  deputies  as  may  be  necessary  to  preserve  order  at  any  elec- 
tion at  which  representatives  in  Congress  are  to  be  chosen ;  and  said 
deputies  are  hereby  authorized  to  preserve  order  at  such  elections,  and  to 
arrest  for  any  offence  or  breach  of  the  peace  committed  in  their  view. 

SEC.  7. — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  naturalization  laws  are 
hereby  extended  to  aliens  of  African  nativity  and  to  persons  of  African 
descent. 

Approved,  July  14,  1870. 


PRESIDENTIAL  VOTES. 


ART.  XII.  OF  AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— The  Electors 
•shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice  President,  one 
of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  -with  themselves ;  they  shall 
name  in  their  ballot  the  person  voted  for  aa  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted 
for  as  Vice-President,  ana  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President, 
and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which 
lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United 
States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  presence 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then 
be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  President,  shall  be  the  Presi. 
dent,  if  such,  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person 
have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three, 
on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immedi- 
ately, by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by 
States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist 
of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President  when- 
ever the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the  >ase  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional 
disability  of  the  President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes,  as  Vice-Presl. 
dent,  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors 
appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  a  miijority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the 
Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice- President;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of 
the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a 
choice.  But  no  person,  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President,  shall  be  eligible  tu 
that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

(This  Amendment  should  be  read  in  connection  with  Section  1  of  Article  II.  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  to  which  it  is  an  amendment).  See  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  page  123 

ELECTORAL  VOTE  OF  EACH  STATE  FROM  1808  TO  1820. 


STATES. 

18O8. 

1812. 

1S1G.* 

iszo.t 

PKES'T 

VICE-PRES'T 

PR'ST 

V.-P. 

PHES. 

V.-PRES. 

PRES. 

V.-PUE 

Jamee  Madison 

Charles  C.Pinckne.y 

George  Clinton 

George  Clinton 

t£ 

5, 

•? 

James  Madison 

James  Monroe 

James  Madison 

DeAVitt  Clinton 

Elbridge  Gerry 

Jared  Ingersoll 

James  Monroe 

Rufiis  King 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins 

John  E.  Howard 

Scattering 

James  Monroe 

a 

d- 

Daniel  D.Tompkins 

Richard  Stockton 

T 

T 

0 

n 

0 

q 

0 

0 

fl 

g 

;{ 

4 

4 

3 

:i 

4 

6 

r, 

H 

i 

8 

B 

8 

8 

3 

3 

3 

•^ 

Kentucky  
Louisiana  

7 

7 

•• 

12 
3 

12 
3 

12 
3 

12 
3 

12 
3 

0 

12 
3 
Q 

.- 

9 

2 

10 

9 

2 

10 

(i 

5 

22 

C 
2 

5 
20 

8 

2J 

8 

90 

11 
is 

10 

"a 

3 

7 

7 

8 

8 

1 

7 
•R 

8 

fi 

8 

8 

7 
R 

1 

7 
ft 

8 

8 

New  York  

13 

11 

3 

G 

13 

11 

•f 

:i 

» 

is 

29 

is 

29 

29 
1") 

29 
IS 

2:1 
IS 

29 
T, 

Ohio                    .             

3 

7 

7 

8 

R 

8 

R 

"0 

°0 

85 

SKS 

25 

as 

85 

9') 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4  .. 

4 

4 

4 

1(1 

10 

Aj 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

5 

g 

8 

8  .. 

8 

ft 

8 

fi 

1 

8 

8 

8 

R 

H 

8 

34 

05 

8J 

95 

IS 

"           

Total  

122 

47 

6!113 

47 

9 

3 

3  128 

89131 

86  183  34 

183  '22 

12 

231 

1 

21d 

8 

In  1816  Connecticut  gave  five  votes  to  James  Ross,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  Vice-President, 
and  four  to  John  Marshall  of  Virginia  (Chief-Justice  Marshall)  for  the  same  office.  Delaware 
gave  three  votes  for  Robert  G.  Harper,  of  Maryland,  for  Vice-President. 

t  In  1820,  John  Quincy  Adams  received  one  Electoral  Vote  for  President  (from  New  Hamp- 
shire), and  Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  one  for  Vice-President.  Richard  Stockton,  of  .Nevr 
Jersey,  received  8  votes  from  Massachusetts  for  the  Vice-Presidency.  Daniel  Rodney,  of  Dela- 
ware, 4  from  his  own  State,  and  Robert  G.  Harper,  of  Maryland,  one  from  his  own  State,  for  the 

1  There  is  no  record  of  the  Popular  Vote  by  States  previous  to  1824  known  to  be  existence. 
Many  of  the  States  cboso  the  Electors  by  joint  convention  of  the  Legislatures  previous  ta 
that  time,  as  a  few  did  later. 


PRESIDENTIAL  VOTES. 


Cl 


1 

POPULAR  VOTK. 

*m 

;p;!l!|ll;-|!g!||l  !p 

£ 

i  the  election  of  1824  there  were  four  candidates  for  the  Presidenc}',  each  of  whom  received  n  number  of  Electoral  Votes,  but  r.o  one.  a  majority  ;  Andrew  Jackson  received 
urality  of  both  the  Electoral  and  Popular  Vote  (99  of  the  former  and  155,872  of  the  latter)  ;  but  as  there  was  evidently  no  election,  it  devolved  upon  the.  House  of  Represen- 
vcs  to  choose  a  President  according  to  the.  12th  Amendment  of  the  (Tonstitution.  The  voting  waa  by  States,  and  24  tellers  (one  member  from  each  State)  were  appointed. 
baVots  were  ca-tfor  the  threo  highest  candidates  on  the  list,  Messrs  Jackson,  Adams  and  Crawford.  The  friends  of  Mr.  Clay  supported  Mr,  Adams.  When  the  vote  was 
Ued,  thirteen  States  voied  for  Mr.  Adams,  seven  for  Oen.  Jackson  and  four  tor  Mr.  Crawford.  Mr.  Adams  was  then  declared  elected.  Mr.  Calhouu  having  received  a  largu 
ority  ot  all  the.  Electoral  votes  for  Vice-President  took  the  oath  on  the  4th  of  March,  1825. 
le  Elections  of  IH'28  and  1832  were  not  specially  noticeable.  Gen.  Jackson,  whose  friends  had  denounced  tho  supposed  coalition  between  Messrs.  Adams  nml  Clay,  in  1824-5, 
orriipt  was  elected  by  alarge  majority  over  his  competitor,  both  on  the  Popular  and  Electornl  Vote  in  1828,"  and  re-elected  by  a  still  larger  majority  over  Mr.  Clay  in  1832. 
n  Kloyd  of  Virginia  and  Win,  Wirt  of  "Maryland  received  each  a  small  number  of  Electoral  Vote*  in  1832,  and  Mr.  Clay  had  but  49,  while  Oen.  Jackson  received  £19, 

e» 

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ELECTORAL  VOTK. 

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VICK-PRESIDKNT 

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Electors  in  each  State  in  1832 

i 

M£Bp!irs;i 

PRESIDENTIAL   VOTES. 


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PRESIDENTIAL  VOTES. 


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PRESIDENTIAL   VOTES. 


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in  December,  the  vacancy  was  not  filled,  nn<J 
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•In  Nevada,  in  1864,  three  Republican  Electors  were  chosen,  hut  one  of  thorn  having  died  before  the  Electoral  Vote  was  cast 
only  two  Electoral  Votes  were  cnst  In  the  Election  of  )8fiO,  lour  candidates  -were  in  Ihe  field,  aluif  -whom  received  &  me  Elect 

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66  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION". 

HISTORY  OF  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION, 

SUBSEQUENT  TO  THE  MEETING  OF  THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGES. 

The  doubt  in  regard  to  the  result  of  the  Presidential  Election  was  not  removed 
by  the-  returns  from  the  Electoral  Colleges  which  met  December  6,  1876,  for  in 
South  Carolina,  Florida  and  Louisiana  two  or  more  lists  of  Electors  were  returned, 
though  some  of  them  lacked  the  required  authentication,  and  in  Oregon,  one  name 
was  returned  who  had  confessedly  not  been  elected,  and  there  were  in  consequence 
three  Electoral  Certificates  from  that  State,  one  containing  the  elected  list,  one 
substituting  one  name  not  elected  for  an  elector  declared  to  have  been  ineligible, 
and  one  made  up  of  the  names  of  this  substituted  elector  and  two  others  whom  he 
had  appointed.  The  confusion  seemed  constantly  growing  more  hopeless,  and  the 
danger  of  revolution  or  violence  constantly  greater.  Investigating  Committees 
had  been  sent  to  South  Carolina,  Florida  and  Louisiana  by  both  houses  of  Con- 
gress, and  informal  commissions  sent  by  the  President  and  by  the  Chairman  of  tha 
National  Democratic  Committee.  A  joint  committee  was  at  last  appointed  from  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  with  instructions  to  consider  and  report  a 
bill  for  regulating  the  counting  of  the  votes  for  President  and  Vice-President. . 
The  questions  which  were  to  be  solved  were  these :  whether  as  one  party  claimed, 
the  Vice-President  or  Acting  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  was  vested  with 
the  exclusive  power  of  opening  and  counting,  or  causing  to  be  counted,  the  electoral 
vote;  whether  his  functions  in  this  matter  were  purely  ministerial;  whether  in  case 
ef  two  returns  he  alone  had  the  right  to  decide  which  were  valid;  and  if  not, 
whether  the  Senate  or  the  House,  or  either  or  both,  separately  or  together,  RJ»  a 
joint  convention,  or  the  House  voti  g  by  States,  had  a  right  to  decide  the  question 
for  him ;  whether  the  House  had  a  right,  after  objecting  to  the  electoral  vote  of  any 
State,  to  declare  that  there  was  no  election,  and  to  proceed  to  vote  for  a  President 
by  States,  the  Senate  thereupon  electing  the  Vice-President.  There  wero  other  but 
minor  questions  also  involved,  and  it  was  felt  that  there  was  need  of  great  caution 
and  wisdom  in  digesting  a  plan  which  would  prove  satisfactory  to  both  parties  and 
avert  the  threatened  conflict.  The  committee  was  selected  with  great  care,  and  con- 
sisted of  some  of  the  ablest  men  in  each  house.  The  President  of  the  Senate  named 
four  Republicans  and  three  Democrats,  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  four  Demo- 
crats and  three  Republicans,  so  that  each  party  might  be  represented  by  an  equal 
number.  The  Senators  on  the  committee  were  Messrs.  Edmunds,  Frelinghuysen, 
Morton,  Conkling,Thurman,  Bayard  and  Ransom,  and  the  members  of  the  House, 
Messrs.  Payne,  Hunton,  Hewitt,  Springer,  McCrary,  Hoar  and  "Willard.  The 
committee  thus  constituted,  after  long  and  careful  deliberation,  reported  the  follow- 
ing act  on  the  18th  of  January,  1877. 

THE  ACT  PROVIDING  FOR  THE  ELECTORAL  COMMISSION. 

AN  ACT  to  provide  for  and  regulate  the  counting  of  votes  for  President  and  Vice- 
President,  and  the  decision  of  questions  arising  thereon,  for  the  term  com- 
mencing March  Fourth,  Anno  Do:i.ini  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-seven. 
Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  shall 
meet  in  the  hall  of  the  House  or  Representatives,  at  the  hour  of  one  o'clock  post 
meridian,  on  the  first  Thursday  in  February,  Anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and 
seventy-seven,  and  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall  be  their  presiding  officer. 
Two  tellers  shall  be  previously  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  Senate,  and  two  on  the 
part  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  to  whom  shall  be  handed,  as  they  are  opened 
by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  all  the  certificates,  and  papers  purporting  to  be 
certificates,  of  the  electoral  votes,  which  certificates  and  papers  shall  be  opened, 
presented,  and  acted  upon  in  alphabetical  order  of  the  States,  beginning  with  the 
letter  A;  and  said  tellers  having  then  read  the  same  in  the  presence  and  hearing  of 
the  two  Houses,  shall  make  a  list  of  the  votes  as  they  shall  appear  from  the  said 
certificates;  and  the  votes  having  been  ascertained  and  counted  as.m  this  act  pro- 
Tided,  the  result  of  tho  same  shall  be  delivered  to  the  President  of  the  Senate,  wJio 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION.  C7 

,A 

shall  thereupon  announce  the  state  of  the  vote,  and  the  names  of  the  persons,  if 
any,  elected,  which  announcement  shall  be  deemed  a  sufficient  declaration  of  the 
persons  elected  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  and,  together 
with  a  list  of  the  votes,  be  entered  ou  the  journals  of  the  two  Houses.  Upon  such 
reading  of  any  such  certificate  or  paper  when  there  shall  be  only  one  return  from 
a  State,  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall  call  for  objections,  if  any.  Every  ob- 
jection shall  be  made  in  writing,  and  shall  state  clearly  and  concisely,  and  without 
Argument,  the  ground  thereof,  and  shall  be  signed  by  at  least  one  Senator  and  one 
member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  before  the  same  shall  be  received.  When 
all  objections  so  made  to  any  vote  or  paper  from  a  State  shall  havo  been  received 
and  read,  the  Senate  shall  thereupon  withdraw,  and  such  objections  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  Senate  for  its  decision  ;  and  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall,  in  like  manner,  submit  such  objections  to  the  House  of  Representatives 
for  its  decision  ;  and  no  electoral  vote  or  votes  from  any  State  from  which  but  ono 
return  has  been  received  shall  be  rejected,  except  by  the  affirmative  vote  of  the  two 
Houses.  When  the  two  Houses  have  voted,  they  shall  immediately  again  meet, 
*md  the  presiding  officer  shall  then  announce  the  decision  of  the  question  sub- 
mitted. 

SEC.  2.  That,  if  more  than  one  return,  or  paper  purporting  to  be  a  return  from  a 
•State,  shall  have  been  received  by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  purporting  to  be  tha 
certificates  of  electoral  votes  given  at  the  last  preceding  election  for  President  and 
Vice-president  in  such  State  (unless  they  phall  be  duplicates  of  the  same  return), 
all  such  returns  and  papers  shall  be  o;  ened  by  him  in  the  presence  of  the  two 
Houses  when  met  as  aforesaid,  and  read  by  the  tellers,  and  all  such  returns  and 
papers  shall  thereupon  be  submitted  to  the  judgment  and  decision  as  to  which  is 
the  true  and  lawful  electoral  vote  of  such  State,  of  a  commission  constituted  as 
follows,  namely  :  During  the  session  of  each  House,  on  the  Tuesday  next  preceding 
the  first  Thursday  in  February,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  each  House 
shall,  by  viva  voce  vote,  appoint  five  of  its  members,  who  with  the  five  associate 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  to  be  ascertained  as  herein- 
after provided,  shall  constitute  a  commission  for  the  decision  of  all  questions  upon 
or  in  respect  of  such  double  returns  named  in  this  section.  On  the  Tuesday  next 
preceding  the  first  Thursday  in  February,  Anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and 
seventy-seven,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  may  be,  the  associate  justices  of  the  Supremo 
Court  of  the  United  States  now  assigned  to  the  first,  third,  eighth,  and  ninth 
circuits  shall  select,  in  such  manner  as  a  majority  of  them  shall  deem  fit,  another 
of  the  associate  justices  of  said  court,  which  five  persons  shall  be  members  of  said 
commission ;  and  the  person  longest  in  commission  of  said  five  justices  shall  be  tho 
president  of  said  commission.  The  members  of  said  commission  shall  respectively 

take    and  subscribe  tha  following  oaths:    "I, ,  do  solemnly  swear   (or 

affirm,  as  tho  case  may  be)  that  I  will  impartially  examine  and  consider  all  questions 
submitted  to  the  commission  of  which  I  am  a  member,  and  a  true  judgment  give 
thereon,  agreeably  to  the  Constitution  and  the  laws:  so  help  me  God;"  which 
oath  shall  be  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate.  When  the  commission  shall 
have  been  thus  organized,  it  shall  not  be  in  the  power  of  either  House  to  dissolve 
the  eame,  or  to  withdraw  any  of  its  members  ;  but  if  any  such  Senator  or  member 
shall  die  or  become  physically  unable  to  perform  the  duties  required  by  this  act, 
the  fact  of  such  death  or  physical  inability  shall  be  by  said  commission,  before  it 
shall  proceed  iurther,  communicated  to  the  Senate  or  House  of  Representatives,  as 
the  case  may  be,  which  body  shall  immediately  aud  without  debate  proceed  by  viva 
voco  vote  to  fill  tho  place  so  vacated,  and  tho  person  so  appointed  shall  take  and 
subscribe  the  rath  hereinbefore  prescribed,  and  become  a  member  of  said  com- 
missio  i  ;  and,  in  like  manner,  if  any  of  said  justices  of  tho  Supreme  Court  shall 
die  or  become  physically  incapable  of  performing  the  duties  required  by  this  act, 
the  other  of  said  justices,  members  of  the  said  commission,  shall  immediately  ap- 
point another  justice  cf  said  court  a  number  of  said  commission,  and,  in  such 
appointments,  regard  shall  be  had  to  the  impartiality  and  freedom  from  bias  sought 
by  tho  original  appointments  to  said  commission,  who  shall  thereupon  immediately 
take  and  subscribe  the  oath  hereinbefore  prescribed,  and  become  a  member  of  said 
commission  to  fill  the  vacancy  so  occasioned.  All  the  certificates  and  papers  purport- 
ing to  be  certificates  of  the  electoral  votes  of  each  State  shall  be  opened,  in  the 
alphabetical  order  of  the  States,  as  provided  in  section  one  of  this  act ;  and  when 
there  shall  be  more  than  one  such  certificate  or  paper,  as  tho  certificates  and  papers 
from  such  State  shall  so  be  opened  (excepting  duplicates  of  the  same  return),  they 
shall  be  read  by  the  tellers,  and  thereupon  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall  call  foi 


Co  PRESIDE  MI AL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION. 

objections,  if  any.  Every  objection  shall  bo  made  in  -writing,  and  shall  state  clearly 
and  concisely,  and  without  argument,  the  ground  thereof,  and  shall  be  signed  by 
at  least  one  Senator  and  one  member  of  the  House  of  .Representatives  before  the 
same  shall  be  received.  When  all  such  objections  so  made  to  any  certificate,  vote, 
or  paper  from  a  State  shall  have  been  received  and  read,  all  such  certificates,  votes 
and  papers  so  objected  to,  and  all  papers  accompanying  the  same,  together  with 
such  objections,  shall  be  forthwith  submitted  to  said  commission,  which  shall  pro- 
ceed to  consider  the  same,  with  the  same  powers,  if  any,  now  possessed  for  that 
purpose  by  the  two  Houses  acting  separately  or  together,  and  by  a  majority  of 
votes,  decide  whether  any  and  what  votes  from  such  State  are  the  votes  provided 
for  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  how  many  and  what  persons  were 
duly  appointed  electors  in  such  State,  and  may  therein  take  into  view  such  petitions, 
depositions,  and  other  papers,  if  any,  as  shall,  by  the  Constitution  and  now  existing 
law,  bo  competent  and  pertinent  in  such  consideration;  which  decision  shall  be 
made  in  writing,  stating  briefly  the  ground  thereof,  and  signed  by  the  members  of 
said  commission  agreeing  therein;  whereupon  the  two  Houses  shall  again  meet,  and 
such  decision  shall  be  read  and  entered  in  the  journal  of  each  house,  and  the 
counting  of  the  votes  shall  proceed  in  conformity  therewith,  unless,  xipon  objection 
made  thereto  in  writing  by  ut  least  five  Senators  and  five  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  the  two  Houses  shall  separately  concur  in  ordering  otherwise,  in 
which  case  such  concurrent  order  shall  govern.  No  votes  or  papers  from  any 
other  State  shall  be  acted  upon  until  tho  objections  previously  made  to  the  votes 
or  papers  from  any  State  shall  have  been  finally  disposed  of. 

SKC.  3.  That,  while  tho  two  Houses  shall  be  in  meeting,  as  provided  in  this  act, 
no  debate  shall  be  allowed  and  no  question  shall  be  put  by  the  presiding  officer, 
except  to  either  House  on  a  motion  to  withdraw ;  and  ho  shall  have  power  to  pre- 
serve order. 

SEC.  4.  That  when  the  two  Houses  separate  to  decide  upon  an  objection  that 
may  have  been  made  to  the  counting  of  any  electoral  vote  or  votes  from  any  State, 
«r  upon  objection  to  a  report  of  said  commission,  or  other  question  arising  under 
this  act,  each  Senator  and  Represen  ative  may  speak  to  such  objection  or  question  ten. 
minutes,  and  not  oftener  than  once;  but  after  such  debate  sh  11  have  lasted  two  hours, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  House  to  put  the  main  question  without  further  debate. 

SEC.  5.  That  at  such  joint  meeting  of  tho  two  Houses,  seats  shall  be  provided  as 
foil  .ws :  For  the  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Speaker's  chair ;  for  the  Speaker, 
immediately  upon  his  left ;  the  Senators  in  the  body  of  the  hnll  upon  the  right  of  the 
presiding  officer;  for  the  Representatives,  in  the  body  of  the  hall  not  provided  for 
the  Senators ;  for  the  tellers.  Secretary  <  f  the  Senate,  and  Cl,jrk  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  at  the  Clerk's  desk;  for  the  ot her  officers  of  the  two  Houses,  in 
front  of  the  Clerk's  desk  and  upon  each  siile  of  the  Speaker's  platform.  Such  joint 
meeting  shall  not  b3  dissolved  until  the  count  of  electoral  votes  shall  be  com- 
pleted and  the  result  declared  ;  and  no  recess  shall  be  taken  unless  a  question  shall 
have  arisen  in  regard  to  counting  any  such  votes,  or  otherwise  under  this  act,  in, 
whi^h  case  it  shall  be  competent  for  either  House,  acting  separately,  in  the  manner 
hereinbefore  provided,  to  direct  a  recexs  of  such  House  not  beyond  the  next  day, 
Sunday  excepted,  at  the  hour  of  t  n  o'clock  in  the  lorenoon.  And  while  any 
question  is  being  considered  by  baid  commission ,  either  House  may  proceed  with 
its  legislative  or  other  bus  ness. 

SEC.  6.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  held  to  impair  or  affect  any  right  now- 
existing  under  the  Constitution,  and  laws  to  question,  by  proceeding  in  the  judicial 
courts  of  the  United  States,  the  right  or  title  of  the  person  who  shall  be  declared 
elect-d,  or  who  shall  claim  to  be  President  or  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
if  any  such  right  exists. 

SEC.  7.  That  said  commission  shall  make  its  own  rules,  keep  a  record  of  its  pro- 
ceedings, and  shall  have  power  to  employ  such  persons  ns  may  be  necessary  for  tho 
transaction  of  its  business  and  the  execution  of  its  power. 

Approved,  January  29,  1877. 

This  act  passed  the  Ssnate  January  25,  1877.  forty-seven  Senators  voting  for  it, 
seventeen  against  it,  and  ten  not  voting.  It  passed  the  House,  Jan.  26,  one  hun- 
dred a  d  ninety-one  voting  for  it,  eighty-six  against  it,  and  fourteen  not  voting.  It 
was  approved  by  the  President,  Jan.  29,  1877. 

On  the  30th  of  Junuary  the  Senate  and  House  each  elected  their  members  of  tho 
Commission,  and  the  four  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  virtually  named  in  tho 
act,  proceeded  to  elect  a  fifth,  choosing  Justice  Joseph  P.  Bradley,  of  N.  J.  The 
Commission  was  thus  constituted  as  follows: 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION.  CO 

Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Senator*.  Representative*. 

NATHAN  CLIFFORD,  Preei-  GEORGE  F.  EDMUNDS,  Vt,  JAMES  A.  G A RFIELD.  Ohio. 

dent.  Me.  FRED.    T.    FRELINGHUY-  GEORGE  F.  HOAR,  Mass. 

SAMUEL  F.  MILLER,  Iowa.       SEN,  N.J.  HENRY  B.  PAYNE,  Ohio. 

WILLIAM  STRONG,  Penn.      OLIVEit  P.  MORTON,  Ind.  EPPA  HUNTON,  Va. 

STEPHEN  J.  FIELD,  Cal.         ALLENG.THCRMAN.Ohio.  JOSIAH  G.  ABBOTT,  Mas*. 
TOSEPH  P.  BRADLEY,  K.  J.    THOMAS  F.  BAYARD.  Del. 

On  the  31st  of  January  the  Commission  met  and  adopted  the  following  rules  ; 

RULES  OF  THE  COMMISSION. 

RULE  I.  The  Committee  shall  appoint  a  Secretary,  two  Assistant  Secretaries,  a 
Marshal,  and  two  Deputy  Marshals,  a  Stenographer,  and  such  messengers  as  shall 
be  neediul;  to  hold  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Commission. 

RULE  II.  On  a  y  subject  submitted  to  the  Commission,  a  hearing  shall  be  had; 
and  counsel  shall  be  allowed  to  conduct  the  case  on  each  side. 

RULE  III.  Counsel,  not  exceeding  two  in  number  on  each  side,  will  be  heard  by  the 
-Commission,  on  the  merits  of  any  case  presented  to  it,  not  longer  than  two  hours  being 
allowed  to  each  side,  unless  a  longer  time  and  additional  counsel  shall  be  specially 
authorized  by  the  Commission.  In  the  hearing  of  iuterlocuting  questions,  but  one 
counsel  shall  bo  heard  on  each  side,  and  he  not  longer  than  fifteen  minutes,  unless 
the  Commission  allow  further  time  and  additional  counsel;  and  printed  arguments 
will  be  received. 

RULE  IV.  The  objectors  to  any  certificate  or  vote,  may  select  two  of  their  num- 
ber to  support  their  objections  in  oral  argument,  and  to  advocate  the  validity  of 
any  certificate  or  vote,  the  validity  of  which  they  maintain;  and  in  like  manner 
the  objectors  to  any  other  certificate  may  select  two  of  their  number  for  a  like  pur- 
pose ;  but,  under  this  rule,  not  more  than  four  persons  shall  speak,  and  neither 
side  shall  occupy  more  than  two  hours. 

RULE  V.  Applications  for  process  to  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses,  or  the 
production  of  written  documentary  testimony  may  be  made  by  counsel  on  either 
eide,  and  all  process  shall  be  served  and  executed  by  the  Marshal  of  the  Commis- 
sion or  his  deputies.  Depositions  hereafter  taken  for  use  before  the  Commission 
ehall  be  sufficiently  authenticated  if  taken  before  any  Commissioner  of  the  Circuit 
Courts  of  the  United  States,  or  any  clerk  or  deputy  clerk  of  the  United  States. 

RULE  VI.  Admission  to  the  public  sittings  of  the  Commission  shall  be  regulated 
in  such  manner  as  the  President  of  the  Commission  shall  direct. 

RULE  VII.  The  Commission  will  sit,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  in  the  room  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  with  open  doors  (excepting  when  in 
consultation),  unless  otherwise  directed. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C  ,  January  31,  1877. 

The  first  case  requiring  the  action  of  the  Commission  was  that  of  the  electoral 
vote  of  Florida.  There  were  three  certificates  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate,  two  of  them  certifying — though  on  different  grounds — to  the  election  of  the 
Hayes  Electors;  one  of  them  having  been  issued  by  order  of  the  Supremo  Court  of 
Florida  some  weeks  after  the  meeting  of  the  Electoral  College,  on  account  of  an  al- 
leged, defect  in  the  count,  and  the  third  certifying  to  the  election  c  f  the  Tildeu 
Electors,  but  not  signed  by  the  requisite  authority.  There  was  also  a  further  ques- 
tion regarding  the  eligibility  of  F.  C.  Humphreys,  one  of  the  Hayes  Electors,  who, 
it  was  alleged,  was  a  U.  S.  Shipping  Commissioner  when  chosen  an  Elector.  After 
a  long  and  able  argument  on  each  side,  the  Commission  voted  Feb.  9 — eight  in  the 
affirmative  and  seven  in  the  negative — "  That  the  four  Hayes  Electors  were  duly 
appointed,  and  that  the  votes  cast  by  them  are  the  votes  provided  for  by  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  ;  that  neither  the  second  or  the  third  certificates  pre- 
sented were  the  certificates  of  votes  prescribed  by  the  Constitution ,  and  that  the 
evidence  did  not  show  that  F.  C.  Humphreys  held  the  office  of  a  Shipping  Conu 
missioner  of  the  U.  S  at  the  time  of  his  election. " 

This  decision  having  been  reported  to  Congress,  it  was  sustained  by  the  Senate: 
ye&s,  44;  nays,  24;  not  voting,  7;  and  rejected  by  the  House:  yeas,  1G8;  nays,  103; 
not  voting,  19;  and,  according  to  the  Aft,  wis  counted,  Feb.  10. 

The  Louisiana  case  was  i-eached  and  laid  before  the  Commission  Feb.  13,  where 
it  was  debated  till  Feb.  16,  when  the  Commission  decided,  Ly  a  vote  of  eight  to 
seven,  that  the  eight  Hayes  Electors  were  the  lawful  electors  of  the  Stato 
of  Louisiana,  and  their  votes  the  votes  provided  by  the  Constitution  of  tJbo 


70  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION. 

United  States,  and  should  be  counted  for  President  and  Vice-President.  Thi* 
decision,  like  that  in  the  Florida  case,  rested  on  the  basis  that  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission did  not  possess  any  more  or  greater  power  than  the  Congress  which  had 
created  it,  and,  therefore,  had  no  power  to  go  behind  the  legally-authorized  report 
of  the  Returning  Board,  Board  of  Canvassers,  or  other  authority  prescribed  by  the* 
State  for  this  purpose. 

This  decision  was  reported  to  Congress  on  the  16th  of  February,  but  was  not 
acted  upon  until  the  19th,  when  the  Senate  sustained  the  decision  of  the  Commis- 
sion by  41  yeas;  nays,  28;  not  voting,  6.  The  House  rejected  it  by— yeas,  173;: 
nays,  99;  not  voting,  18;  and  the  vote  was  counted  Feb.  20.  Objection  was  made 
to  one  of  the  Electors  in  the  Michigan,  and  one  in  the  Nevada,  certificate;  but  as 
there  was  but  one  certificate  in  each  case,  and  the  objections  wsre  evidently  invalid, 
they  were  not  referred  to  the  Commission. 

The  Oregon  case  was  reached  Feb.  21,  and  referred  to  the  Commission,  which  re^ 
assembled  Feb.  22.  The  arguments  on  both  sides  were  heard,  and  on  Feb.  23  the 
Commission  decided  "That  W.  H.  Odell,  John  C.  Cartwright  and  John  W.  Watts, 
the  persons  named  as  Electors  in  certificate  No.  1,  were  the  lawful  Electors  of  the 
State  of  Oregon,  and  that  their  votes  are  the  votes  provided  for  by  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  should  be  counted  for  President  and  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States."  This  decision  passed  by  the  usual  vote  of  eight  yeas  and  seven 
nays. 

The  fact  of  the  election  of  three  Hayes  Electors  in  Oregon  was  not  in  dispute, 
but  it  was  claimed  that  one  of  these,  J.  W.  Watts,  was  a  postmaster  at  the  time  of 
his  election,  and  so  ineligible ;  and  Gov.  Grover  had  assumed  to  throw  out  his 
name  and  give  the  certificate  to  Messrs.  Odell,  Cartwright,  and  E.  A.  Cronin,  who 
had  been. Mr.  Watts' competitor,  but  had  fallen  1,000  votes  short  of  an  election. 
Thus,  while  the  Secretary  of  State  (the  canvassing  authority  of  the  State)  had  cer- 
tified to  the  election  of  Messrs.  Odell,  Cartwright  and  Watts,  Gov.  Grover  had  cer- 
tified to  the  election  of  Messrs.  Odell,  Cartwright  and  Cronin.  Mr.  Cronin,  failing 
to  persuade  Messrs.  Odell  and  Cartwright  to  act  with  him,  had  resolved  himself 
into  an  Electoral  College,  and  had  chosen  two  men  who  had  not  been  voted  for  at 
all,  as  Electors,  and  sent— or  rather  brought  in — a  third  certificate,  declaring  E.  A. 
Cronin,  J.  N.  T.  Miller  and  John  Parker  the  duly  appointed  Electors.  This  cer- 
tificate was  rejected,  as  was  Cronin's  appointment,  by  the  entire  Commission.  On 
the  24th  of  February  the  Senate  sustained  the  decision  of  the  Commission  by — 
yeas,  40;  nays,  24;  and  11  did  not  vote.  The  House  rejected  it  by — yeas,  151; 
nays,  106;  not  voting,  33.  On  the  26th  of  Feb.  objection  was  made  to  Electors  in 
the  Pennsylvania  and  Rhode  Island  Colleges;  but  as  there  were  only  single  Certifi- 
cates in  each  case,  they  were  not  referred  to  the  Commission. 

The  case  of  South  Carolina  was  reached  Feb,  26,  and  Hon.  A.  G.  Thurman  hav- 
ing withdrawn  on  account  of  illness  from  the  Commission,  Hon.  Francis  Kernan, 
of  N.  Y.,  was  chosen  in  his  place  The  case  of  South  Carolina  differed  from  those 
which  had  preceded  it  in  some  important  particulars.  Although  there  were  two 
certificates,  it  was  not  seriously  contended  that  the  Hayes  Electors  had  not  received 
a  majority  of  votes,  but  it  was  urged  that,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  Legislature  to 
provide  a  system  of  registration,  and  to  the  disorders,  irregularities  and  frauds  at- 
tending the  Presidential  election,  that  election  should  be  declared  void,  and 
that  the  State,  being  at  that  time  under  duress  from  the  United  States  troops  stationed 
there,  was  incapable  of  holding  a  valid  election.  The  Commission,  after  hearing 
the  arguments,  decided  unanimously  that  the  Tilden  Electoral  ticket  should  be 
rejected,  and,  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  seven,  that  the  Hayes  Electors  were  lawful 
Electors  for  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  and  that  the  State  was  entitled  to  have 
her  vote  counted.  The  Senate  the  same  day  sustained  the  action  of  the  Com- 
mission by — yeas,  39;  nays,  22;  not  voting,  14;  and  the  House  rejected  it  by — 
yeas,  190;  nays,  72;  not  voting,  28.  To  the  vote  was  counted. 

Objection  was  made  to  Electors  on  the  certificates  of  Vermont  and  Wisconsin,  but 
these  did  not  come  within  the  provisions  of  the  Commission. 

On  the  morning  of  March  2,  the  completion  of  the  count  of  Electors  was  reached, 
and  at  4:10  A.  M.  ,  of  that  day,  Mr,  Allison,  one  of  the  Tellers  on  the  part  of  the  Senate, 
announced  the  result  of  the  footings  as  185  votes  for  the  Republican  candidates,  and 
184  votes  for  the  Democratic  candidates,  whereupon  his  Honor  Thomas  W,  Ferry, 
President  of  the  Senate,  declared  RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES,  of  Ohio,  the  duly  elected 
President,  and  WILLIAM  A.  WHEELER,  of  New  York,  the  dxily  elected  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  f <  r  the  term  of  four  years,  commencing  on  the  4th  of  Marchu 
1877. 


DECLAKATIOX  OF  1SDZPENDEXCJ3.  71 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for  one  people  to 
dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  as- 
sume among  the  POWERS  OF  THE  EARTH  the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the 
LAWS  OF  NATUKE  and  of  NATURE'S  GOD  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions 
of  MANKIND  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the 
separation.  Wo  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident:  That  all  men  are  created 
EQUAL;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  CREATOR  with  certain  Unalienable  Rights; 
that  among  these  are  Life,  Liberty,  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness:  That  to 
secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just 
powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed :  That  whenever  any  form  of  government 
becomes  destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  RIGHT  of  the  PEOPLE  to  alter  or  abolish 
it,  and  to  institute  NEW  GOVERNMENT,  laying  its  foundation  on  SUCH  PRINCIPLES,  and 
organizing  its  powers  in  SUCH  FORM  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their 
SAFETY  AND  HAPPINESS.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate,  that  governments  long 
established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes;  and  accordingly 
all  experience  hath  shown ,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils 
are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are 
accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of  ABUSES  and  USURPATIONS,  pursuing  invari- 
ably the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  DESPOTISM, 
it  is  their  RIGHT,  it  is  their  DUTY,  to  throw  off  SUCH  GOVERNMENT,  and  to  provide 
new  guards  for  iheir  future  SECURITY.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of 
these  Colonies;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their 
former  systems  of  Government.  The  history  of  the  present  king  of  GREAT  BRITAIN 
is  a  history  of  repeated  Injuries  and  Usurpations,  all  having  in  direct  object  the 
establishment  of  an  absolute  Tyranny  over  these  States.  To  prove  this,  let  FACTS 
be  submitted  to  a  candid  world.  He  has  refused  his  assent  to  Laws,  the  most 
wholesome  and  necessary  for  the  public  good.  He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to 
pass  laws  of  immediate  and  pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  opera- 
tion till  his  assent  should  be  obtained ;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neg- 
lected to  attend  to  them.  He  has  refused  to  pass  other  Laws  for  the  accomodation 
of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of  Rep- 
resentation in  the  Legislature;  a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants 
only.  Ho  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncomfortable, 
and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  Public  Records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures.  He  has  dissolved  Representa- 
tive Houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing  with  manly  firmness  hia  invasions  on  the 
Rights  of  tho  People.  He  has  refused  for  a  long  time,  after  such  dissolutions,  to 
cause  others  to  be  elected;  whereby  the  Legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihila- 
tion, have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise;  the  State  remaining,  in 
the  meantime,  exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions 
within.  He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States ;  for  that 
purpose  obstructing  the  Laws  of  Naturalization  of  Foreigners;  refusing  to  pass 
others  to  encourage  their  migrations  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions  of  new 
appropriations  of  lands.  He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  Justice,  by  refus- 
ing his  assent  to  Laws  for  establishing  Judiciary  powers.  He  has  made  Judges 
dependent  on  his  will  alone  for  the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  pay- 
ment of  their  salaries.  He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither 
swarms  of  officers  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  substance.  He  has  kept 
among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  Standing  Armies,  without  the  consent  of  our  Legiala- 


72  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

tares.  He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  superior  to,  th« 
Civil  power.  He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign 
to  our  Constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws,  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts 
of  Pretended  Legislation: — For  quartering  large  bodies  of  Armed  Troops  among 
us:— For  protecting  them  by  a  Mock  Trial,  from  punishment  for  any  Murders 
which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  States: — For  cutting  off  our 
Trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world: — For  imposing  Taxes  on  us  without  our  consent: 
—For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  TRIAL  BY  JUEY: — For  trans- 
porting us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  Offences: — For  abolishing  tho 
free  system  of  English  Laws  in  a  neighboring  Province,  establishing  therein  an 
Arbitrary  Government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an 
example  and  fit  instrument  for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  Col- 
onies:— For  taking  away  our  CHARTERS,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  Laws,  and 
altering  fundamentally  the  forms  of  our  Governments: — For  suspending  our  own 
Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in 
all  cases  whatsoever.  He  has  abdicated  Government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of 
his  protection,  and  waging  war  against  us.  He  has  plundered  our  Seas,  ravaged 
our  coasts,  burnt  our  Towns,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  People.  He  is  at  this 
time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries  to  complete  the  works  of  death, 
desolation,  and  tyranny,  already  begun  with  circumstances  of  Cruelty  and  Perfidy, 
scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  BARBAROUS  AGES,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a 
CIVILIZED  NATION.  He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens  taken  captive  on  the  high 
seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their  friends 
and  Brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands.  He  has  excited  Domestic  In- 
surrection among  us,  and  has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  fron- 
tiers the  merciless  Indian  Savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is,  an  undistin- 
guished destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes  and  conditions.  In  every  stage  of  these 
OPPRESSIONS,  we  have  Petitioned  for  REDRESS  in  the  most  humble  terms:  Our 
repeated  Petitions  have  been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A  Prince,  whose 
character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  TYRANT,  is  unfit  to  be 
the  ruler  of  a  FREE  PEOPLE.  Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  our 
British  brethren.  Wo  have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  by  their 
legislature  to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded 
them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We  have  ap- 
pealed to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them  by  the 
ties  of  our  common  kindred  to  disavow  their  usurpations,  which  would  inevitably 
interrupt  our  connections  and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the 
voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  nece  sity 
which  denounces  our  SEPARATION,  and  hold  them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind, 
enemies  in  War— in  Peace,  Friends.  We,  therefore,  the  Representatives  of  th* 
United  States  of  America,  in  General  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme 
Judge  of  the  world  for  tho  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name,  and  by 
authority  of  the  good  people  of  these  Colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare:  That 
these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  FREE  AND  INDEPENDENT  STATES; 
that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  Crown,  and  that  all  political 
connection  between  them  and  the  Slate  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally 
dissolved;  and  that  as  FREE  AND  INDEPENDENT  STATES  they  have  full  power  to  levy 
War,  conclude  Peace,  contract  Alliances,  establish  Commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  Acts 
and  Things  which  Independent  States  may  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of 
this  DECLARATION,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of  DIVINE  PROVI- 
DENCE, we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other  our  LIVES,  our  FORTUNES,  and  our  sacred 
SONOB. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more 
perfect  Union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquility,  provide 
for  the  common  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the 
blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and 
establish  this  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America  : 

ABTICLE  I,— Congress. 

SECTION  L — Legislative  Powers. 

1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  [Representatives. 

SECTION  II. — House  of  Representatives. 

1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the 
electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for 
electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

Qualifications  of  Members. — Apportionment. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of 
that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  accord- 
ing to  their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding 
to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  ser- 
vice for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths 
of  all  other  persons.     The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within 
three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  man- 
ner as  they  shall  by  law  direct.     The  number  of  Representatives 
shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall 
-tave  at  least  one  Representative  ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall 
be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose 
three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations 
one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania 
sight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five. 
South  Carolina  five,  and  Georgia  three. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State, 
the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies. 


Y  I  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

6.  The  House  of  Kepresentatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and 
other  officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION  I1L— Senate. 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Sena- 
tors from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof  for  six  years ; 
and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the 
first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three 
classes.     The  seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated 
at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expi- 
ration of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of 
the  sixth  year ;  so  that  one  third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year  ; 
and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the 
recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may 
make  temporary  appointments,  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  Legis- 
lature, which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of 
the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  President 
pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall 
exercise  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments  ; 
when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath,  or  affirmation. 
"When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice 
shall  preside,  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concur- 
rence of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  farther 
than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy 

'  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States  ;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment, 
trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION  IV.— Election  of  Members. 

1.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 
and  Kepresentatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legis- 
lature thereof,  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter 
such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and 
such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they 
shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  75 

SECTION  V. — Powers  of  each  House, 

1.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  con- 
stitute a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjoarn 
from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penalties,  as  each 
House  may  provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish 
its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two- 
thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from 
time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their 
judgment  require  secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those 
present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without 
the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to- 
any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting- 

SECTION  YL — Compensation,  Privileges,  Etc. 

1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treas- 
ury of  the  United  States.     They  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,, 
felony  and  breach  of  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their 
attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to 
and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either 
House,  they  shall,  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which 
he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emolu- 
ments whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no 
person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  member 
of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  VH  . — Bills  and  Resolutions,  Etc. 

1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 
Representatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose,  or  concur  with  amend- 
ments, as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives 
and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  ;  if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if 
not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  House  in  which  it 
shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 
journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.     If,  after  such  reconsideration^, 
two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 


7G  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall, 
iikewise,  be  reconsidered ;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that 
House,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both 
Houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the 
persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  jour- 
nal of  each  House  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned 
by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall 
have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law  in  like  manner 
as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  pre- 
vent its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a 
question  of  adjournment,)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States ;  and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect  shall  be 
approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by 
two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to 
the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill 

SECTION  VIIL — Powers  of  Congress. 

1.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties, 
imposts  and  excises  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common 
•defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all  duties,  im- 
posts and  excises,  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States. 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  sev- 
eral States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes. 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws 
on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States. 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin, 
and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities 
and  current  coin  of  the  United  States. 

7.  To  establish  post-offices  and  post  roads. 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing 
jfor  limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their 
respective  writings  and  discoveries. 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the 
liigh  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations. 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make 
rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water. 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to 
that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years. 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 


ZXITXD  STATJH&.  ^ 

14.  To  make  roles  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces. 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of 
the  Union,  suppress  insurrections  and  repel  invasions. 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia, 
and  for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States,  respectively,  the 
appointment  of  the  officers  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia* 
according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress. 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases  -whatsoever,  over 
such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of 
particular  States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority 
over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  in  w,hich  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines, 
arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful  buildings  ;  and, 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  car- 
rying into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested 
by  this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in 
any  department  thereof. 

SECTION  DL — Prohibitions  and  Privileges. 

1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the 
States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohib- 
ited by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  1808,  but  a  tax  or  duty  maybe 
imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  on  each 
person. 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex-post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  propor- 
tion to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any 
State. 

6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another ;  nor  shall 
vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay 
duties  in  another. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  but  in  consequence 
of  appropriation  made  by  law  ;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account 
of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time, 

8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States  ;  and 
no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  with- 


73  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

out  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument, 
office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foregin 
state. 

SECTION  X. — State  Restrictions. 

1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation ; 
grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  coin  money,  emit  bills  of  credit, 
make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts, 
pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex-post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the 
obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  im- 
posts or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely 
necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws,  and  the  net  produce  of 
nil  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall 
"be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all  such 
laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  on 
tonage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any 
agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or 
engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger 
as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  H.— President. 

1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United 
•States  of  America.     He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
jears,  and  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  the  same 
term,  be  elected  as  follows  : 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature 
thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  Electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number 
of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled 
in  the  Congress  ;  but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  hold- 
ing an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  ap- 

•  pointed  an  Elector. 

,  3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by 
(ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabi- 
tant of  the  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list 
of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each ; 
which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President 
of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of 
ihe  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates, 
&nd  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  great- 
est number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if  there  be 
vnore  than  one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  79 

•votes,  then  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  choose 
by  ballot  one  of  them  for  President ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  major- 
ity, then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list  the  said  House  shall  in  like 
manner  choose  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
•votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State 
naving  one  vote  ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  mem- 
ber or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all 
the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the 
choice  of  the  President,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  of  the  electors  shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  should 
remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose 
•from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice-President.] 

[This  clause  altogether  altered  and  supplied  by  the  XII  Amendment] 

4.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  Electors, 
*nd  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be 
the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

5.  No  person,  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President ;  neither  shall  any  person  be 
eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty- 
five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  the  United 
States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  .or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties 
of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President,  and 
the  Congres  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resig- 
nation, or  inability  both  of  the  President  and  Vice-President,  declar- 
ing what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  officer  shall  act 
accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be 
elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  dur- 
ing the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not 
receive  within  that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United 
States  or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the 
following  oath  or  affirmation  : 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the 
office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my 
ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States." 

SECTION  n. — Powers  of  tlie  President. 

1.  The  President  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States, 


80  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  V KITED  STATES. 

when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States ;  he  may 
require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the 
executive  departments  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves 

„  and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases 

,'of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present 
concur  ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers 
and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of 
the  United  States  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  pro- 
vided for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law  ;  but  the  Congress 
may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they 
think  proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the 
heads  of  departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION  UL — Duties  of  the  President. 

1.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  oi 
the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such 
measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on 
extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them, 
and,  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time 
of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think 
proper ;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers ; 
he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  com- 
mission all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

SECTION  IV. — Impeachment  of  Officers. 

*  1.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  convic- 
tion of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III.— Judiciary. 

SECTION  I. — Courts — Judges, 

1.  The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from 
time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  Supreme 
and  inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and 
shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation  which 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 


CONSTITUTION  C  ff  THE  UNITED  STATES.  81 

» 

SECTION  n. — Judicial  Powers — Civil—  Criminal 

1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity, 
pr/ising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  tho  United  States,  and 
tieaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made  under  their  authority  ;  to  all 
cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls ;  to 
<all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ;  to  controversies  to 
which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party  ;  to  controversies  between 
two  or  more  States — between  a  State  and  the  citizens  of  another 
State — between  citizens  of  different  States — between  citizens  of  the 
same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States — and 
between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens 
or  subjects. 

2.  In  all  cases  .iffecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  tho  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.    In  all  the  other  cases  before 
mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both 
as  to  the  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such  regula- 
tions as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be 
by  jury ;  and  such  trial  shall  bo  held  in  the  State  where  tho  said 
crimes  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within 
any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  tho  Congress 
may  by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  HL— Treason. 

1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  givfcg  them  aid 
and  comfort.    No  person  shall  bo  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the 
testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in 
open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of 
treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood, 
cc  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attained. 

ARTICLE  IV.-State  Eights. 

SECTION  I. — Restitution  and  Privileges. 

1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  bo  given  in  each  State  to  the  publiq 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And 
the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such 
acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION  IL — Privilege  of  Citizens. 

1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and 
immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other 
crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shatf 


gfr  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  -UNITED  STATES. 

on  demand  of  the  Executive  authority  of  the  State  from  -winch  he 
Ked,  be  deli vered  up,  to  be-  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or 
Regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  Jabor,  but 
shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or 

labor  may  be  due. 

SECTION  HL — New  States. 

1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this  Union ; 
but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  any  other  State  ;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two 
or  more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legisla- 
tures of  the  States  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress, 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  noed» 
fill  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property 
belonging  fo  the  United  States,  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution 
shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States, 
or  «!  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  IV. — State  Gorwmments — Republican. 

1.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  tlxli  Union 
a  republican  form  of  Government,  aud  shall  protect  each  of  them 
against  invasion ;  and  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  (be 
Executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against-  domai  ' 

t(o.  violence. 

ARTICLE  V.— Amendments. 

1.  The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  eaall  deem 
!  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on 
the  application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States, 
shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments,  whicii.  in  either 
case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Consti- 
tution when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  sev- 
!eral  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  a  '-the  one  or 
the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  tli..-  Congress ; 
provided  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  io  the  year 
1£08  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the 
ninth  section  of  the  first  article  ;  and  that  no  State,  without  its  con- 
sent, shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Senate 

ARTICLE  VL-Debts. 

1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  entered  into,  before  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  againtt  the  United 
States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the  confederation- 

2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  Stales  which  shall 
foe  madf  in  pursuance  thereof ;  and  all  treaties  made,  o>  which  shall 


CONSTITUTION  Of  THE  UNITED  STATES.  C3(f 

i 

t>e  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be 
bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the 
members  of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  ju- 
dicial officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States, 
shall  be  bound,  by  oath  or  affirmation,  to  support  this  Constitution ; 
but  no  religious,  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

AKTICLE  VH— Eatification. 

1.  The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States 
so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  Convention^  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States 
present,  the  seventeenth  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  Stated  of  America,  the 
Twelfth. 
In  witness  whereof;  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 

ATTEST  :  President,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia* 

WM.  JACKSON,  Secretary. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Articles  in  addition  to,  and  amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  proposed  by  Congress,  and  ratified  by 
the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States,  pursuant  to  the  Fifth  ar- 
ticle of  the  original  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  1. 

Congress  shau  make  no  law  respecting  a'd  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof  5  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 
speech,  or  of  the  press  ;  or  the  right  of  tha  people  peaceably  to  as- 
semble, and  to  petition  the  Government  for  a  ledress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  H» 

A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free 
State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  in- 
fringed. 

ARTICLE  HI. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  Oi  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IK. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers 


li  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  b& 
violated  ;  and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  sup- 
ported by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place 
to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  bo  seized. 

Ar.TICLE  V| 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infa- 
mous crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia 
when  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger  ;  nor  shall 
any  person  be  subject,  for  the  same  offense,  to  be  twice  p~t  in  jeopardy 
of  life  or  limb  ;  nor  shall  bo  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a 
witness  against  himself ;  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property, 
without  due  process  of  law  ;  nor  sh£*li  private  property  bo  takeu  for 
public  use  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VL 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  snjoy  the  right  to  a 
speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  Lave 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law  ;  and  to  be  informed  of  the  na- 
ture and  cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses 
against  him  ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in 
his  favor  ;  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense, 

ARTICLE  VH. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  ;  and  no 
fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of 
the  United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed, 
cor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ABTICLE  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  b(y 
tonstrued  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Cor ^titution,. 
nur  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  me  States  respect- 
ively, or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE  XL 

The  judicial  power  of.  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  io  any  suit  in  law  or  equity  commenced  or  prosecuted  against 
one  of  the  United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens 
or  subjects  of  any  foreign  State, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


AETICLE 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  bal- 
lot for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  nob 
be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves  ;  they  shall  nam;> 
in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  bal- 
lots the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  they  shall  make  dis- 
tinct lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each, 
which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the 
eeat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate  ;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  presence 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates, 
and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  for  President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number 
be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no 
person  liave  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  Presi- 
dent, the  House  of  Representatives  fehall  choose  immediately,  by  bal- 
lot, the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  bo 
taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote; 
»  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  bo 
necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
not  choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve 
upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  tho 
Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  case  of  the  death  or  other 
constitutional  disability  of  the  President. 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-President 
shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  Electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person  have  a  major- 
ity, then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate  shall 
choose  the  Vice-President  ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  tho 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  olfice  of  President, 
ehall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States.  - 

[An  article  intended  as  a  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion was  proposed  at  the  Second  Session  of  the  Eleventh  Congress, 
bat  was  not  ratified  by  a  sufficient  number  of  States  to  become  valid 
as  a  part  of  the  Constitution.  It  is  erroneously  given  in  an  edition  oJ 
the  Laws  of  the  United  States,published  byBiorenandDuaneinl815.j 

[NOTE.  —  The  eleventh  article  of  the  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion was  proposed  at  the  Second  Session  of  the  Third  Congress;  the 
twelfth  article,  at  the  First  Session  of  the  Eighth  Congress  ;  and  the 
thirteenth  article  at  the  Second  Session  of  the  Eleventh 


£3  CONSTITUTION  OF  TEE  TJS1TED  STATES. 

ABTICLE  XHL 

Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment 
for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  ex- 
ist within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  juris- 
diction. 

ABTICLE  XIV. 

SECTION  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States, 
and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United; 
States,  and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make 
or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States  ;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  per- 
son of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny 
to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  tho 
laws. 

SEC.  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole 
number  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But 
when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for 
President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  representatives 
in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the 
members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  in- 
habitants of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation 
in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall 
be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of 
age  in  such  State. 

SEC.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, or  elector  of  President  and  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office, 
civil  or  military,  under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who, 
having  previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an 
(officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature, 
or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  Cors 
Btitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  o> 
rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies 
thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- thirds  of  each  House, 
remove  such  disability. 

SEC.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  au- 
thorized by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and 
bounties  for  services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall 
not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall 
assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection 
or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  EXITED  STATES.  £1 

emancipation  of   any  slave  ;    but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and 
claims  thall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SEC.  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate 
legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

AETICLE  XV. 

SECTION  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on 
account  of  race  or  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 


AGRICULTURAL* 


AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS,  1870-1878. 


I.-CHOPS. 

1.    INDIAN  Cons— In  tills  crop  Illinois  ranks  first;  Iowa,  second;  Missouri,  third; 
Kansas,  fourth. 


Tears. 

I'.u.slu  In. 

Acres. 

Value. 

Yield 

Trico. 

V:iluo 
per  Acra. 

1870... 
JS71  

1,094,255000 
y91.8!l8.00(l 

3?,046.97: 
3-1.091  137 

6001.839,030 
478  275  °()0 

23  3 
29  1 

$0  54  9 
48  2 

1  15  57 

14  0'* 

1872     

1.002,719  "0. 

:c<  52(5  H3<; 

435  14<>  2<)0 

30  7 

39  8 

12  24 

1873         

932,274  000 

3",  197  148 

447  183  020 

23  8 

43  0 

11  41 

JP74  

85d.  i-i  8.500 

4V030.918 

f>50,043'ot'0 

20  7 

G4  7 

13  49 

1875  
187'5  
1877  
1878  

1,321,069.000 
l,283.827.r.OO 
1,343.558.000 
1.371  000  000 

44.841.371 
39.033.304 
50.3ii!U13 
51  409  ('00 

555.44.1.93(1 
475,491.210 
480,043  400 
43  0  800  000 

29.4 
21!  1 
28  (i 
20  7 

42  0 
37  0 
35  8 
31  9 

12  3d 

0  i;:> 
9  54 
0  Ot 

Total  

10,279,749,000 

384.151  8C4 

64,400,870.800 

20  7 

447 

$11  0-2 

Average      

1  14.',1943J^ 

42,683  540 

C495  052  318 

2(J  7 

44  7 

$11  03 

2.    WHEAT— Iowa  and  Minnesota  lead  on  tho  wheat  crop;  Illinois  and  California 
not  far  behind. 


Tears. 

Eushtls. 

Acres. 

Value. 

Yield 

Trice. 

Valuo 
per  Acre. 

1870                 

235  884  700 

18  997,591 

5245  F65  045 

12  4 

$1  04  2 

$12  94 

1871  

230,722.400 

19.943.t93 

:  90,41  1.*20 

11  5 

1  25  c 

14  51) 

1872  

219,997  100 

20.858.359 

310  180,375 

11  9 

1  24  0 

11  K7 

1873 

281  '254  7<i(! 

22  171  076 

32359)  f05 

12  7 

1  15  0 

14  50 

J874 

308.  10,!.".  00 

24,907,027 

291.107.895 

12  :< 

94  4 

11  l.:i 

J87.1                  .          

292  i:!C,OOli 

26.381,518 

2:)4.580,!!90 

11  0 

1  00  (i 

11  13 

1870  

239350.500 

27.027,021 

3110.25  ',300 

10  4 

1  03  7 

10  84 

1877 

3fi5  094  800 

20,193  407 

395  15^,375 

13  9 

1  08  2 

is  oa 

1878  „  

427,000,000 

23,492.000 

:WJ,000,005 

14  2 

78  2 

10  9T 

Total  

2,074,550,900 

2  1  f..  758,480 

S'-i.780  15\(;05 

l-i  '2 

80  97  3 

$1205 

2J7.172322 

23  373,  1G5 

^308,DOU,17S 

12  2 

§0  97  3 

§13  95 

OATS— Illinois  takes  tho  lead  on  this  crop  ;  New  York  follows,  and  then  Iowa 
and  Pennsylvania. 


Tears. 

Bushels. 

Acres. 

Value. 

Yield 

Piico. 

Value 
per  Aero. 

1870  

247.277,400 

8.792,395 

6107.130,710 

2a  1 

$0  43  3 

(12  1ft 

1871           

1255  743  000 

8  305  t-09 

107,570  0:>0 

30  5 

40  1 

12  30 

1872                 

271  747  000 

9  000  709 

91,315710 

30  1 

33  6 

10  14 

1873  
1874      

S2;0,340.000 
24(1  309,000 

0,751,  700 
10  897,412 

101.175,750 
125,047.530 

27.7 
22  0 

37  4 
52  0 

10  3T 
11  4T 

1875        .         

354317,000 

11  9l5,0'i5 

1-.'9,499.930 

29  7 

36  5 

10  '  <i 

1876                    

320  884  dOO 

13,358  908 

1  12,865,90. 

24  0 

35  1 

8  41 

1877                   

400  394  000 

1-J  8'JO  148 

1H,  001,  550 

31  6 

29  2 

9  2.1 

1878  

411,855.500 

13,170,000 

140,544.000 

30  9 

90  0 

11  07 

Total  

2,779,326,000 

98,084,210 

$1,028,817.110 

28  4 

$0  34  1 

$10  6T 

ATfli^vo  .........  

30d,815,211 

10,t78,240 

$114,313,012 

23.4 

$0  38.1 

$10  07 

AGRICULTURAL. 


—  California,  New  York  and  Iowa  are  tho  States  which  raiso  tho  largest 
part  of  Iho  Barley  crop. 


Tears. 

Bushels. 

Acres. 

Valuo. 

Yield 

Price. 

Valuo   t 

per  Aero. 

1870  

26  T5  400 

1  103  924 

$22  244  rfi4 

23  7 

CO  P4  5 

$20  OS 

1871  

26  71?  £00 

1  177  606 

21  541  777 

2'1  f 

80  ti 

18  29 

1872  

26  £46  400 

1  :t!)7  082 

19  837  77: 

19  2 

Tl  8 

14  19 

1873  

32.044,4(11 

1.387  100 

29  33:»  "2f 

v>3  i 

81  $ 

21  15 

1674  

32  552    00 

1  580  (126 

29  98  1  7(.! 

20  ( 

92  1 

18  9ft 

13:5  

36  '08  TOO 

1  7-9.902 

21)  952  08- 

20  ( 

81  1 

16  73 

1876  r... 

38  710.500 

1  7(>6,5ll 

25735  110 

21  '. 

Oli   4 

14  5I» 

1877  

34  441  400 

1  6U  (554 

22023  ("44 

21  I 

C3  9 

13  C  I 

1876  

42  000  000 

1  790  0  JO 

26  I6ij  000 

2.'$  4 

C2  8 

14  C3 

Toial  

•296.517.79l 

13,fil2.471 

S2->6  823  268 

A  vcnvo  

31,S14,7iM 

I,477,c0l 

025,082  158 

51 

Q'J  77  3 

S16  91 

5.     EYE — Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Illinois,  Wisconsin  ami  Kansas  are  in  their 
order  tho  principal  States  engaged  in  raising  this  crop. 


Years. 

Lushcls. 

Acres. 

Valao. 

Yield 

Price. 

Valuo 
per  Aero. 

1870 

15  473  COO 

1  I7fi  137 

$12012  C05 

13  1 

CO  81  5 

$10  "a 

lt<7l  

15  985.800 

1  069  531 

12  145  (i4i; 

1  1  3 

79  0 

11  35 

1872  

14  8-8  COO 

1  048  '  :,4 

1  1  363  (93 

14  1 

76  3 

10  BJ 

1873  

15  142  (  Oil 

1  151)  355 

11  548  126 

13  I 

78  2< 

10  04 

1874    

14  990  GOO 

1  116  716 

12870  411 

13  4 

85  8 

1  1  53 

1875  

17722  100 

1  35  '  "88 

13  631  900 

13  0 

76  P 

10  0-J 

187fi           

20  374  tOO 

1  468  374 

13635  626 

13  8 

C6  P 

0  23 

1877             

21  170  100 

1  412  502 

12  542  895 

14  9 

19  2 

8  i-T 

1878         

25  8<)0  000 

1  621  000 

16  847  400 

15  9 

55  3 

10  3* 

Total  

160,927  COO 

11,423,453 

SI  17  19t»  502 

Average.  .............. 

17,8:0,844 

1  269,272 

$  13.022  05fi 

13  9 

CO  74  1 

J10  ~J 

45.  BUCKWHEAT — This  is  not  a  largo  crop,  nor  is  it  rapidly  extending;  about  four- 
fifths  of  the  whole  is  grown  in  New  England,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  most  of  the  remainder  in  three  or  four  of  tho  north-western  Stales. 


Tears. 

Bushels. 

Acres. 

Va:ue. 

Yield 

Trico. 

Valuo 
per  Aero. 

1870              

9,84  1  500 

536,992 

17,725,044 

18  3 

CO  78  4 

on  aa 

1*71  

8  328.700 

413,915 

6.900,26t 

20  1 

82  8 

16  07 

1872  

8  133.500 

448,497 

6,747,61t 

18  1 

82  9 

15  04 

1S73  

7,837,700 

454,152 

6,3X2.04'.: 

17  2 

81  4 

14  05 

1874  

8,016,600 

452.590 

6,477,8t; 

17  7 

to  8 

14  31 

1875  

10,082,100 

575,530 

7,166,267 

17  5 

71  0 

12  45 

1876 

9668  800 

666,441 

7  021.4!'8 

14  5 

72  € 

10  53 

1877  

10.177,000 

(:49,92:J 

6,998.  clO 

15  6 

C8  7 

10  78 

18  8  

12,247,000 

673,000 

7,225.230 

18  2 

i9  i 

lo  74 

Total  

84  332  900 

4  871  040 

$62  816  Ijfi'J 

Avpn*gfl  

9,370,322 

541,3^6 

fi,<J79,t,2r 

17  4 

§0  75  3 

$13  21 

7.  POTATOES — New  York  takes  the  lead  in  tho  Potato  crop,  and  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin  and  Ohio  follow,  but  the  crop  is  a  largo  one  in  most  of  tho  north- 
ern States. 


AGRICULTURAL. 


Years. 

Bushels. 

Acres. 

Value. 

Yield 

Price. 

Value 
per  Acre. 

1870       

114775.000 

1,325,119 

$82,068.59: 

80  6 

$0  72  0 

$62  38 

1871     

120.461,700 

1,220,912 

98  6 

59  (i 

58  83 

113,51«,000 

1.331,331 

68.091.121 

85  2 

59  9 

51  14 

1873     

106  089,000 

1.29.U39 

74,77  4,e9( 

81  9 

',0  5 

57  73 

1874         

105,981  00<i 

1.310.041 

71,823  33' 

K)  9 

C7.' 

54  B3V 

1875                 

166  877,000 

1.51U.041 

G5,OI9,42> 

110  5 

39  9 

43  05 

1876     

124.827,0<iO 

1.741,983 

83,861,39U 

71.6 

65  5 

48  14 

1877  '  t  

170,092  000 

1.792287 

76,249,500 

94.9 

44  8 

42  54 

1878  

124,027,000 

1  C2J.OOO 

73,000,000 

70.  J 

50  8 

41  33 

Total 

1  146  645  700 

14  053  853 

$667  324  771 

Average  

127,405,077 

1,501  53'J 

$74,147,212 

83  1 

$J  53  1 

(51  ll» 

HAY — New  York  leads  in  this  great  crop,  and  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania  follow. 
We  give  only  the  statistics  of  1876  and  1877,  thoso  of  1878  and  tho  early 
years  of  this  decade  being  unreliable. 


Years. 

Toas. 

Acres. 

Value. 

Yield 

Price. 

Value 
per  Aero. 

JJ<7<J  

30  870.000 

24  769  60." 

$.100  901  000 

Tani;. 
1  24 

$a  9  7-i' 

$12  13 

J877  

31  629  300 

25  367  70.6 

271  934  900 

1  32 

8  60 

10  7S 

Total    

62  505  600 

50  137  31: 

$572  83')  950 

AverocG... 

31  252,800 

25,068,65i 

£2=6,417,973 

1  28 

$3  9  1. 

§11  44 

9.  COTTON— This  product  being  only  reported  at  tho  ports  whence  it  is  shipped,  it 
is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  exact  product  of  each  State.  Wo  give,  therefore, 
only  the  gross  amount  of  the  crops  and  their  values,  premising  that  Cotton 
is  grown  as  a  marketable  crop  only  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Geor- 
gia, Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Texjs,  Arkansas,  Tennessee 
and  Southern  Missouri.  A  few  bales  may  bo  grown  one  or  two  degrees 
further  north,  but  not  enough  to  produce  any  effect  upon  the  market 


Years. 

Bale* 
Produced 

Value. 

&»-, 

2§i 

<&.* 

Amount 
Export- 
ed. 

Value  of 
Exports. 

Ani'tn-tain- 
e<l  for  Home 
Coiisump- 
tiou. 

Value. 

Kept  1.  187C.-7.... 
•ept.  1,1877-8.... 

4,811,265 
:.,200,OOU 

$212,000,000 
194,000,000 

12  25 
8  25 

Jin  leg. 
3,346,640 
3,785,000 

$17  1.1  -.8.508 
14.V»00,000 

1,4C3,C25 
1,415,000 

$71,000,000 
48,500,009 

Total  

10011  265 

(436  000  000 

7  131  640 

$316  618  "-0,- 

2  878  625 

$119  005  20ft 

Arerago  

5,003,632 

10.  TOBACCO — All  the  chewing,  and  a  largo  proportion  of  tho  smoking  tobacco 
and  snuff  used  in  this  country  aro  produced  on  our  own  soil,  while  about 
two  thirds  of  the  cigars  and  cigarettes  are  made  hero  from  native  tobacco, 
tho  other  third  being  imported  either  in  the  manufactured  or  unmanufac- 
tured state. 


AGRICULTURAL. 


I 

Tobarco 

CM>]>  i  f  lliu 

Ye  ,r. 

Value  cf 
Crop. 

Amount  re- 
turuf  il  lor 
l£ev.  Tax. 

A  mount  of 
Tax. 

"3  £ 
•s.s 
C-O 

Am  nti  f 
Tubat-cu 

1  iniio  lil 

Value 
of 
Imports 

Amount 
Tobacco 
Exp..rieil 

Valao  of 
Exports. 

L(IH.  Manuf.  OtiM.  u.Tobl 

Lbs. 

ft 

S 

Toh.&Snuft'  iimlDt-ars'ii!  c 

§ 

ur 

408,000,000 

C3,2tO,000 

12  .HI5.I!0|  $23.675,;>7ti  '16  0 

6,C63,843 

C,812,4y6 

120174377 

28.547.8G2. 

Ku.ofCijji'i'tt  OnCigais&c 

&.  Ciiiari  t's.  ainl  ^Tamil's 

Re-Expta  Ilc-Exp't» 

1.067.950.61  2)      !  .494.147 

Lbs.  To- 

750,738 

547,27* 

Lbs  Manuf.,  OnM,  n.Tob 

b  ii  ceo, 

i 

Tobacco. 

&  Driller*  iu 

&.C. 

* 

! 

18TC 

CSO.CCO.CCO 

«,217,OCO 

1  1P,7!I6,727 

28,526  823 

125 

6,598,410 

6,081,647 

108200734 

2j,C82,C70. 

Ko  Cigam 

OnCtB,C'g  s 

Mo.ol'Ci- 

&  (.'ijrar«-tV 

aii'l  Alaimls. 

gars,&c. 

Re-Exprt  Re-Exp'f  » 

i,S08,141,.  70 

ll.2t8.M7 

59'J,086 

"i  06,393 

39c,27i 

Lbs.  Mam.f. 

OuMi.ii.Tol> 

i 

Totmrro. 

JcDoalfihin 

Lbs. 

r 

; 

JS77 

4:o,eco,cco 

C?,437,000 

127.4fl.U9 

29.t8l.r07 

•8.3 

7,188,718 

5,7CO,OCC 

149347670 

32,079,04t 

"Kit.  CIJJMIS 

OliCijiiu.s&c 

i 

&Cix«re'in. 

(tMaiinlVt  M 

Re-Exprt  Re-Exp  ft- 

1.93tC391.4ftt!    ll.«4.(i:0 

266,.  01 

2Sh!,31> 

Llm.Manul.  OnMau.Tob 

' 

Tobarro. 

.lllllDl   111':    1U 

t 

187£ 

CC3.CCO.CCO 

•~,cco,coo 

119,406,588 

28.204,045 

5.(i 

8,C03,C41 

C.4C9.8C8 

•;8CC8C557 

£8,434,43a 

No.  »  ijjais 

fij>aii«A-c.  & 

JkCtjnuvt'f. 

Manf  •t-tnr'n 

He-Exprt  Rc-Exp't» 

' 

x',0,-2,356,3C2|  11,  £87,7.0 

4t4,481 

313,61)1' 

•  Lcsidrs  Cigars  cud  other  manufactures  of  Tobacco,  tothovalno  <  f  Cf!,8C4,975.  t  Ccsidc*. 
33C.CCO  Cigars.  J  EciiJcs  e,CLxJ,CCO  Cigars  ca«l  oilier  n:s.uufac:urc8  cf  Tobacco,  to  (ho  value,  of 
53,073,432.  §  rifs.ilca  :i  l^rgo  uurabcr  cf  Ci^a.:-s  aad  other  foinu»  cf  uianuf^ciurcd  Tobacco,  yal- 
wl  at  C3,2';a,743. 

1L  Hicru — Thin  crop  has  passed  through  great  fluctuations  -within  the  past  thirty 
years,  both  iu  the  quantity  produced  and  tho  districts  in  which  it  is  growni 
Formerly  the  crop  was  very  I.:rg3,  and  was  almost  wholly  produced  on  the. 
Atlantic  coast,  in  tho  States  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  in  n  small 
district  of  lower  North  Carolina,  and  ranged  from  200  to  '215  millions  of 
pounds.  Now,  tho  total  product  iu  tho  best  years,  does  not  exceed  83,000,- 
OCO  pounds,  of  which  about  one-half  is  grown  in  Louisiana. 


g 

Amount 

Value 

|£ 

lie  ports. 

Value. 

Re- 

Value  Doin'stc'Dunif 

Tutsi 

Total 
Valuo 

H 

it'  Crops. 

«>f  Ciop. 

Ejl 

Export*. 

(Exports  txpts 

.Export  8. 

Expt* 

Pou  nil*. 

$ 

<:t.«. 

J'onnilH. 

I 

rounds. 

$      Poiinds. 

I 

I'oi  uds. 

$ 

18C9 

73,635  000 

5,1:4.450 

7  00  53.  1)65,  1!H  1.325234 

8.8f6,i  64  284632  2,2^.833  145934 

11.101.497 

4I;04C(J 

187050.244,0003,517,080 

7.00  43,12:1,939  1.C07  612 

15  212,833  454316  2,133.014  121655 

17.345,847 

681971 

1871  39,350.000  3,361,750 

8  50  64,655,8-^7 

1.  876,786 

10,21  .''SO  £80463 

445,842 

22502  I0.658.7C3 

;•;  02965* 

1872 

42,636,3  0  3,517,493 

8.25 

74.64-J.631  3,:il7.172 

12.6:i.9£93'.fc996 

403,8:  5 

2  --.68 

13,0.>5,794 

401764 

187.» 

4  ',548,rOO 

3,765.694 

7.60 

83,755,22.-) 

2.:i04.(.96  i;0204.7-;4 

591417 

27o,637 

19740  20,479,401 

611157 

1874 

55.l23,2flO 

3,858,630 

700  71.257716 

2.083.24C  2.-).840.877 

763497 

f:5f,!!22 

S70T5  26.399,799 

790575K 

1875 

83.635  001 

5,770.815 

6  PO  59,414.749  1  547,ti97,li>,3.'2  330  34'.i;94 

£77.337 

19831  12.f,29,6i7 

36272.") 

1876 

1*77 

8H.OOO.OOO  5,160,000 
60,'0\950  3,932/fr) 

6.00  71,561.852  1.1.93,547  16610.614  -)0(i:53 
fi..eO  60.978.tifl9  1.439.767  14  4p3  645  3692(5 

439,991 
1  HOti  Ofc*2 

H0918!  17,0  0605  4:r<47t 
78112ll5.790,627|44734t 

12.  SUQAH  AND  MOLASSES.— The  cultivation  of  Cane  Sugar  in  the  United  States  ia 
conducted  under  such  disadvantages  that  the  amount  produced  has  not,  sine* 
18G2,  much  if  at  all  exceeded  one-eighth  of  the  amount  imported.  Tho  pro- 
duction of  Maple  and  Sorghum  Sugar  has  been  increasing,  but  has  not  yet 
reached  an  amount  of  more  than  one-sixth  of  the  whole  domestic  production^ 
It  has  lately  been  charged  by  the  Government,  that  owing  to  frauds  in  grad- 
ing imported  sugars,  the  annual  income  from  sugars  is  from  seven  to  ten 
millions  dollars  less  than  it  should  be.  The  following  tables  give  all  th<* 
facts  relative  to  tho  production,  importation,  exportation,  and  duties  on 
cu^ars  and  molasses,  from  1870  to  1879. 


AGRICULTURAL. 


aOXXXOOXXOOOe 


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AGRICULTURAL. 


II.—  LIVE  STOCK. 

This  department  of  agricultural  production  increases  ia  a  much  more  rapid  ratio 
than  tho  population,  much  of  the  land  west  of  tho  Mississippi,  ns  well  as  the  prai- 
rie lands,  cast  cf  the  river,  being  admirably  adapted  to  gracing,  ^xnd  the  breeding 
of  neat  cattlo  and  swine  for  slaughter,  and  sheep,  both  for  their  fioeco  and  for 
ElaugMcr,  being  conducted  on  a  larga  scale.  Horsos  and  mules  aro  also  roared  in 
great  numbers  for  domestic  use  and  for  exportation.  For  many  years  past  we  have 
cspcrtcd  L:rge  quantities  of  salted  and  smoked  meats  to  Europe,  mess  beef,  mesa 
pork,  Lams,  shoulders,  jerked  beef,  bacon,  &c.,  ns  well  as  lard,  and  in  moderate 
quantities,  tallow,  butter,  cheese  and  condensed  milk;  but  for  the  last  three  or  four 
years,  n  Urge  export  trade  has  sprung  up  in  live  stock  for  slaughter,  neat  cattle 
tnd  bheep,  and  iu  frjsh  beef  and  fresh  mutton,  us  well  as  much  greater  quantitica 
cf  baiter,  cheese,  and  liquid  condensed  milk.  This  has  speedily  developed  into  an 
cnonuous  traffic.  Oysters  and  fresh  fruits  aro  abo  exported  ia  considerable  quan- 
tities. la  the  following  tables  we  have  given  the  numbers,  average  price  and  esti- 
ma'.cd  value  of  tho  live  stock  oi  the  country  in  1876,  1877  and  1878,  and  also  the 
exports  of  animals  arid  animal  products  for  the  list  three  years.  Wo  deem  these 
statistics  of  great  importance  to  tho  farmer,  agricultural  settler,  and  to  tho  shipper, 
as  indicating  the  directions  in  which  agricultural  labor  may  be  most  profitably 
cmploved. 

l.-FAKM    AXIMAT.S   nt  the  Tnd  of  each  Tear. 


AMMALS. 

DECEMKEU,  1876. 

DECEMUEK,  1377. 

DRCEJIDEP.,  1378. 

Number. 

Av.Pr 

Value. 

Nmnber, 

Ar.Pr 

Valve. 

Number. 

Av.Pr 

Value. 

Horses  
JIulcs  

10,401,527 
1,000,423 
10,738.120 

58  CD 
04  57 

23  23 

1 

010,372,843 

103,910,231 
304,347,205 

10.320,700 
1,037,500 
11.300.10C 

8 

58  1C 

03.  TO 

X  41 

8 
COO:813,C81 

104,323,930 
203,439,CGC 

10,018,800 
1.CC7.000 
i:,20C,COO 

C4  01 
22  91 

$ 

030,401,300 

100.004,070 
C70.C33,20C 

Ui'ch  Cows 

Oxen  &  oth- 
er Cattle.. 

17,047,381 

13  C4 

335,000,128 

1D,223}30! 

17  14 

C29.341.703 

21,077,000 

13  10 

231,03,700 

Cheep  <tG'ta 

33,081,723 

2  31 

01,000,003 

33,740,50; 

O    f>j 

CO.C03.0C2 

33,432,000 

2  40 

02,338,240 

Bwino...-.  .. 

i     - 

34,033,280 

5  03  171,345,321 

i 

32,232,30 

4  9S|  1CO,83?,532 

I 

34,351,400 

500 

171,037,000 

S.-AAIMAI>S  and   AXIMAL.    PKODUOTS   Imported   In   each   fear. 

These  are  f  >r  the  l-'isn.l  year  ending  Juno  33,  except  where  tnr.r'.:c;l  with  a  *. 


ANIMALS 
AMI  ANIMAL 
PKODUCTB. 

187(1. 

1877. 

1  K  7  f»  . 

TOTALS  nut  :t  YKARS. 

Number  orl 
Quunliiy.  |    Value. 

Xmb'r  «»r 
Qna:ititv. 

Vain.-. 

Nnib'r  or  i 
Qiuntitv.     Value. 

Nmb  i-or 
Quantity. 

Value. 

LiveSt'kExpt 
HOJJH  
Homed  Cattle 
llorsr.s   

Mllll-H      ..... 

CBO-14 
M,.r>93 
2,0:fO 
l.';84 
110,312 

$ 

070012 
1,1)0,703 
2M4  JUiJ 
224,8(0 
171.101 
;;•!  U17 

C5107 
50.001 
i!,040 
3,441 

179.017 

8 
099.  1?0 
l.W'3,080 
301.  '34 
47  ",4(4 
234,-!  SO 
18f!i5 
4.55-2,-VJH 
r>.-.'44,«fi8 
49.51  '.412 
2.9:0  9:V; 
3,930,977 
3G.480 
4,4  -M  (JH> 
12,700.6-27 
123,-0 
8.429 
0,29  i,4  14 
450,  M81 
25,5(i2,G6:i 

29.281 

eo.,040 

4,104 

:i.8tio 

183.995 

9 

2  >7.259 
3,89(i!ei8 
798.725 
r>0i,5l3 
333,4:t!l 
4(i,8ll 

102,435 
1  1.631 
8.174 
9081 
473,324 

* 
l.f.3f.  431 
C  600.601 
1,'!!48>1 
1,201,^07 
7  iil.OSO 
90.353 
0,532,37!> 
11.79(5.491 
140.927.073 
!Ui0.49O 
10,03  ;,947 
45  75* 
0.404,934 
39,074,239- 
371.168 
31,  -009 
16,954;082 
1,845,733 
78,00(i,173 

Bheep  
Uthfrs&fowls 
Fw-hBeef.lbs 
»  Fr'h  Beef.lbs 
Hfic'n.Hinslbs 
B'l.Sal'.Cornd 
MeatH  I'rH'rid 
Mut'n.fi-sh.lbs 
Butt<-r.  Ibs  .. 
Chee«p>,  Ibs  .  . 
Condus'ilMilk 
Kggw,  dozeii.. 
P.iik,  Ibs  ... 
Anni'lUi!s,";ul 
Lard  

'  19.838  f  95 
32i.7;iO,l12 
3G,5!IC,130 

i.  743.2  11 
39,C64,4:0 
3,18(i.30-l 
'.198,0,  2 

49,210,990 
.r..\:(G2.73li 
4«:0.0  714fi 
39,155,1.>3 

349,368 
21  527.242 
107,364  Uti6 

""32r.9i 

09,071.894 
631.247 
234.741233 

54.04(5.771 
5:J.:i40,fi96 
592.797  4^1 
38,831,:57:( 

"V:!n.r?2 

2),  837.1!  7 
123,;  b3  730 

"    91,2(15 
71.88!«,ir>5 
22l(i.(i7fi 
343.097464 

5.000,M5«i 
4  t<08.(i1:J 
51.730205 
a  !I73,2  54 
5,039,918 
9,272 
3,  03:.  822 
14,103.529 
128,*  18 
14.880 
4.9l:j.f>46 
1.2M  718 
30.0  '  4,023 

163,257761 
128.542354 
l:tMT>H4799 
114,5rf2C82 

470.9r)0 
48.009.253 
32S:824Ct)6 

156.489 

ir>r..755iti7 

3016,968 
746,245  03B 

4.041,894 
€7,07li,2(J4 

29.C33' 

M.in.viis 

lK8.9.ri< 
1C8  40:.  839 

I.109.4PG 
12,2:0.083 
118/.4:) 
8.300 
5,74-»,0-.'2 
17.{.(i:.l 
22.429,48.'. 

Tutnl  Vfilncs 

189,881.80!) 

114.57(i(i2".'  Il24.»14330i  

329,271  8.H 

*  Theao  amount:;  cro  for  tlio  ealciidar  year. 

AGRICULTmiAL. 


.•/  « 
/  g 


tn  H 

»  >- 

S  a 

j  W 

o  w 

2  > 

W  M 

50  O 


££££1  Wheat. 


8:  pssaass 


at*. 


»ooS»trw»*iSo"i43o»ti:    SaoowTtooSfe-    So     Barley. 


8sa8ggsaaag&sia8feg.a8£aag.aaisas£Saaasisii"Jian'corn. 

:  :  3:  :  : 


:  ga: 


Corn  on  the  Cnh. 


S;  8: 


Corn  Mont  nnd  Ryo 
JI  ill. 


:  :  g:  :  :  :  gggg:  :  :  8g:  ::  g:  ::::::::::: 


:::::::  IS:  g:  :  :  : 


:  :  2:  ::::::     I'otaiws,  Swec-t. 


:  g:  :  : 
gSJS:  : 


g:  ::::::::::  :_  :  :  g:  :  g:  g  |  Carrots. 
g2252!£g.  13:  £3:  :  :  2J:  ggiSJS:  SI  Onions. 


gag:  : 

ggg:  : 
££2£: 


:  g:  g.  :  RsSS?:  ::  g:  &:::::  g:  :  £:  SI  Turnips,  Kimlish. 


g:  :::::::::::::  g:  .  £:  g  i  Beets. 


_8£888:  S££g*S:  £££•:  •'  :  gS8.-._L_8££  I  Beans^ 
:  :  :  g:  :  :  g:  5:"?:  §:  £:  :  :  ggg:  :  g-£g-|  ivas. 


Apples,  I'ciu-lics, 
Pears  and  Quinces. 


Apples. 


S§:  ;  :  g: 


iDiii-d  iVaclu- 


::  g:  ^S;:  :  g:  »:  g:  ::?: 


Menip  Sc'i-d. 


Tilltit 


ggggg:  : 


Salt. 


Conl.  Bituminous. 


^2t^S355?i-«-"    RS—  ——^  —  ^^5Ss  l_-"--ll.L- 

V,2j      «'    J}'    u.c^2is»"'.S252  —  25'         ~'®3  cr.'XX-X.'naiy^ 

B»    '  £'Iiw*2Ss"  ^-wcia-r-'S    "-   ?•  §e!p"2S3'5i™ 

3  •   :j^'_>-'  '  '  b'  a     »  ••'."• 

" 


3 

II 

§>; 
3* 

23 
»• 

o  » 


W  "q 

o3 

•3  P) 

0<1 

k-<  rj 
i}  X 

113  3 

ga 

g° 

X  SO 

^ 
O  H 
»  PI 
>  M 


w  n 

3S 

P)« 
»  w 

s^ 

9  > 
K  a 
fe;  r* 

§i 

^M 

5° 


AGRICULTURAL.  95 

ADDITIONAL   TO   THE   FOREGOING   TABLE. 

In  addition  to  the  articles  named  in  the  foregoing  table,  the  following  weights 
per  bushel,  of  the  following  articles,  are  established  by  law  in  the  States  indicated, 
yiz; 

Coke:  Pennsylvania,  40  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Ohio,  40  pounds  to  the  bushel; 
Iowa,  38  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

Hominy:  Massachusetts,  CO  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Ohio,  60  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 

Peas,  ground:  Georgia,  25  pounds  to  the  bushel ;  Kentucky,  24  pounds  to  th» 
busheL 

Parsnips:  Connecticut,  45  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Wisconsin,  44  pounds  to  th« 
bushel ;  Montana,  50  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 

Ruta-bagas:  Maine,  CO  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Connecticut,  CO  pounds  to  th* 
bushel;  Wisconsin,  CC  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

Mangel-wurzel :  Maine,  CO  pounds  to  tho  bushel ;  Connecticut,  CO  pounds  to  th» 
bushel ;  Washington  Territory,  CO  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

Vegetables  not  specified :  Rhode  Island,  50  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Washington 
Territory,  CO  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 

Onion  top  sets ;  Virginia,  28  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Nebraska,  25  pounds  to  th* 
bushel. 

Dried  fruit — Plums :  Michigan,  28  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 

Peaches,  peeled :    Virginia,  40  pounds  to  the  bushel ;    Georgia,  3g 

pounds  to  tho  bu&hel. 

Currants,  gooseberries,  and  grapes:  Iowa,  40 pounds  to  tho  bushel. 
Other  berries:  Ilhodo  Island,  32  pounds  to  the  bushel;   Michigan,  40  pounds  to 
tho  bushel;  Iowa,  3^  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 

Chestnuts:  Virginia,  C7  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 
Peanuts:  Virginia,  22  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

Seeds— Broom-corn :  Iowa,  30  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Dakota,  30  pounds  to  th« 
bushel. 

Cotton:  Georgia,  30  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Missouri,  33  pounds  to  tho 
bushel. 

Osago  Orange:  Virginia,  34  pounds  to  tho  bushel;  Michigan,  33  pounds 
to  the  bushel;  Iowa,  32  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Nebraska,  32  pounds 
to  tho  bushel. 

Rape:  Wisconsin,  GO  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

Sorghum:  Iowa,  30  pounds  to  tho  bushel;  Nebraska,  30  pounds  to  tho 
bushel. 

Orchard  grass:  Virginia,  14  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Michigan,  14  pounds 
to  tho  bushel. 

Redtop:  Virginia,  12  pounds  to  the  bushel;  Michigan,  14  pounds  to  the 
bushel. 

Sand:  Iowa,  130  pounds  to  tho  bushel. 


THE    LABOR    QUESTION. 

IN  a  vrork  like  this,  devoled  lo  the  highest  interests  of  the  workingmen  of  ell 
classes,  whether  their  Ubor  is  mechanical,  agricultural,  commercial,  manufacturing 
or  intellectual,  it  is  due  to  the  large  and  intelligent  clientage  which  we  desire  to 
represent,  that  questions  pertaining  to  the  employment  of  labor,  the  hours  of  work- 
ing, the  average  remuneration  of  different  classes  of  workiugmeu,  and  the  advanta- 
ges and  disadvantages  of  labor  unions,  should  be  fairly  though  briefly  considered. 

There  is  a  prevalent  disposition  among  woikingmen  to  regard  the  employer  and 
employed  as  classes  hostile  to  each  other,  and  as  having  interests  which  are  dia- 
metrically opposed  to  each  other. 

This  wo  believe  to  bo  not  only  a  very  narrow,  but  an  entirely  false  view.  Wero  it- 
true,  there  would  bo  110  work  clone  in  civilized  countries,  except  what  every  man 
could  do  for  himself.  A  man  wants  a  house  built ;  ho  must  build  it  for  himself,  on 
this  theory,  though  thero  might  be  n  hundred  workmen  who  desire  t  >  labor  on  it  j 
for,  the  moment  he  seeks  to  employ  others  to  do  this  work,  he  becomes  au  employer, 
n  capitalist,  and  his  position  is  hostile  to  that  of  tho  men  ho  employs,  and  he  cau 
have  no  object  in  life,  but  lo  use  his  money  to  oppress  and  distress  them;  while  they, 
in  return,  look  upon  him  with  envy  and  hatred,  because  he  has  more  money  than 
they,  and  is  th  ir  natural  antagonist  and  oppressor.  Tho  theory  oncostated  in  thi& 
plain  way,  even  the  most  ignorant  can  see  its  fallacy.  What  wo  have  to  say  in  re- 
gard to  the  labor  question  here,  concerns  only  labor  in  the  United  States.  Wo  have 
nothing  to  do  wi  h  the  labor  question  in  Russia,  Germany,  France,  Italy  or  Great 
Britain.  The  government  of  those  countries,  and  the  conditions  under  which  alone 
labor  is  possible  there,  are  entirely  different  from  ours,  and  whatever  excuse  there 
may  be  for  making  tha  labor  question  a  political  one  there,  no  such  excuse  avails 
here.  80  long  as  ho  violates  uo  law,  and  docs  no  injustice  to  his  follow  man,  the 
vorkingmnn  possesses  tho  same  lights  and  privilege;  as  the  capitalist.  For  liim  to 
resort  to  violence,  and  oppose  the  government  which  ho  himself  has  had  n  hand  in 
making,  is  as  absurd  as  it  was  for  the  petted  child  who  when  his  wearied  mother 
eaid  "Well,  let  him  have  what  ho  wants,"  (o  exclaim,  "I  won't  have  what  I  want." 

If  the  workingman  has  not  all  his  just  rights  under  our  government,  it  is  his  fault. 
He  is  one  of  t.he  law  makers;  let  him  ask  for  theso  just  laws  and  he  will  get  them. 

A  word,  then,  nbout  that  much  abused  title,  ' '  Capitalist."  What  is  a  Capitalist 
in  this  country?  He  is,  in  most  cases,  a  man  who,  beginning  as  a  workingmnn,  and 
often  iu  early  life  steeped  to  the  lips  in  poverty,  has,  by  industry,  economy  and 
good  management,  saved  his  earnings  to  such  an  extent,  as  to  I  e  nblo  to  employ 
others;  and  his  income  being  thus  increased,  extends  his  business  till  ho  employs 
hundreds  and  perhaps  thousands  of  Lis  late  fellow  workmen.  Is  it  supposablo  tliat 
Fiich  n.  man  will  forget  that  he  himself  has  been  n  workingman,  or  that  he  will  be- 
come hostile  to  the  interests  of  thoso  with  whom  he  hus  wrought  dfty  after  day? 
I  suppose  that  the  late  Cornelius  Vauderbilt  was  the  largest  Capitalist  employing 
labor,  in  our  time.  Yet  who  that  has  read  his  history  does  not  know  that  iu  early 
life  ho  was  not  only  a  workingman,  but  one  of  tho  most  laborious  of  workiugmeu? 
The  venerable  Peter  Cooper  is  another  example  of  the  advancement  of  an  indus- 
trious and  prudent  workingman  to  tho  ranks  of  tho  employers;  Asa  Packer,  the 
largest  proprietor  of  Coal  Mines  in  America,  and  the  man  who  single  handed,  has 
been  able,  lor  many  mouths,  to  prevent  the  great  Coal  Companies  from  forming  a 
combination  which  would  prove  disadvantageous  to  the  publii-,  was,  at  the  age  of  28, 
n  day-laborer,  earning  but  fifty  or  sixty  cents  ft  day.  Thomns  Scott,  the  controlling 
spirit  of  the  Pennsylvan:a  Cenlral  Railway  and  nil  its  affiliated  roads,  came  up  from 
the  ranks  of  the  workiugmen.  So  did  William  Orton,  late  President  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Co.,  and  hundreds  more  whom  we  might  name. 

These  men  have,  or  had,  large  amount  sol  capital  nt.  their  disposal,  and  thry  chose 
to  dispose  of  it  in  such  a  way  us  to  employ  great  numbers  of  men.  This  was  cer- 
tainly no  wrong,  but  a  benefit,  they  were  obliged  to  fix  upon  some  terms  on  which 
they  would  employ  such  help  as  they  needed.  No  one  was  compelled  <o  work  for 
them,  if  their  rate  of  compensation  was  less  than  could  be  obtained  for  tho  sime 
•work  elsewere ;  nnd  il  is  not,  we  believe,  pretended  that  they  pnid,  on  tho average, 
less  wages  than  the  others.  So  far,  then,  t!;ere  is  nothing  to  awaken  hostility  be- 
tween employers  and  employed.  It  was  not  assumed  that  these  men  were  perfect, 
or  honest,  upri  ht,  and  benevolent  in  their  business,  beyond  the  average  of  men. 
They  were  men  of  like  passions  and  dispositions  with  the  rest  of  us. 

But  now,  after  a  season  of  excessive  commercial  prosperity,  and  high  prices,  the 
result  in  part  of  an  inflated  currency,  there  comes  a  time  of  financial  depression. 


THH  L ALOR  QUESTION,  cf 

If  our  capitalist  ia  .1  manufacturer,  ho  finds  Li*  goods  will  not  sell,  or  if  tliey  are 
told  at  all,  it  must  bo  at  a  price  below  their  actual  cost,  and  consequently,  iu  the  long 
run,  he  must  reduce  the  cost  of  manufacture,  or  become  a  bankrupt.  The  cost  of 
the  raw  material  has  depreciated,  ami  he  tiies  to  make  up  his  lo  ses  by  buying  it 
lower,  but  it'  tho  depression  is  of  lung  contuminco  ho  is  still  a  heavy  loser  His 
employes  have  been  receiving  hi^h  wnv.cs  in  the  past ;  is  itwroug,  tlmt  ho  should  say 
to  them,  I  cannot  afford  to  pay  the  highest  prices,  I  must  reduce  your  \vagesby  such. 
a  percentage.  If  others  will  pay  more,  of  course  they  have  the  right  to  go  whero 
they  ran  receive  the  largest  wa»e,  but  if  i\  part  of  their  number,  or  others,  who  aro 
out  of  work,  choose  to  accept  bis  terms,  which  it  is  fair  to  presume  are  the  best  ho 
can  afford,  those  who  leave  his  employ  have  no  right  to  molest  or  obstruct  those 
who  choose  to  remain  iu  it. 

If  the  capitalist  has  reduced  Lis  wage ;  too  low,  below  those  paid  by  others  in  the 
B-imo  business  or  below  what  is,  under  the  circumstances,  a  living  rate,  and  all  his 
employes  leave  him,  and  others  as  competent  will  not  take  their  places,  ho  soon 
find  <  out  his  mistake,  and  is  ready  to  compromise. 

Much  is  said  of  the  soullessuess  of  corporations,  r.nd  it  is  often  asserfcd  that  the 
cases  of  oppression  of  workingincn  nre  more  frequent  whero  they  are  employed  by 
corporations  than  elsewhere.  We  doubt  this— si  company  or  corporation  which  ia 
honestly  and  ably  managed,  is  governed  by  the  Bame  motives  and  principles  as  an 
individual  capitalist.  It  must  manage  i!s  affairs  carefully  and  economically  or  its 
stockholders  wi  1  suffer  loss ;  as  a  general  rnlo,  corporations  pay  higher  wages,  es- 
pecially in  prosperous  time-1,  than  individual  capitalists,  and  the  difference  comes 
out  of  tho  pockets  of  the  stockholders.  Happy  is  that  corporation  whose  slock  is 
mainly  or  largely  owned  hy  its  employes.  Individual  capitalists  and  corporations, 
engaged  in  tho  same  or  similar  lines  of  business,  sometimes  associate  themselves  to- 
gether, and  through  this  association,  act  in  concert  in  regard  to  the  amount  of  pro- 
duction, Avages  and  other  matters  appertaining  to  their  united  ink-rests.  Working- 
men  often  take  exception  to  these  associations,  and  denounce  them  as  oppressive  and 
as  hostile  to  the  working  classes. 

We  cannot  see  tho  reasonableness  of  this.  It  is  n  fundamental  principal  in  our 
republican  for  .a  of  government,  that  men  havo  a  right  to  associate  together  for  lha 
protection  of  their  just  arid  lawful  interests,  though  not  for  purposes  of  wrong  and 
violence.  As  a  general  rulo,  these  a^sociatirms  havo  proved  beneficial  to  both  em- 
ployers and  employed.  A  comparison  of  views  has  tended  to  shorten  rather  than 
protract  tho  hours  of  labor,  and  to  advance  as  fast  as  it  could  justly  be  done  tho 
amount  of  vrages.  It  Las  also  led  to  what  workiugmen  should  be  thankful  for,  a 
classification  and  discrimination  iu  regard  to  the  skill  and  capacity  of  employes, 
by  which  higher  wages  havo  been  paid  to  the  industrious  and  skilled  workman, 
while  tho  indolent  and  incapable  Lave  cither  been  dismissed,  cr  remanded  to  low 
wages  till  their  work  was  improved. 

This  much  wo  havo  felt  it  right  and  just  (o  say  for  tho  employers.  Now  let  us  seo 
what,  the  rights  and  privileges  that  theworkingmaiiiind  workingwoman  may  claim. 

Let  us  begin  negatively.  No  human  being  has  au  absolute  right  to  compel  an- 
other to  employ  him,  bo  that  other  an  individual  capi  alist,  a  corporation,  or  tho 
state.  Man  has  a  right  to  live,  if  ho  can,  by  honest  toil,  of  hand,  of  foot, or  brain ; 
but  ho  has  no  right  to  compel  nn  individual,  n  corporation  or  tho  state,  to  support 
him.  Ho  has  no  right  to  obtain  his  living  by  theft  or  A iolence.  In  a  normal  con- 
dition of  society,  therti  is  enough  work  to  employ  every  honest,  intelligent,  temper- 
ate and  industrious  man  who  has  tho  health  t»  work.  But  for  the  purpose  of  bring- 
ing the  employers  and  employes  together  it  is  sometimes  necessaiy  that  thero 
should  bo  changes  of  location,  or,  iu  other  words,  emigration  on  tho  part  of  Borne 
of  those  elesiring  employment. 

In  a  normal  state  of  society,  when  business  is  depressed,  the  intemperate,  the 
improvident,  the  ignorant,  and  the  worthless  are  sure  to  bo  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment. This  result  is  inevitable,  no  Trades  Union  or  organization  can  prevent  it. 
Henco  the  necessity,  that  Avor-ingnuu  and  their  children  should  be  educated  for 
their  business,  that  they  should  be  strictly  temperate,  honest  ami  industrious.  They 
should  be  more  than  this.  The  employe  who  seeks  to  make  the  interest  of  h:s  em- 
ployer his  own  interest,  and  is  watchful  against  any  loss  or  injury  to  it,  may  think 
his  faithful  services  unappreciated,  but  in  the  time  of  trial,  in  ninety-nine  cases  out 
of  n  hundred,  he  will  find  that  his  faithfulness  hns  been  noticed,  if  it  has  not  been 
commended,  and  that  though  others  may  be  dismissed,  he  will  bo  retained,  if  his 
retention  is  possible. 

It  is  the  undoubted  right  of  every  workingman  to  refuse  to  work  for  an  employer, 


53  THJS  LABOR   QVESTIGHT. 

If  his  wages  are  reduced,  below  what  ho  regards  as  a  just  and  living  compensation  j 
it  is  the  right  of  any  number  of  workinguun  who  are  ihus  aggrieved,  or  who  feel 
satisfied  that  they  should  receive  a  higher  price  lor  their  work  than  they  are  now 
receiving,  to  refu  e  to  work  any  longer  at  those  wages.  This  is  usually  called  "a 
strike,"  and  whether  it  produces  its  intended  effect  or  not,  that  of  compelling  tho 
employers  to  raise  the  price  of  work,  it  is  none  the  less  tho  rLht  and  privilege  of 
the  workingmaii  to  refuse  tho  work. 

But  wheu  the  strike  is  made,  lie  has  no  right  to  take  any  steps  to  prevent  others 
from  obtaining  the  work  he  has  refused. 

When  an  employer,  from  whatever  motive,  reduces  the  wages  of  his  employes,  or 
refuses  to  advance  them,  and  they  strike,  it  is  his  right  and  privilege  to  obtain 
other  equally  competent  help  at  the  reduced  price,  if  ho  can.  He  may  be  actuated 
fcy  good  or  bad  motives  iu  doing  this ;  it  may  be,  and  olten  is.  the  case  that  tho 
condition  of  the  market  for  his  goods,  renders  it  impossible  for  him  to  go  on  giving 
his  present  wages  without  becoming  bankrupt,  and  thus  this  act,  hard  as  it  s  ems, 
may  be  really  one  of  kindness  to  his  employes,  by  furnishing  them  employment  at 
moderate  wages,  instead  of  throwing  them  out  e  f  employment  entirely  by  failure. 
But  whether  his  motives  are  good  or  bad,  as  soon  as  he  has  applicants  for  work  at 
*he  reduced  price,  who  are  competent  lor  tho  work,  and  employs  them,  the  law 
throws  around  them  and  him  its  protection.  Those  who  had  previously  been  in  his 
employ,  must  not  obstruct  the  new-comers,  or  use  violence  toward  them  in  nny  way. 
If  they  do,  they  become  law-breakers  and  will  receive  punishment,  and  justly  too; 
for  theso  new  workingrneii  are  only  doing  what  they  in  their  circ  amstances  would  do. 

Tho  workingmen  on  a  strike  may  remonstrate,  may  urge  the  restoration  of  th» 
higher  wages,  may  protest  or  petition,  for  redress.  Thut  is  their  right. 

SVo  have  alluded  to  tho  association  of  workingmen  together  in  strikes.  This,  too, 
te  on 3  of  their  rights,  and  wo  would  not  confine  this  association  of  workingmen  to 
the  time  of  a  strike. 

Trades  Unions  are  not  objectionable  in  themselves,  on  tho  contrary  they  maybe, 
and  often  times  are,  tho  means  of  doing  great  good  to  tho  workiu^men  who  aro 
members,  and  to  their  families.  It  is  only  when  they  are  perverted  from  their  truo 
purpose  that  they  become  mischievous.  Iu  tho  early  history  of  tho  Trades  Unions 
in  Cr;-at  Britain  thty  were  hot-beds  of  crime.  The  workiugmen  guaded  to  revengo 
by  the  oppression  which  they  suffered,  resisted  by  arson,  assassination  and  niuider, 
ell  tho-attampts  of  tho  employers  to  employ  non-uuion  men,  or  to  employ  any  greater 
©r  less:  number  of  men,  or  men  of  greater  efficiency,  rr  a*;  any  other  wages  thim  they 
prescribed.  Charles  lleado  in  his  '-Put  yourself  iu  his  Place,"  has  drawn  with  per- 
lect  fidelity  the  picture  of  the  horrors  ot  that  time,  and  we  have  had  au  example  of 
them  of  nearly  as  great  enormity,  iu  tho  Molly  Maguircs  organization  among  tho 
miners  cf  Pennsylvania. 

But  these  times  and  deeds  have  passed  away,  never  again  to  return.  Workingmeu 
now  understand  bolter  than  they  did  formerly  tho  natural  laws  which  govt  rn  labor; 
they  Know  very  generally  that  in  a  period  of  financial  depression,  such  ns  we  havo 
been  passing  through,  that  no  force  can  compel  tho  capitalist  to  pny  for  any  length 
of  time,  higher  prices  th  n  he  can  afford;  nnd  if  it  could,  tho  end  would  be  still 
moro  disastrous,  because  capital  would  bo  annihilated,  or  rendered  co  timid,  that  it 
would  not  venture  to  employ  labor  nt  all. 

Trades  Unions,  ns  at  present  constituted,  are  mainly  Mutual  Benefit  Associations, 
which  by  small  \veeklypayrneuts,  usually  of  from  20  to  30  cents  p;  r  week,  provido 
»  fund  fur  tho  care  of  sick  members,  the  burial  of  tho  dead,  tho  providing  for  tho 
widows  and  orphans,  tho  aid  of  the  infirm,  disabled  or  unemployed,  if  temperato 
ami  of  reputablo  character.  They  also  negotiate  W'th  the  employers,  with  whom 
they  cudeavor  to  maintain  friendly  rt  latious,  keep  n  general  supervision  over  wages, 
recognizing  tho  difference  (which  the  old  Trade:;  Uuious  did  not)  between  skilled 
and  unskilled  workmen,  prevent  strikes,  wheu  possible,  by  mediation,  and  whero 
they  prove  inevitable,  grant  such  assistance  to  tho  striker ;  in  money  or  supplies  as 
may  bo  required.  Tho  best  and  strongest  of  theso  Unions  avoid  carefully  any  po- 
litical action,  and  will  not  sell  themselves  to  fiuy  party. 

Iu  Great  Britain  within  tho  past  twenty-five  years  these  Unions  have  attained  to 
great  influence,  and  embody  great  numbers  of  mrmbe  R,  tho  total  number  of  mem- 
bers in  England  in  1878,  being,  it  is  said,  about  1.500,000.  Among  their  other  work 
ther )  they  encourage  emigration,  niul  nid  emigrant  members  to  find  n,  new  home  iu 
Canada,  Australia,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  and  to  some  extent  in  tho  United  States. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  efficient  of  these  Unions  i.s  tho  Amalgamate  d  Society  • 
•I  Engineers,  Machinists  Millwrights,  Smiths  and  Pattern  Makers,  founded  ia  Jan. 


THE  LABOR  QUESTION,  rj 

1851,  but  reorganized  after  severe  misfortunes  toward  tho  closo  of  1852.  Its  mem- 
bership has  risen  Irotu  9,737  in  Jm.  1853,  to  45,472  in  1878;  itsluudslrom$25,000 
in  the  first  named  years  to  $1,376.350  in  1S77.  It  haa  about  4<-0  branches  in  all 
parts  rf  tho  world,  of  which  36  are  iu  tho  Ui-ited  States.  Its  discipline  <  fits  mem- 
bers is  very  strict.  ''All  persons, "  isaj's  i  ts  constitution,  • '  admitted  into  this  Society, 
shall  ba  possessed  of  Rood  ability  as  workmen,  of  steady  habits  aud  good  moral 
character,'*  and  their  records  show  that  their  rules  are  enforced  with  great  rigor. 
The  dues  are  Jrorn  k5  to  CO  cents  per  week.  The  benefits  are  considerable.  Tha 
unemployed  members,  where  tho  lack  of  employment  is  the  result  of  jtu  author- 
ized ttrike,  or  of  the  general  depression  of  business,  receives  $3  per  week  lor  14 
weeks,  anil  $2.10  per  week  lor  the  uext  thirty,  if  he  is  unemployed  bo  long,  Sick 
benefits  are  $:5  p<  r  week  lor  26  weeks,  and  $1.25  lor  a  longer  period.  Fun  ral  ben- 
efits, (to  members  SCO,  to  the  wives  $30, )  area  considerable  item.  Accidents  result- 
ing in  permanent  injury,  causing  further  inability  to  work,  are  compensated  by  a 
payment  rf  $5CO.  The  disabled  member  by  keeping  up  his  contribution  of  12  cents 
per  week  is  Rti.l  entitled  to  receive  sick  ai  d  luuerul  benefits  provided  that  the  sick- 
ness is  not  the  saiuo  complaint  fur  which  he  received  the  $500.  The  superannuated 
members  roceivo  an  allowance  varying  iu  different  cases,  and  ca  e.s  of  exceptional 
distress  recaive  extnv  allowance.  Their  expenses  are  light.  Tho  following  state- 
ment of  tho  President  of  thu  Society,  Johu  Bennett,  will  explain  very  fully  its  prin- 
ciples and  purposes: 

"  But  the  great  and  primary  object  of  this  organization  is  to  maintain  the  condition 
of  the  trade,  is  to  sea  that  the  benefit  to  menu  ers  out  of  work  is  so  much,  and 
given  under  such  circumstances  as  will  leave  them  no  excuse  lor  underselling  their 
labor,  or  of  agreeing  to  regulations  which  are  injurious  to  their  f.  How-workmen — 
all  these  benefits  are  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  providing  Irr  tho  wants  of  mem- 
bers when  in  adverse  circumstance?,  of  cementing  u  fueling  of  brotherhood  through- 
out the  society,  and  enlisting  every  member  iu  the  good  work  of  supporting  tho 
best  interest  of  the  trade.  To  provide  only  for  merely  benevolent  benefits  is  to 
satisfy  the  sympathetic  feelings  of  our  nature;  bat  we  must  nevt  r  lose  bight  of  tho 
great  and  r.ll-absorbiug  fact  that  we  lire  11  Trudo  Society,  established  to  protect  tho 
interests  cf  trade;  and  tho  consideration,  far  above  all  others,  should  bo  how  that 
protection  can  be  secured  viih  tho  moans  ut  n\r  disposal." 

In  general,  Trades  Unions  of  tho  better  class  have  not  been  iw  successful  in  the 
United  States  ns  iu  Great  Britain.  There  in  some  reason  to  hope  that  they  may 
become  more  so  iu  tho  futuiv.  They  have  in  many  cases  been  only  organizations 
of  a  single  trade,  as  tho  Typographical  Unions  for  tho  Printers,  the  £t.  Crispins  for 
the  Sh  emakers,  tho  Loconiolivo  Engineers  for  that  class,  &c.,  find  have,  in  many 
instances,*  omo  into  violent  and  protracted  collisions  with  tho  em  ploycrs  vl.ichhavo 
engendered  r,  bitter  hostility.  Of  late  tho  inclination  to  consolidate  several  trades 
or  callings  iu  ouo  society.  1  as  1  ecu  gaini*  g  ground,  and  every  such  organization  is 
to  be  encouraged,  us  it  liberalizes  ami  enlarges  tho  field  of  tho  workmguien,  and 
renders  them  more  tolerant  of  tho  rights  of  employers,  nnd  less  deposed  to  violence. 
Tho  Workinemen's  Central  Union  of  Boston  is  ouo  oi'  tho  latest  and  most  successful 
of  these.  Tho  movements  for  Trade  Prott  ction  by  means  of  Secret  S<  cieties  (tho 
Patrons  of  Husbandry  and  tho  Sovereigns  of  Industry)  combined  too  many  objects, 
Co-operation  .Trade  Protection,  Mutual  Benefits,  Intellectual  and  Soc:ul  Culture, 
and  tho  forms  of  Secret  Societies,  to  be  able  to  give  each  itslull  necessary  attention. 
Still  these  organizations  havo  accomplished  some  good  for  the  worinog  class**,  aud 
given  a  new  impulse  to  Co-operative  Stores,  Manufactories,  and  business  operations. 

Tho  tables  heretofore  inserted  in  this  woik  of  the  wages  paid  f  r  1  ibcr  iu  Grent 
Britain  iu  1872  and  1873,  and  of  tho  prices  of  Provisions,  Groceries  hud  other  lend- 
ing articles  in  tho  Proviuci  1  Towns  and  Cities,  are  now  valueles  ;  since  tlio  ter- 
rible depression  in  every  department  cf  trade  since  1878,  has  cfft-cttd  such  changes 
in  tho  rate  of  wages  and  tho  prices  of  provisions  that  they  afford  no  cluo  to  tho 
present  condition  of  things.  Emigration  has  largely  increased,  end  tbo  t:r  at  re- 
duction in  tho  amount,  of  poods  exported  t.>  the  Uui  ed  States,  and  the  equally  vast 
increase  of  food  products  imported  from  thenco,  l:avo  revolutionized  tLe  price  of 
provisions,  &c.  Tho  future  for  British  wovldngmcii  has  a  gloomy  outlook,  while 
in  our  own  country  wo  seem  to  be  passing  into  an  cr  v  of  great  prosperity. 

The  following  table  gives  tlio  wage  s  actually  paid  in  Massachusetts,  on  tho  pold 
standard,  iu  18GO.  1H72  and  1^78,  tho  List  being  a  year  of  grent  depression.  Tho 
probabilities  are  that  there,  ns  well  as  elsr«  here,  wages  will  appreciate  to  n  moder- 
ate degree  with  returning  prosperity.  We  also  give  the  average  retail  prices  of  Gro- 
ceries, Provisions,  Fuel,  Dry  Goods,  Rents,  &c. ,  for  the  same  years. 


AVERAGE  A7EEKLY  \VACE-18GO,  1872  ;.::D  1S73. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

AVKIIAUK  V.'hKKLV 

'.VAGE.  <ioLn  STNP  iir 

ill 
55  S1 
i.2  = 

.5^  •" 

OCCUPATIONS. 

AVKit.icjic  WKKKLV 
\\'AG>-'.<.  oi.ii  STN'D 

Q§> 

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£§C 

If  GO. 

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13CO.  1872. 

1878. 

8 

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7  3  ! 
17  75 
8  00 
15  CO 
12  2.-. 
8  CO 

n  .r7 

5  09 
5  00 

11  T7 
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7  t: 
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14  'i5 
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3  Ct 
3  ',7 
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15  I.i 
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1  i  14 
a  oo 
8  00 
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4  70 
5  to 

11  33 
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u  n; 

li  .10 
Hi.  45 
Irt  00 
12  25 
13  37 
8  2'» 
8  13 

Agriculture. 
J,nl)'i3)>  rnio.A:bonrd 
iLub'i  o  pr  d..^  ,  uu  bo  'rd 

Arms  A  Ammimliiun. 

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Madhuo  Hands,  w'mn 
McKay  Operators.  .  . 

BtJrttrrS         

il;.i-liinisi  s,  t  in  e.ncii  .  . 

IllSprctor-1  

IiiBperti.rs,  f  remen.  . 
3'Mtteis 

IJ-  atet'8  out  

To'il-Mai«  er  

'  Boxes. 
jMrn  
lu'imien  und  (in  Is  .  . 
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Drivers 

liiiVS  .    . 

Artlsanx  Tools. 
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I'll  -('uiteis  

1'ackers,  \Vomcn  

Breweries. 
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C  C3 

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3  00 
2  CO 
1  75 
4  4.. 

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l>abi'ivrs  

I'll'll'tT"  . 

Blacksmiths  

1  \Viisli-  1  Ions--  

Jjleacliy,Dy'n2,  Prritg 

£7  co 

£.".  00 
5  (10 

5  M) 

£3  '-. 

ia  oi 

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11  00 
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C  <;., 
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140 
1  <>5 

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Mash-Floor  

Brlcte. 

Knsrim-  Tenders  
PrinitTt  

Duck  Tenders  

Dy:-rs           

De8iirnt!i'8  

C">  00 

2'i  C 

2  .  00 

Eii"vaver8  

£3  so 
5  00 

5  .vi 
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11  10 
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20 
50 
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Drieis  

jKiijii  eers  

Finish'  r.i.nml  Fuckers 

I'ri'sser^    

|Fa«e-Bi  ick  men  
!l'iirners'  AHsistauts.  . 

3  >\  «-i  s  ami  S,  earners.  . 
Singe  s  

Carpenter"  

I  Id-tier^ 

:i  o.. 

4  C. 

11  CO 
7  0 
14  HI 

i.i  u; 
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11  1 

10  i. 

14  :. 

12  ! 
14  0 
10  IS- 
11  <' 
7  Ifi 
7  14 

QVain-ters  

M'  ciiani"  H,  repairs.  .. 
Color-Mi  \e.is  

Brushes. 

Firemen  

I'i  i.slifi-s,lu\v  gr'dw'k 

Men  

\7oni  n  

4  25 

3  37 

2  75 
5  25 

17  00 
14  f-5 

3  Cl 

ir>  3^ 

4  9.-, 
3  PO 
4  80 
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0  ^7 

so  ro 

17  77 

70 
J.3 

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1  12 

3  00 

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1'i.int-Urush  'M-nkci-R. 
Do       l-'i.io  AVork 

BOYH    

Giils             

l!()\  s  nn<\  Girls  

Bookbinders. 
Gild.rs..  

C'nnl'et-M,  !•;»  w  pr'd  w'k 

jl'an-haiids.  women.  .. 

Finishers  

u  sr» 

5  21 
5  C6 

1<3  00 
10  5d 
M  .10 

r>  ro 

10  50 
14  CO 

Id  3ti 
U  Cli 
C  ',  1 

14  81 
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14  22 

1J  00 

1778 

l(i  20 
V  05 
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11  05 

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14  25 
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12  00 
11  75 
19  .10 
13  75 

y  si 

f!i 
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*  r." 

21 
7'> 
1  .10 
*    50 

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F'ldi-H&Si-wers,  w'uni 
Collators,  MomfU  

Boot*  and  SJtoes. 
Cotters  

r.uildir.j  Trades. 
0  n  pouters  
jPaintorx  &  (Jlaziers.. 
Steam  &.Gasl''i,ters. 

!Slflt.  18    

Bott'  HUTS  

Machine-Closers.  ... 
Boot  -Tre.el'8  

Fit  lent             

Finixhira  
Buffers             

ICarpi'iiters"  I,al>orprs 
Mas.  &.  J'last.  laborers 

He«>r*  

LABOTI 


OCCUPATIONS. 

AVKKAGK  WKKKLY 

fl 

OCCUPATION'S. 

AVKKAGK  WEEKLY 
>\'<f;K.  (inLli  r-TN'D 

2*  * 

m 

18CO. 

1872. 

1-78. 

I8CO 

1872 

1878 

Cabinet  Making. 

$10  11 
1.0  ;.o 

15  00 
11  (-0 
12  tO 

$11  rc 

17  X, 
15  11 
Iti  Ct 

£11  CO 
i-4  00 
17  CO 
11  «0 
1  '  33 

£0  E") 

3  r,o 

2  CO 
10" 
47" 

Cotton  (ioortx. 
Opeiiet  s  and  Pickers. 
Do            Beys. 
Strippeis  

64  If 
25. 
4  48 

4  ro 

G  51 
3  4  - 
2  3:> 
2  70 
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to 

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1  44 

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56 
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2  13 
1  01 
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67 
2  26 

Gilders  

Stiippei-H  &,  Giiudeii- 
Giindeis  

Cabine  -Makers  
Mill-Men  
Polisheis  &  Finishers 

10  50 

10  o; 

10  CO 
10  90 
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5  50 
5  50 
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2  75 
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1  20 

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1  50 

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3  CO 

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4  C4 
3  Cti 
3  18 
4  14 
1  f>0 

2  08 
3  25 
1  11 
14 
39 
54* 
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2  CO 

Kiiinio  Ti-nili-is  

•Draw«is   

lit  ilway  &  Alley  Boj  ^ 
jslnbbers  . 

XJpliolbt.  sewtrs.w'mn 
Carpctings. 

Overseers  <  t'Caiding 
Sectio  •  Hi-nils  

Sec'  nd  Hands  .  .  .  . 

Xlveisct'isi't  Spinniup 
Secoiid  lliiti''t>.  .. 

Wool-Watsheis  
WoolrPrejiarers  •. 
Combers  

Section  Hands  

Generul  Hands  
Young  Persons  

Dyei  8  an  1  Dryei  s.  .  . 

Di;i\\  ii;ic  in  

G  CO 
4  tO 
2  50 
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7  50 
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3  rt 
7  50 

3  CO 

4  ro 

7  50 
C  CC 

24  OC 
9  CO 
7  00 
5  CO 

11  FC 
11  !0 
9  50 
10  C4 

j-j  <;•- 

11  20 

7  Ct 

i 

10  45 
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11  0- 
9  17 

c  :« 

5  53 
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4  56 

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5  53 

a  L;, 

7  4f 
4  Ci 

C2C1 
9  fc7 

n  r: 

17  3 

17  48 
17  71 
17  7 
10  CO 
12  43 

10  C7 
7  11 
7  11 
7  11 

8  CO 
7  11 

7  11 

1500 
8  19 

24  45 
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11  2« 
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7  7' 
10  tl 

4  7< 

7  ro 
7  i: 
3  rj^ 
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10  50 

8  :( 

4  1C 
10  33 
4  3' 
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500 
9  00 
10  75 
7  00 
7  50 
£7  CO 
11  00 
10  00 

7  or. 

3  15 

15  1C 

14  5l 
14  1' 
13  70 
15  tO 
15  21 
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7  fC 
5  71 
G  41 
5  31 
4  50 
G  02 
4  CO 
G  31 

7  00 
!->  00 
7  50 
11  CO 
5  CO 

C4  t'2 
Iti  CO 
14  31 

10  at 

G  4> 

5  P2 

3  4i 
4  58 

3  ro 

8  CO 
C  CO 

Sparu  Hands    

Mill  -Sjiinn'  i-s  
Mitlo  Spiiun  rs,  wm'n 

Mulo  Spim.eiK,  Loys. 

Dofi'era 

Burlei  s  J  .•  .  . 

Ih'raii  oSpii  ners  
!Fiam«Rp'iii«.  l.'s&gV 
Fruno  Spini  eis.  cirh 
lFr»nio  Spii  neiH.  l>oj> 
Kratne  S])iiinei  f  .w'n'iii 
HingR;  •inneir,«\t>rs'i 

Ri"g  Spinners,  {iirls. 
Do    sjiaroli   ds  u'l 
:l»ott'ers,  boys  &  kMs 

Section  Hands..  ...... 
Diawi  r.i  and  Spin  n«i> 
Doffers  

Frnme-S|iiunei8.  ...... 
'Twisters  

Packeis  -•.  . 

Machn'sls  &Carpnt'ij> 
Wati'hmen  

Laborers  

Fly&J'kFrmTiidu 
Rei-l'g  <t  Warp's.',  ov'i* 
Do    second  hands 
Do    Kpare.  h'ds,  girlt- 

Do     :j)n.  1,'is    

Do       do  (jverseen- 
Do    5'oniig  persons 
Reelers  
Reamers  

Laborei  s'  Boy  «  

Carriages. 
Body-Makers  

Carriage-Part  Makerc 
Wheel  wijghts  
Trimmers  

Blackt-miths.  .  .  ..  ;... 
Blacksn  itlis'  Helpen- 

Corsets. 
Torewon  an.  .  .....'... 

Wai  pi-is  

Dress  rs   

Dres-er--'  ov«  j-seers.  . 

.Thread-di  essei  s  

1  'r.iwi  rs 

Ovet  lookers  ........ 

Embroid'-iets.  ...... 

1  >iawers.sec'  nd  h'n'^ 
Drawers,  sect'n  lunidK 
lii  MU  cis,  th  id  Lands 
Drawers,  room  Lauds. 
Quill  r.-*           . 

Needle-Hands...  .•-. 

J-inii-hers  &  Packets 
11  a-  liiue-Ilands  
Boner*   

E  veleters  

Bind'  rs  .•.  . 

Twisters,  wemen  

(  ntteis  

f'utters,  men  

Winders,  women  
Winders,  overseers... 

4  45 
15  CO 

Piessers  „•.. 

Pressers,  men  

4  44 
7  41 

7  001 
7  74 
4  50 

4  00 
1^  10 
7  17 
5  44 
4  06 
4  *M 
5  87 

Custom,  Work  

Weaver*,  o  trseers 
|Wo!ivers,si'cv  nd  li'mlu 
Weavers,  tect  u  II'IH'K 
Weavers.  Fj>a  e  1  ands 
Weaveis.  41o  ms  
Weavers,  Slooms... 
Weavers,  61<>  ms  .. 
Weavers,  8  looms  
Bobbin-boys  

Clotiung-Ileady-lIacU 
Overseers  

Cutters   

Trimmers  
Piesi-ers   

Basters,  women  
Mach'n-opei  V.  wome' 
Pinsh'r-.atriotwswini 
Finishers,  shop,  wm'i 
Finishers,  contr.  w  m'u 
Finis!  e,rs,ciM'nv<  inn 
Paii  ts,  Vest,  Gust  .Wrk 

Cloth-room,  overseeis 
Clotli-room,  see'd  L'ds 
Cloth-ioom.  men.  .  .. 
(  lotli-room.wni.&b'ys 
1'wcki  g-room,g  s&li's 
Dyers  

TUX  .LABOR    QUESTION. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

AVKRIGK  WKKKLY 
'.VACE.  I;OLT>  STNn'iin 

ii 

i 
OCCUPATIONS. 

A  v  Mt  A  UK  WKKKI.V 

.VAO>,V^OLIlST.1<!) 

If 

18CO. 

1872. 

1873. 

1SCO.  1872.  1878. 

Cotton  (lotida  —  Cout'd. 
BnndleiH  
O*  ei>eers  of  Repairs 

03  CO    f»  C" 
17  1  i    1  7  33 
8  35    )J  1-i 

CS  88 
5.J  00 
10  72 

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2  5,1 
2  :<7 

'           T/         •                      '             '  1 

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6 

7  TO 
G  83 
!)  00 
8  50 
1-1  25 
1-2  10 
7  00 
15  00 

5  ('() 

4  55 
2  CO 

G  OU 

2  3 
4  00 
(I  00 

r.  oo 
1  7: 

4  50 
.'.  75 

3  12 
ii  0. 

5  CO 

u  ro 

U  50 

10  00 
5  OU 
9  13 
G  50 
9  (4 
ti  00 
G  7C 
1*  83 
8  00 

:o  co 

4  00 

9  :o 

9  l(i 
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G  00 
7  CO 
7  50 

e 

10  41 

n  co 

13  77 

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7  £4 
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5  "48 

8  *9 
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a  a., 

G  11 
35. 
7  It 

U  !  J 

17  CO 
14  1,1 
14  tl 

1G  00 
10  UO 
14  40 

14  <0 
12  KO 
14  C7 

8  r'^ 

S 

C  CO 

a  a% 

ii  00 
G  00 
5  70 
15  00 
12  00 
7  to 

11  CO 
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15  00 
11  00 
16  00 
13  Ml 
8  00 
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c  7- 

(V  15 

3  30 
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3  01 
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7  50 
5  18 
3  00 
3  00 
4  f-'O 
11  40 
5  70 
1  to 
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7  CO 
3  55 
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10  00 

r,  oo 
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4  20 
5  41 
4  50 
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ii  40 
3  01 
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4  80, 
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12  r 

7  70 
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7  50 
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10  Ki 
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12  CO 
5  CO 
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10  :v 
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7  21 
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10  01 

9 

3  5ft 
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1  7  > 

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2  80 
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3  41 
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1  75 
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2  .'0 
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2     CO 
1  27  ! 
2  00 
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Mechanics'  Laborei  a 

5  47 
9  00 
7  (19 
11  50 
5  22 
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5  40 

9  40 
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8  25 
9  00 
3  00 
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8  37 
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5  17 
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B  7J 

8  •.•; 
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13  3  •; 

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11  37 
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12  CO 
li  00 
11  05 
9  00 
1  1  C  J 
3  30 
1  1  25 
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1  )  50 
7  50 
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4  53 
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12  i: 

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1  47 

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30 

To 

1  ('  1 

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Menders       

Kotiiry  knitter.-",  men. 

Overseers  of  Yard  
Yard  Hands  

•  V  aid  han  ds&  watch'n 
Leather. 
f/nersanil  Ueamers.. 

AVatchmen  

Cutlery. 
Formers  

Forgf  rs'  helpers  

Grinders  

Ba  w  \  era.  

Hafiers  and  Finis'  '  e>  s 
Hafters  &  Fin'ia  bovt- 

Liiie:i  Goods. 
Tlacklem  

Inspectors,  women   . 
Ktampers,  boy  s  &gii  Ii- 
Men  

Prevail  r<,  boys  

Pre,  an  I-M,  j_ir.«  
I'UlHiM  hers  

"Women  ............. 

Laborers  

Drfissmckvng. 

Spinm  rs,  ;.  ii  Is  
Spinner.*,  men  

Dresaiuukcrs.  

Envelopes. 
Cutters   

1  ill  III  -I  H   

Sjioulers  

U  03 
7  73 
7  75 
13  00 
G  00 
11  00 
4  CO 
9  00 
10  00 
10  50 
5  00 
G  00 
21  00 

7  23 

G  8'J 

e  cr 
la  41 

1J  33 

n  78 

13  00 

1J  33 
1:2  00 
10  C'. 
7  11 
9  11 
13  2-2 

3  5C 

4  4', 

1J   H. 

G  75 
G  7.. 
15  00 
4  5U 
9  CO 
3  00 
8  00 
9  00 
9  75 
4  50 
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-1  00 

12  00 
JO  50 
9  00 
1.2  00 
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U  1C 

11  li. 

U  01 
li  00 
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G  OC 
1-2  00 
12  01 
U  50 
4  50 
4  00 

G  00 
15  C2 
7  87 
13  5( 
G  "5 
7  50 
5  10 
8  40 

1  ill* 
1  Oir 
1  (10* 
3  00' 
1  50* 
1  40' 
1  0>> 
1  00* 
1  00* 
75* 
50* 

Winilers 

[Machine  hands,  \.  in". 
Overseer  of  Ku.iug.  .  . 

•.  \lcchauics.*  
Jute  Goods. 
Carders  

Primers  ,  

Pi-inters,  women  
Box-makers,  wonuu.  . 
Re  w  rrs,  women  
Packeis      .......... 

•  Kovi-rs  

Laborers  

liimdl'  rs  

Foremen.......  ..... 

Glass. 
Blowers  

Shiltei-4     .. 

Kiln-men    

1?  bbln  carriers  

Cutters  

Polishers.  ........  

Keeli-i-8  

Gaffeis  

Oilers     

Servitors...  

Yard  h..nds  
IfiicA  ir.csftMaehinenj 
Pattern  Makers  
Iron  Moulders  
Bra  s  M"iildeis  

Foot  -makers  

Gaiheiers  

Slickers-  ii]).  

AVare-  wheelers  

Eii"i'avi-rs  ... 

Mixers.  ...... 

Men,  Lot  in  deprtni'ts 
Boys  

P.bicksini  i  h's  helpers 
Machinists  

"Women  and  girls  
Hosiery. 
Overseer  of  Cardinp  .  . 
Young  persons,  oil  d'jr 
Overs'r,  bl'chgcfc  d  \  e'g 
Men,  ble'ch'g  &  dye'* 
Overseer  of  Spiniiinfr. 
Men  &  boys,  spii.innj: 
Khapert  

Cleanei  s  and  Clipper 
Chuckeis.  

Po'  i  shers  ........... 

Setters  up  

Ki  vet  heaters,  boys..  . 
H\\  et  ers  

i  Wood  -work  era  
1'aiutei's  

Fiuh-heri,  w  men  .  .  . 

Cutters  and  lnmi-(l«-r-i. 

Teitmstern  

THE  LABOR  QVESTIQX. 


OCCLTATIOXS. 

AVKIIAUK    \\  KKKI.Y 

\\'.\I;K.    oi.n.s-TAMi'Ki! 

SI 

—  •*  ^ 

^s! 

OCCUPATION'S. 

AYKRAUK  WKKKLV 

WAOK.  tiOLD.-TN'l 

lil 

1?=  S 

9 
(3 

05* 

3  91 

2  76 
2G4 
•2  40 
2  65 

r>  9:1 

G  34 
1  23 
1  73 

i  o;i 

3  45 
57-4 
4  }»-i 
2  59 
1  tO 

207 

'.!» 

1  £8 

15  ro* 

1  !  ,'0» 
15  00» 
III  50* 

i  o  ro* 

I  !  00« 

C  CO* 

i  ro 
idi 

1  49 
10 

10 
4  50 
7  .'0 
3  CO 

n 

1  50 

1  10 
75 

1  50» 
1  50 

29 

i-ra 

1  00 

1HCO.  |  187-2. 

1.-78. 

1800 

1872. 

0 
12  C7 
4  44 

£3  8<J 

14  44 

lo  W 

n« 

15  22 

7  Jl 

15  C3 

i'  IT 

21  rr 
n;  K. 

•21  10 

Hi  CO 

•21  :o 
n;  i  o 

111  32 
Id  CC 

12  19 
10  C7 

1878. 

$ 

12  i:0 
4  05 

14  12 

15  41 

0  0! 
11  01 
1-2  (0 
l«  S:, 
15  11 
%  40 
(>  :i; 
5  H 
ia  2.- 

'25  2i 
18  11 
1-2  »7 
7  £- 

12  CO 
5  55 
15  Cl 
5  '.{, 
7  87 
18  Cl 
G  :  I 
15  CtJ 
l<  7.'. 
4  7: 
iG  .'(: 
if  40 
4  3", 

':'.      75 

14  20 

12  C7 
II  11 
7  5G 

9  CO 
7  .'0 
2  (0 
10  TO 
12  10 
!l  CO 
12  (0 
15  (() 
9  7: 

5  4C 
5  40 

G  7: 

5  70 
10  CO 
3  CO 
1-2  C( 
15  CO 
10  ii 

9  47 
11  CO 

C  fC 
G  75 
12  00 
9  d 
10  .'0 
9  75 
C  00 

Mutch  ex. 
Mrn     

$10  r: 
c  uc 

c  ro 

4  ;0 
'i  :'  I 

3  7; 
i>  :i 
ir>  u 

10  .'( 
7  C( 
7  f.l 

$tf,  co 

4  10 
4  10 

Cl  C'. 

11)  I.'. 

14  (0 
14  It 

9  c:; 

13  "•.', 

fio  ro 

4  00 
3  CO 

3  :o 
12  ro 

•j:l  4(1 
1  1  f-0 
1*  00 

i!)  no 

1-3  7.-. 
1-2  '5 
0  !  0 

i:i  ro 

•-7  CO 
!)  CO 

n  ro 

13  PO 

l<    1C 

l.f  CO 

•.  2  ro 

1  MO 
11  4-2 
7  L8 

13    '.C: 

(i  CO 
1'J  10 
4  (5 
11  7:. 
1*  00 
12  00 
!)  00 
10  ;7 
12  10 

9  C'2 

*3  ."7 
1  03 

i  ro 
i  :.o 
a  oo 

!0 

?>  'j.-> 
:t  in 
1  M) 
2  CO 
It  U 
1  U 

1  7? 

;       J-re»trrett  J/e«i*, 
Fruit*  (nut  1'ickles. 
Mm 

C 
11  C7 
5  CO 

10  19 
12  71 

17  45 

8  C7 
•J  !!;') 

10  ro 

8  7 
5  1 
5  (i 
4  7 
14  (-3 
19  T4 
i:<  in 
10  28 
o  4-2 

10  CO 
10  3.i 

G  2S 

•21  CO 
•21  (0 
27  CO 
24  CO 
22  .'0 
;.!  (.0 
18  10 
15  to 
15  CO 

4  CO 
4  tO 
5  35 
4  tO 
G  75 
3  CO 
7  50 
7  50 
7  50 

8  ro 

9  50 

5  70 

G  CO 

1  1  r.o 

7  50 
10  i.2 
8  17 
5  00 

Girls  

U'ouien  and  Gills  
Printing. 
Jol>  Comjiositors  
Job  ('imipositois.  .  

BuYS  .  .  . 

Hetals<(:2Ietar.icCoods 
JLinnin'i.s  men   

Rollers  

Ti-oof-n-aders.  vomeii 

JiiliPl-CSMIIiIl...:  

Jiil)  1'res.snien  

PuddUrs  

fihiii"lers  

Helpers  

"\Vir«  -di-HWeis  
Annealeis  &  Cleaners- 
Itiitiei  M,  

Pri-^s  Fi-nliTs.  wom'u 
•  'niii]Mii>itori",  daily.  .. 

J  illm  cis    

RtocKi-i.t     

I'lvsMiitM',  d  .ily  
lJ<>i'k  Ci'inpi  silois.  .  . 
B"ok  Coi'  )iH  .  \\uuien. 
,    Jihlber  6'o..(/x. 
Kl'ixtic  Fabrics. 
litililu-r-w  ikcrs  .... 
Rubber-wofki-w.trmii 
ON  «r.-e«  v  of  Wfavera 
AVcavers,  vi  men  

]!l  irk  lllUMins'  he  1|  <  ]> 

llaeliilii.-ls 

Ml'LdlZUi'cG'di,  .T.'nr 
Wood-Tvorkci  s  
"\Vomeii  

I'veis,  Forvmtn  
Sew  ill"  j.  ill-. 

Oversell-  of  .Spoolers. 
Sp  n'eis,  men   
S|io<ilers,  vi.  men   .  .  . 
O\  ei  M'«:I  .  Leal  her  w'k 
Men  i  n  Leather  work 
Hoy  i  n  J.eaihi  r  vork 
Oiiill'  is,  liny.-1  &.  yirls. 

Men    

]U)\  s  i  ml  Girls.  
Moulder*        

)Sti-c]    «  HI  !  r]  s 

Mettil-woikeiti 

AValcliineu  

10  id 

7  !  "•• 

S^fes. 
Safu  ^Inkers  

Millinery. 
Managers  

i'  il.  ll.l-l  S  

0  7-,' 

i:i  :< 
7  t." 
lii  tr, 
]  .:  :K 
13  c7 

i>  'ti. 

K;  -:i 
7  r. 

15  CO 
7  !>:t 

3  L'l 

Ifi  C3 
0  Hi 
7  !0 
10  10 
0  70 
7  50 
7  70 
3  92 

r>  ro 

r>  to 

0  !0 
3  40 
G  ',0 
3  -.7 
5  88 
9  •,:> 
«  f  4 

r.  ro 

7  11 

ir,  co 

li>  00 
14  1,7 
1G  CO 
b  L9 

11  33 
G13 

8  ft 

r>  3;, 

«  t!' 
4  10 

9  3J 

10  T2 

M  :^:{ 

,,. 

n  IQ 

10  12 
14  -n: 
14  19 
14  0!t 
7  11 
!.->  CO 
7  70 

13  CO 

10  4ti 
0  41 

2';  4r 
r>  21 

10  41 
1.V2.-) 
7  40 
8  40 
10  20 
5  27 
7  CO 
7  27 
7  9.-. 
fi  CO 
7  5G 
4  53 
G  57 
It  i.0 
S  17 

G  r.."> 

1  44 

rs* 

•2  ~7 

.!    I.I 
1    !  1 

•J-2 

1  40* 
•"  't 

3  ro 

it  5J 
110 

9  ro 

5  35 
'2  Cl 
5  15 
1  70 
!0 

2  :o 

1  Ii5 
1  50 

1  47 
1  C5 
1  (0 

tli 
1  i?G 

G:t 
3  45 
•2  lit 
1  05 

3!iusiccl  I.islrumcnti. 

j       Siiip-Luiiding. 
Cji'p  nler--,  «.1<1  work. 
Cai'lienteis.  ii-  w  wi.ik 
CalKei»  old  vork.  .. 
('  Ik'  is,  new  work  .. 
Joi  tiers,  did  work  
Ji'inei  s,  in-w  work.  .  . 

Yariiishers.  ..  . 

MilI-mMi 

.Action-Makeis  
.A  ei  loii-ti.  nki  I.H,  v  iii'ii 
'1'iiin  i  .-  

LU.IUUTS  

-Tain'*. 
FoTTwr  

Llacksmiths  

Silk. 
Windi  rs  

ilix.  is  and  tirindeis 

1)0}  8  

Doul  lers 

J'oper. 
Tor  cm  '  ii  

Spoi'leis  imd  Skeintis 
Dyers 

Millwii>;hlB  

>t»>j-«-li}ii«<'  tenders... 
3'apei  mm  hineleiid'r.- 
'riireshei-v  oiiii  n.  ... 
liag-ciitteis  

En  •;:  Hi  us  &  Fiicmeii 
i    Socp  and  Candles. 
Mm  :'... 

Finish  r.-  
Fiui.-  hew,  t  ills  

Fiuinheln'  helper*... 

Cnitir*  
Cutteis.  }:iils  

Cui.illc  Makri  s  

Htune. 

Bleachers  

liHg-M  I'lerS  . 

Paving-cutters  
Stone-cut  le.ru  

Mi  n  on  SUM  k  

1  Hack  Mil  ilhs.  

!Ki>i>ine<  is  &.  Firemen 
Lain  ii-!>  

Laborers  

THE    LABOR    QUESTIOX. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

AVKKAUK  \>  Kt.KLV 
W/»GF,  «iOLI»  f>T»n'HI> 

HI 

c-'S  z 
^i  S 

OCCUPATIONS. 

AvhKAUK  WKKKLY 
W  ,*<;!•.  i'in.1"  ST.N'U 

C^ 

Sst 

5=1  i 

£—  «> 

18CO.  |  1872. 

1S78. 

18CO.  '18:2.  1*78. 

tit  raw  (juudn. 
Bleachers  

$4  ."0 
12  dO 
7  Ml 

1J  CO 

1  '.  70 
17  «4 

1J  O.i 

r,  rs 

544 

5'2 
5(8 

r>(o 

4  '.7 

c  :3 

4  Ml 
f.  f.o 
4  Ml 
4  5n 

r.  :i2 
3  '.4 

•i  (.0 

4  CO 
2  (A 
I'JIO 
4  T7 

:;  :o 

2  *0 

(   V> 
:  (0 
4  75 
4  (0 
0  41 
2  71 

:<  ro 

4  OP 
:i  :-7 
2  40 
«  4* 
4  M 

7  ro 
n  re 
r>  ro 
7  ro 

r.  -jr. 
5  r." 

5  23 

r.  40 

CO  f  6 
Hi  CO 

17  77 

l  ;;  c,(i 

Ui  CO 
71: 

•)  ro 

H  (,0 
7  !C> 
,,3 

7  ro 

4  !2 
4  40 

0  20 

f,  f  5 
4  60 

9  40 

7  47 
7  41 

9  00 
1-2  00 
12  00 
12  00 

10  r-o 

11  25 
18  (0 

7  ro 

9  00 
9  (.C 
10  :o 

!>  CO 

18  CO 

7  tO 
1J7J 
9  in 
18  CO 

13  51 
1  l  10 

•«o  tfi 

5  r<! 

-1  M 

0  M, 
ii  Ci. 
C,  tl 
G  1- 

0  (.(i 

G  r,t, 

8  10 
li  <  0 
7  1^ 
G  Hl< 

5  •;.') 

G    !!' 
4  r.4 
4  !  :s 
4  .'0 
4  (,(l 
1  J  1  (i 
li   1! 
4  15 
3  (0 
'<  f4 

:i  (d 
c;  i;. 
4  ro 

8  (il 
:«  pi 
:.  (i 
5  (4 
4  22 
4(1' 
7  0 
(i  7:i 
9  I- 
J  >  •;.". 
7  CO 

•i  ro 

R  95 

7   15 
(i  r'l 

r,  (0 

$3  30 

75 
1  50 
U  00 

1  >V, 
1  !  G 
•J  tl) 

1  .12 
1  la 
!"4 
44 
»  00 

a  21 

i  r>-,» 

•J  00 
1    Hi 
1  50 
1  23 
87 

to 

91 

r,o 
i  :w 
i;  (  ) 

1  -2 

!'."> 

WoUlen  Coeds-Cent  d 

ShwirerH,  men  &.  Loys 
Sneai  er.-,  nu-ii  i,-  wi.i'n 
Sheiiier.-,  Lo\8  

S 

5  00 
f»  i.6 
4  CO 

r.  ce 

5  04 
5  08 
3  H 
3  (0 
(i  II 
3  08 
5  (0 
3  78 

at  a 

3  0. 

(i  Mi 
7  33 
i.  5»i 
9  (0 
5  <4 
7  08 

7  :,o 

1^  CO 

7  fO 

C,  (0 

c  M 
4  -n 

f-  (0 

4  rn 

4  FO 
3  (0 

:i  f  o 

C  l( 
12  CO 
13  f< 
C  T 
3  (0 

c  ro 

!   CO 
4  (0 
4  10 

«  ro 
r.  ro 
r>  FO 

5 

$c  ;;:i 

7  20 
7  (1 
(i  25 
4  98 
7  C8 
4  91 
8  00 
li  17 
12  47 

9  97 
7  8 

10  04 
5  33 

10  C7 

8  er 

14  <0 

n  :rc 

10  r.' 

G 

5  81 

i;  (0 

5  40 

C  75 
5  !0 
G  34 
4  r.9 
3  v5 
7  08 
4  95 
7  2:1 
5  'Jit 
IS  33 

3  ro 
7  ro 
9  :u 

8  78 

:c  ro 

(i  C!l 
9  41 
!l  00 
18  00 

10  (6 
3  '0 
21  (0 
9  (0 
12  1  1. 
9  (0 

10  ro 

9  (0 
6  00 
12  GO 

7  r.o 

15  00 

9  8:< 
•21  00 
IP  00 
9  M) 

•;i  oo 
7  ro 

C  (0 

f)  CO 

7  Ml 

7  ro 
7  ro 

5  04 
0  :  2 
5  f-2 
5  70 
:t  :0 
•J  -0 
7  14 
4  r-j 

1  04 
9  18 
:i  «'0 
7  02 
2  12 
5  .r8 
5  40 
7  0-2 

7  ro 

7  P8 

0 

fl 
1  :<4 
1  41) 

1  47 
80 
1  2« 
78 
2.. 
1  04- 
1  87 
2  21 
1  45 
3  4:1 
45 
1  00 
200 
2  22 
1  50 
1  25 
2  33 
1  5i» 
0  CO 

2  Ofl 
1  M) 

i  ro 

1  7.1 

34 
52 
1  8-3 
PO 
30 
-  30 
1  14 
2  93 
1  !>4 
2  4:i 
!0 
52 
3  13 
1  58 
1  20 
53 
1  00 
1  18 

Bloekeis   

PlrH.-erU     

Ma«  liineKewern  
Pl-iHier-Bliiek  maker* 

WlliltlfTH 

Fuller"*,    i-igj;.11'-"'  *"'*' 
Siu'iiU'i  s  

Givrs<'rs  

Bllllel-M  

*i'i|»|i«TK 

hmlern,  women  
MiirleiH,  nirls  

Fi.i*b>-rs...  

}tt  aid-  winders  

Finishers,  women  
P  rker-  

Tobacco. 
Ptrippei  R. 

I'iicUers,  wi  men  
MecliauicH       .       ... 

I'.ci\  K  jiii'l  {;ii'la  

I'ri-ssind  i  

('i_'M'-ni;u,(  ,s.  wonieii 

•"••cii  n  hands  

il-'in  UK  n  

Type. 
Cast*  rs  

'Kii«:i  e«-r-  &  fir  men 

L  11*  TIT"  . 

Drcuwra  

Jiof,  <U  situated  

Kubb<  rs.  

TTooJ  Hals. 

Setters  

Bre.  keis  

Woiilkn  Gccds. 
"Wo<>l-Koi  tors  ...  . 

Cul'deift,   i  <>vs  

(,'ardeiH.  f  reinen  
i<'iirder>.  1  1  c<  ml  1.,  nil.- 
Dyt-rs,  fiisl  };l!i(!e..  .. 
'I>yeiH,   UK  n  
H  -id'-i  cm.  fun  mm. 
Harili-i  eis.  ii.cii  
H  nl<  iK'iH.  1  «iy-.  ... 

"\V  j.she)  H  6i  Scourers 

Dv»T8  .' 

I>rv  rs      • 

Yonu-r  TeiHons.  .  
Uyt'is  i:ii«l  ficmiwiH.. 
Washers   '  

3  >v-  IN  Mul  Pryi-is... 
W«h  IK  S  OHI'-'H.  Dry's 
Dryer*  a:irt  1  ickeis.  .. 
Scourei'H    

1  i  ilium  is.   v  i  ii.cn  .  . 

r.iiiri.i  is 

HI  •!•!<    7H.   1  VI  18H-1H.  .  . 

Kiniuli  r.-  

Canier-i  

C  nlerf,  v.'om-  n  
Card:  TK.  wm'ii.Vys,'  Is 
Cardi  jv.ynunjr  poi  S'PK 
.Gardeih.'lioyH  &  tii'ls. 
Cardan.  ovViKt-dK  
fiiri]t|>e,  K  

l"juiki-iN.  li>r<  nn  n 
I'hniiii  IH.  n-c  ml  |I'IJ<'K 
I'lunki  |y,  lxi_\N  

TTor.tid  Cc,ds. 
\V«ii  il.-or'ers 

Httippers,  I.OVR 

Strijip.  iv,  Loyn&  girls 

HpilllMTH     

M) 
K5 

1  40 

50 
1  CO 
1  20 
1  50 

1    5,i 

ex 

2  20 
1  -20 
•J  12 
1  58 
:{  75 
1  50 

O    Ml 
~   "'' 

1  71 

1  ro 
i  rr, 

1  10 

\V.  Ill    \\-HslKM8    

Wjiimern,  l;oys  
FplraerH,  •«••  men  .  .  . 
Spinner*,  y'ngperaons 
Jack-Mi  i.  no'.  s 

\V  .  1  l''ini>lins  

i:"!-iiiir  tenders  

Jack-spn  iieiK   Leys. 
Jack  s|  n'lHVii!:  ]>•  iV 
Spoolers,  w.'meii  
t  poolers.  •  iris     . 

Pntt.-ts                       

B-'i-liin-Keit'-ra  

))<>.  II-IH  wnti-'n&!:iil» 

l)i  •  8s<  jrrud  WwriMTH 

J>r<S  'lH&Wtp<lf>,WUlli 

tore-  Bern..     .  .     
3  )rps*ei  R.  men  

DIPKSPIH    

Twist,  ri  

•Wi-nv-  is 

WVa  vern  

Wcavcis  ni>  11 

Fi'l'iiu'-tfiirtiTS  

I  Sllfl.  -IS      

AVi-nvrrs,  women..  . 
Weaver.-,  lueii&wm'n 
FiilM-H  
fiheare's  

f'rnliln-18  
l)r<--     

*  Indicates  dicitase  in  Wtigi  E.      =  IZo  t-hangc  in  vnpi  K.      E"ai.lis,  Avagcs  not  obtained. 

LIVING   EXPENSES. 

Tho  nbove  result  oonrcrniniir  V.TVTS  bcins;  nrrived  nt,  ill  >  piibjert  of  the  rost  of 
iiwug  bocorucb  au  iutorebtiug  question.     \Ve  present  iv  lablo  bhowiDg  the  prices  of 


THE  LABOR  QUESTION. 


groceries,  provisions,  fuel,  dry  gocds,  boots,  rent,  and  board,  for  I860,  1872,  and 
1873,  togaiher  with  n  column  showing  tho  p  r  cautago  of  iacreaso  or  docreaso  oa 
<?aoh  item  of  expense  for  1878.  as  conspired  with  IHCO  : 


Quantities 


ARTICLES. 


GUOCEKIKfi. 

Barrel Fl'iur,  Whi-a1,  s 'pel-fine $7  Cl 

Ban«-l Flour,  "Wheat,  family 714 

Pound Flour,  llv« 3 

Ponm! Orn  Meal 

Pound Codflah,  dry.,..' 5 

Pound Ilico 7 

Quart  I'.tvins R 

Found T' n,  Oo'ong M 

Found C'ufioe,  K  t»,  g'-een 21 

Pound Coffee,  mist-  d 23 

Fountl Rngar,  fenoft  brown 8 

Found Surar,  coffto  9 

F<mn«l —  fvij::ir.  jini'til  it<  d 10} 

Gal 'on M  liii-sc  s,  New  Orleans .'0 

(Julio  . Molasses,  Porto  llico 57 

Gallon...  Syrup  t.'l 

Pound...,.  Soap,  common 8 

Found Starch 11 

FaormoMt 

Ponn<l Beef,  roasting 11 

Toil nd lieef,  Houp 4 

Pound I'eit',  rump  steak II 

Found Jta'-f'.  rornt)  I 0 

Found Veal,  f.>re-(junr:er 7 

Pound Veal,  liin  i-quarter H 

Pnuii'l Vniil.  cu'lots 14 

Pound Mutton,  tore-quarter 7 

Pound Mutton,  teg   13 

Found Mutto  i  Ch  -p« l:| 

Pound I  Pork,  fresh II 

Pound Pork,  ttalted 11 

Pound Hams,  smoked 1.J 

Poui  d Shoulders,  cirned 8 

Pound Satwiges 11 

Ponn  I l.'ird KJ 

Pound Markertl,  pickled 9 

Pound I  inter 21 

Pimh'l Che«»e i:j 

Busfcol Potatoes   19 

Suat....  Milk 4 

ozen Kggs CO 

FUEL. 

.Ton On! (i  40 

i'ord Wood,  liard  C  4D 

€ord Wood,  pine 4  •!:) 

Diiv  Goons. 

Tard Sh'rtinjr,  4-4  brown 9 

Yar.l Shininj...  4  4  bleached.., 10 

Yard Slie*-tin<r,  0-8  brown I  10 

Yard S: :eet:njr.  9  8  bleached 13 

Yard Cotton  Flannel 15 

Yard Ticking 17 

Ynrd Prints  11 

Yard Satinet Oii 

EOOTS. 

Pair Men's  heavy |  273 

KEXTS. 

Mon'h Four-rooms  tenemput 4  43 

Month Six  rootus  tenement 754 

BOA  ED. 

Werk MPH 0  73 

AVeek Women 17!) 


KETAII,  Pincns. 
STAXDAUU,  GOLD. 


18GO. 


10  12 
7  CO 


3  C4 


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40 
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23 

25 


47 


*  Decrease.    All  tho  rest  Increase  in  cost. 


10G 


ADVICE  TO  THOSE  SEEKING  NEW  HOMES. 


"  GO  "V7EST,  YOUXG  MAN."— Horace  Greeley. 

For  some  years  after  tho  lalo  civil  war,  emigration  from  Enropo  increased,  and 
the  average  lauuiber  of  arrivals  of  imiiiigr  iiits,  lor  the  port  of  New  York  alone,  lor 
the  nine  years  1«65-1873,  both  inclusive,  was  240.UOO.  But  in  1874  there  vus  a 
sudden  reduction  iu  the  iiuinlicr  of  nrrivals;  lulling  off  from  2CG.rl8  iu  1873  to 
104,041  in  1874;  84,560  in  Itf75;  C8.2G4  in  1870,  and  54,536  in  1877.  In  1878  the 
trade  began  to  rise  again — 75,347  coming  to  the  pi  rt  of  New  York,  and  138,4C'J  at 
all  points.  It  should  be  said,  also,  that  fi  larger  number  than  lorimiiy  came  into 
the  country  I  y  way  cf  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  otlur  Atlantic:  anil  Pacific 
ports.  Iu  all  about  4,6. 2,000  immigrants  have  arrived  in  this  country  isiuce  18G1. 
The  past  fulling  off  ia  immigration  WHS  tliu  t>  s^ven-l  causes;  the  depressiein  in 
business  and  finance*,  which  had  listed  from  1^73  to  1878,  had  caused  many  busi- 
ness failures,  and  tho  redaction  iu  values,  si  necessary  prelude  to  r.  sumption,  hud 
almost  p  iralyzed  manufacturing.  Our  immense  agriciilum.l  crops  were.*  old  ;.t  very 
low  prices,  because  thi  re  was  liot,  until  1877  and  1878,  a  largo  demand  In-  them 
from  Europe,  the  cereals  of  Southern  lln*sia  being inai k<  ted  nt  n.  lower  price— and 
tho  production  was  too  great  lor  the  consumption  M'  tho  homo  market.  Meanwhilo 
the  demand  for  labor  at  remniurativo  prices  W;is,  until  LS77,  taking  all  tLiugs  into 
Recount,  better  iu  Europe  than  here— and  tho  number  cf  tinigiauts  who  returned 
to  their  homes  i:i  Europe  was  greater  than  at  any  pre\  ious  period.  As  our  con- 
dition began  to  improve,  and  Business  grewmoro  I  risk,  and  manufacturing  revived 
Jitre,  the  btate  cf  affairs  iu  Europe  became  rapidly  worse;  in  G  eat  Urita.n  tho  in- 
debtedness iu  India  was  crushing  iho  wealthy  firms  eugaged  in  that  trade;  the 
demand  lor  their  manufactures  Irom  this  country  and  other  countries  was  rapidly 
diminishing,  and,  to  n  large  extent,  our  goods  >vt  ro  taking  their  place.  Thero  w\s 
little  demand,  except  from  India,  which  could  not  pay,  lor  British  iron  and  steel; 
Belgium,  Franco  and  Germany  vtre  r.udcrl.idr!iiig  English  iron  musters  </n  their 
own  soil.  Tho  goods  of  Manchester  and  Sheffield  remained  on  their  shelves,  and 
American  poods  cf  better  quality  were  e  ftvreel  in  those  eitii  s  .it  lo  er  price*.  Th6 
failure  of  the  B  ink  of  the  City  of  Glasgow  in  October,  18T8,  of  the  West  of  Englutd 
Bank  iu  December,  and  of  one  or  two  small-  r  institutions  subsequently,  caused 
great  numbers  cf  failures;  and  the  extensi  c  strikes  which  followed  the  attempt  of 
the  manufacturers,  shipbuilders  and  mtno  owners  to  reduce  wages,  added  to  the 
genei  a  I  gloom.  Whilj  this  redaction  wr.s  n  matter  <  f  necessity  en  the  part  of  the 
capitalists,  it  bnro  with  great  fe-verity  on  tho  working  classes,  ^'hen,  iu  addition 
to  this,  the  gov  rument  was  carrying  on  war  ri  Afghanistan  and  m  Zulul::nd,  ami 
had  accepted  heavy  responsibilities  i  i  Asia  Minor.  Cyprus  j.nd  Egypt,  iuvolvirg 
increaseel  taxation,  anel  Inelia  was  hopelessly  in  debt,  1  hero  was  great  roem  lor 
apprehension,  and  the  tendency  to  emigration  is  a  natural  consequence  cf  that 
apprehension. 

Ou  the  Continent  tho  condition  of  things  was  not  much  better.  Germany.  Italy, 
Spain  and  France  were  in  a  condition  of  upheaval.  iSocialibm  on  the  one  biJe  and 
Ultra-montauism  on  the  other,  are  ihn atening  the  peae^e  of  j.ll  lour,  ami  attempts 
lit  repression  only  npgravate  the  difficulty.  Itnssiii  is  permcate-d  by  Nih  lisn\  the 
worst  form  of  socialism,  because  il  i-*  only  destiue:tive,  with  no  desire  cr  iut  ntion 
of  reconstruction.  Turkey  is  in  a  deplorable  slate,  but  her  peoj  le  do  not  migrate 
•westward.  From  the  other  countries  named,  as  veil  as  from  tho  Kcandii  avian 
States,  tho  probabilities  lira  strong  of  a  greater  immigration  to  this  country  than  we 
have  over  Been.  Neither  Canada  nor  Australasia  offer  any  such  inducements  to  the 
industrious  and  peace-loving  immigrau's  as  wo  can  offer — anel  we  shall,  unquestion- 
ably, receive  tho  lar  je  r  portion  of  tht  m. 

Let  us,  then,  give  Borne  friendly  nud  disinteresteel  adv-co  to  tlwc  who  are  in- 
tending to  come  anel  make  their  hcmen  iu  our  country.  We  ar  j  not  interested  in 
any  laud  scheme-  any  railroad  or  transportation  company;  we  are  n<<t  citizens  of 
any  of  theso-called  lanel  States  rr  Territories,  ami  do  net  o\<  n  nn  acre  of  Innd  in  any 
one  of  them;  wo  are  simply  intelligent  citizens  of  the  Uuiteel  Sta'es,  patriotic 
enough  to  desire  the  growth  and  prospe  rity  of  our  country,  nml  its  se  tllement  by 
honest,  upright,  law-abiding. industrious  citizens,  who  will  build  up  fe-r  themselves 
and  their  children  homes  here  in  which  they  may  enjoy  long  life  and  prosperity. 


SEEKIXG  XEW 


107 


"We  have  taken  the  titmost  pains  to  obtain  the  most  thorough  information  ponsi- 
Me  in  regard  to  the  different  States  and  Territories  which  aremviting  immigration, 
r.uel  what  \vo  have  to  say  here,  will  bo  found  to  bo  entirely  true,  and  without  any 
coloring  of  personal  interest. 

But  it  is  ui-t  alone  for  European  emigrants  that  we  have  collected  this  informa- 
tion. Since  1873  more  thau  two  million  American  citizens  have  migrated  from  tho 
Eastern  States  to  the  States  and  Territories  west  <  t  the  Mississippi ;  and  perhaps. 
!,s  many  more,  most  of  them  mechanics  and  young  farmers,  though  including  also- 
other  professions  and  trades,  r.re  fully  determined  to  go  \viihiu  the  iiext  year  or  two. 
We  would  not  seek  to  detain  them  at  the  East,  lor  there  is  n  grand  livid  for  devel- 
opment in  tho  West,  and  the  greater  tho  number  of  intelligent,  industrious  and 
patriotic  Ame  icuu  citizens  who  bhall  settle  its  vast  pra  ries  and  curry  tiuther  tho- 
religious,  literary  and  political  institutions  which  have  caused  the  East  to  prosper 
in  the  past,  the  strong  r  will  be  the  guaranty  of  the  perpetuity  of  our  Union  with 
its  noblo  heritage  of  free  institutions. 

To  both  clashes,  then — the  emigrants  from  foreign  lands  and  onr  own  sons, 
brothers  and  friends — who  aro  setting  their  faces  westward,  we  would  address  our 
counsels. 

1.  We  would  say,  first,  to  r.ll  intending  emigrants  whether  from  our  own  or  foreign 
countries,  do  not  go  West  without  home  ready  money  beyond  your  travelling  ex- 
penses, and  the  amount  necessary  to  secure  >  our  lauds.     It  you  are  intending  to  ba 
farmers  you  will  need  money  to  stock  your  farm,  to  buy  seed  and  food  for  your 
stock,  anil  to  support  j'our  f.imily  until  you  can  realize  on  Jour  first  crop.     The* 
omigrntut  who  is  thus  unprovided  will  faro  hard  in  a  new  country,  though  tho  settler* 
there  aro  as  generous  aud  helpful  as  they  c.m  1  c      Tho  larger  tho  amount  of  ready 
money  an  emigrant  can  com  inand,  the  im>ro  easily  and  pleasantly  v  ill  he  be  situated. 
The  building  of  n  rude  house,  and  furnishing  it  in  tho  plainest  way,  will  consuma 
considerable  money — and  the  first  breaking  up  of  liin  land,  tho  neceF&try  ngricul- 
tur.d  implements  and  machines,  and  the  hire  of  help  in  putting  ia  his  crops,  nsido 
from  the  cost  of  «tock  and  fodder,  will  add  to  his  early  expenses.     Tho  man  who- 
can  go  to  any  of  the  western  States  or  Territories  and  tnko  up  a  farm  and  have  on 
hand,  alter  paying  tho  necessary  fees  and  laud  expenses.  $1,000  (£200\  will  have* 
a  very  comfonable  time,  and  will,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  bo  well  situated 
for  the  future.     The  man  who  has  a  much  smaller  sum  will  find  that  lie  has  many 
hardships  to  undirgo,  and  will  do  better  to  seek  ^  nploymeut  i.a  n  l.ired  laborer  lor 
the  first  year,  purchasing  his  land  meanwhile,  and  if  possible,  getting  in  n  crop. 

The  mechanic  or  operative  who  t,rocs  West  for  a  homo  nlso  needs  capital,  though, 
perhaps  not  as  much,  if  his  calling  i.s  one  of  those  which  ar  >  indispensable  ia  a,  new 
country.  A  good  carpenter,  mason,  blacksmith,  miller,  sawyer,  stone-cutter,  brick- 
maker,  painter  and  ;  lazier  will  be  reasonably  sure  of  remunerative  work  very  Koon; 
but  two  or  tbreo  hundred  dollars  at  Jeat4,  and  as  much  more  ns  they  can  command* 
will  be  need  d.  For  professional  men  there  may  be  a  longer  \vaitirg  re  quired.  The* 
clergyman  may  have  a  congregation  to  preach  to,  1  ut  die  ralary  l.o  w  11  rcc<  ivo 
from  them  r.t  ilrst  will  bo  very  ^  mrll,  r.nd  unless  h"  can  derive  at  lea;  t  a  part  d'  hia 
salary  from  other  source?,  he  will  bo  very  sure  to  sn8l-r.  Tho  physiciim  will  find" 
his  services  in  demand  but  his  fees  will,  many  of  them,  bo  collpcteel  wi:h  difficulty^ 
Tho  l-.iwy.T  m'\y  have  to  wait  long  for  business,  but  will  generally  manage  to  get  his. 
pay  for  his  services.  The  editor,  the  artist,  tho  bookseller,  aud  the  dealers  in  lux- 
uries generally  must  wait  till  society  reaches  its  second  stage  of  development. 

2.  BJ  deliberate  in  tho  choice  of  a  location,  and  do  not  decide  until  you  havo 
carefully  weighed  all  the  advantages  ami  elisa  vantages  of  each.     It  is  our  purposo. 
to  set  these  befora  you  so  fully  and  fairly  as  to  aid  ymi  in  this  matter. 

It  is  not  n<  cessnry  to  g  >  to  the  Webt  in  order  to  find  land  at  a  reasonable  pricey 
in  good  and  healthy  locations,  and  within  mcdirato  distance  of  n,  gooel  mnrket. 
There  are  1  irgo  tracts  ia  Maine  of  very  lair  1  md,  with  ready  access  by  river  rr  rail- 
road to  good,  though  not  l;irgc,  markets.  Thesoilisn«>tasrichftsthatatthe  West, 
nnd  tho  winters  are  long  and  cold  ;  tho  elimato  is  healthy,  except  a  strong  tendency 
to  pulmonary  consumption,  which  is  tho  scourge  of  most  cold  climates  on  the  sea- 
board; but  these  lands  compare  very  well  with  tho  ne*.v  Canadian  lands  and  aro 
more  accessible  to  markets.  Wheat,  rye  nnd  larky  can  be  grown  to  aelvantnge, 
but  tho  Rummers  ar«  not  penemll »  J»ng  enough  frr  Indian  crrn,  though  a  very  largo 
business  is  done  at  Sico,  Biddeford,  Ac  ,  in  canning  tho  green  corn  lor  consump- 
tion. Th  ilong  winters  make  the  t  earing  rf  cattle  s.nd  ^e-  p  less  profitable  than  in 
southern  r^cions.  Tho  other  New  Knrland  Spates  have  bnt  little  land  which,  attha 
prices  at  which  it  would  be  bold,  woulel  be  attractive  to  emigrants. 


1C3  SEEKING  NEW  HOMES. 

Tho  State  of  New  York  has  much  desirable  land  for  settlers.  The  eastern  two 
thirds  of  Long  Iblaud  has  a  light,  friable  soil,  easily  cultivated,  inclined  to  be  sandy, 
tut  yielding  very  large  crops  when  properly  manured,  with  abundant  manures,  and 
railroad  lines  giving  it  speedy  access  to  the  New  York  aud  Brooklyn  markets,  the 
best  on  the  Continent.  The  whol.)  island  might  und  should  bo  covered  with  market 
gardens,  and  flower  gardens.  Much  of  this  land  is  purchasable  nt  from  three  to 
ten  dollars  an  acre,  and  lor  market  gardening  from  10  to  20  acres  is  sufficient.  Tha 
climate  is  mild  and  healthful,  aud  the  prompt  returns  for  labor  sure  It  is  neces- 
sary that  the  settler  should  know  something  of  the  business  of  market  gardening  ; 
but  this  is  as  easily  acquired  as  any  other  agricultural  business.  The  Island  is,  in, 
i*s  greatest  length.  104  miles  long,  and  from  7  to  15  miles  broad.  The  difficulties 
ill  regard  to  this  region  iu  the  p.tht  have  been  due  to  the  want  of  good  railroad 
communication ;  but  the«e  have  now  disappeared,  and  the  railroads  will  multiply 
from  year  to  year.  Within  leu  years  these  lauds  will  increase  in  value,  certainly 
five  fold  and  possibly  ten  foM.  There  are  extensive  tract**  of  laud  in  eastern  New 
Jersey  which  might  also  be  easily  transformed  into  rich  market  gardens,  as  some  of 
them  have  already  been.  But  to  return  to  New  York.  In  the  northern  part  of  tho 
State  there  in  n  vast  tract  known  as  the  John  Brown  Tract,  covering  the  greater 
part  of  several  large  counties,  of  excellent  farming  lands,  much  of  it  forest,  with 
numerous  lakes  aud  streams — valuable  laud  for  grain  crops,  especially  wheat,  bar- 
ley, rye,  oats  ami  buckwheat,  and  much  of  it  excellent  grazing  land.  It  has  been 
proposed  to  set  it  apart  as  a  public  par*,  with  a  view  to  the  utilization  of  its  lakes 
and  streams  for  thu  supply  of  tho  cauals  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Hudson. 
There  nre  railroads  and  navigable  streams  on  all  sides  of  this  vast  tract,  but  ns  yet 
no  railroad  through  it,  though  this  difficulty  would  be  readily  overcome  if  it  were 
fairly  opened  lor  settlement.  All  the  c».reals  except  Indian  corn  could  be  produced 
abuudiutly.  Therj  is  much  wiU  game  in  the  tract,  deer  especially,  and  feathered 
game  of  all  sorts,  and  delicious  lish  iu  great  abundance.  There  are  some  bears, 
catamounts,  lynxes,  badgers,  and  luany  foxes,  woodchucks,  rabbits,  i-quiriels,  &c.t 
&c.  The  m  rkets  are  Ogdeusburgh,  Oswego,  Waterlown,  Home,  Uticn,  Li  tlj  Falls, 
Schenectidy  aud  Albany.  Laud  can  be  purchased  at  from  CO  cents  to  $  >  p  -r  acre. 

Pennsylvania  has,  near  the  centre  of  the  State,  a  similar  tract  of  desirable  though 
mountainous  land. 

But  perhaps,  in  porno  respects,  the  most  desirable  region  for  some  classes  of 
immigrants  and  settlers  is  to  be  found  in  West  Virginia.  The  region  is  hilly  and 
parts  of  it  too  mountainous  for  cultivation,  but  wherever  it  can  be  cultivated 
the  soil  is  rich  and  productive.  The  wholo  region  abounds  in  valuable  timber — 
black  walnut,  oak,  ash,  beech,  hickory,  chestnut,  and  other  hnrd  woods,  with  a  fair 
proportion  of  hemlock  and  pine.  These  command  high  prices  nt  markets  readily 
accessible.  I?s  mineral  wealth  of  coal,  of  the  best  quality,  pet' oleum,  Fait,  lime, 
baryta.  &e.,  is  inexhaustible — and  the  markets  (>f  Cincinnati,  Pittsburgh,  Piichmond, 
Norfolk  and  Baltimore  ar<i  easily  accessible  from  nearly  all  points  of  the  State. 
Three  railroads  cross  tho  State,  on •!  ut  its  northern  border,  one  at  its  southern,  and 
one  nearlv  through  the  centre.  Tho  Ohio  River  also  skirts  the  border  of  the  Rtata 
on  lhonorth-w  stand  is  navigable  for  largo  steamers.  The  climate  is  excellent.  Land 
cau  bo  purchased  iu  this  State  iit  from  $3  to  $10  per  aero,  and  tracts  not  so  desira- 
ble, at  lower  prices.  The  Governor  of  tho  State  will  furnish  all  tho  information 
needed. 

In  the  Southern  Atlantic  States  there  is  a  fine  climate  and  much  good  land  offered 
nt  reasonable  prices,  but,  with  the  exception  of  Florida,  the  social,  political,  edu- 
cational and  financial  conditions  of  these  States  nre  not  such  as  to  make  emigration 
to  them  desir.iblo.  The  only  way  in  which  emigration  to  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
fiouth  Cur.-lina  Georgia,  Alabama.  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  rr  Arkansas  is  practica- 
tle,  is  by  colo  lies;  and  in  most  of  those  States,  there  would  still  bo  difficulties  and 
disabilities  which  would  make  rv  residence  there  unpleasant.  These  8tattsj;re  ruled 
1 10  much  bf  fie  pistol,  the  rifle,  and  the  shot-gun,  to  make  life  agreeable  there. 
Florida  i.i  obtaining  a  largo  population  of  northern  nettlers,  nnd  though  some  por- 
tions of  th  »  State  ar<>  subject  to  malarious  fevers,  and  its  principal  towns  suffer 
occasionally  from  yellow  f  ver.  tho  climate  in  tho  interior  is  delightful,  and  the 
c'Utura  of  the  orange,  lemon  and  fiy.  and  other  semi-tropical  fruits,  is  becoming 
large  and  profitable.  Lands  in  desirable  portions  of  the  State  are  much  in  demand 
and  aro  bringing  hicrrter  prices  than  those  we  have  named  from  other  S'ntes. 

Texas  has.  since  1S7  ».  been  n  favorite  resort  for  those  emigrants  who  desiro  a 
warm  clinmto.  The  interior  of  the  State  is  very  healthy,  and  for  rearing  cattle, 
sheep  and  horses,  its  advantages  aro  superior  to  those  of  any  other  State.  Tho 


SEEKIXQ  XEW  UOIIES.  1C? 

lands,  especially  iii  eastern  and  middle  Texas,  are  very  fertile  and  yield  immense 
crops  of  Indian  corn,  t-orghuin,  sugar-cane,  cotton,  rice  «md  tobacco.  The  best 
mode  of  settlement  here  i.s  by  colouies,  ami  the  region  to  be  settled  should  be  care- 
fully explored  by  a  committee  <  f  the  colonists  in  advance.  Western  Texas  is  very 
dry,  and  along  the  Mexican  and  northern  borders,  Mexican  raiders,  and  Apache  and 
Comauche  Indians  very  often  make  plundering  expeditions,  carrying  e<ff  horsesand 
cattle,  and  destroying  properly  and  occasionally  murdering  the  settlers.  The 
finances  of  the  State  ure  not  so  well  administered  as  they  should  be.  and  the  taxes 
fire  1  irgely  in  arrears.  It  i.s  easier  to  obiain  a  char  title  to  lands  here  than  in  most 
of  the  States  where  the  title  does  not  come  either  from  the  U.  S.  Government  or 
from  the  railways  to  which  the  government  has  made  grants.  Lund  can  be  obtained,, 
unimproved,  tit  from  $1  to  $5  per  acre. 

Tennessee  (East  Tennessee  in  particular')  has  n  uch  desirable  lani!.  The  valleys 
along  tho  Appalachian  chain,  in  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  extending  into, 
ii'  rtheru  Georgia  and  Alaibanm,  have  n  delightlul  e Innate,  great  mineral  wealth, 
nnd  much  valuable-  timber,  and  in  many  places  n  fertile  soil.  For  capitalists,  min- 
ers, workers  in  iron,  copper  or  zinc,  colliers,  and  the  mechanical  trades  generally, 
this  region  gives  belter  promise  of  obtaining  u  competence  than  most  others.  A 
Dumber  of  largo  colouies  from  Great  Britain  liavo  already  located  themselves  here, 
and,  even  under  the  financial  pressure  of  1  he  past  li  voyeurs,  mo.ti'f  them  havedono 
well.  Mieldb  Tennessee  has  also  much  desirable  land  for  settl  rs,  anil  it  is  offered 
at  low  prices.  Tho  financial  condition  of  the  State  in  not  good,  and  the  party  in 
power  Lava  shown  n  proclivity  lor  repudiation  of  their  past  debts,  which  has  given 
them  n  bad  reputation  abroad.  East  Tennessee  is  traverse  d  by  several  railways  and 
Las  lor  its  markets,  Chattanooga,  Cincinnati,  Charleston  and  Savannah.  Middle, 
and  Western  Tennessee  raise  large  quantities  ol  cotton,  Indian  corn  and  peanuts,  as 
well  as  sorghum,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  Ac.  E:ist  Tennessee  produces  very  litlle  cot- 
ton, but  more  of  the  food  products.  Land  can  be  obtained  tit  low  prices,  especially 
if  purchased  lor  colonies  in  large  tracts. 

Arkansas  has  in  its  western  portion  large  tracts  of  very  fair  land,  Lilly  but  pro- 
ductive, nnd  with  great  mineral  wealth.  The  mountains  are  well  covered  with 
heavy  timber.  The  climate  is  salubrious  and  especially  ad  i [ .ted  for  those  having 
any  tendency  to  pulmonary  diseases,  Rheumatic  and  gouty  diseases  are  much 
benefited  by  the  Hot  Springs.  Yet  the  social,  pe  litical  ami  financial  conelition  of 
the  State  is  such  that  we  hesitate  to  recommenel  it  as  a  home  for  e-inigrants. 

Whi'e  Missouri  has  many  tracts  of  land  suited  for  emigrants,  we  must,  un'il  fiho 
repeals  her  repudiation  laws,  regard  her  as  an  undesirable  Stale  fur  our  own  citizens 
c>r  those  seeking  a  homo  from  fore  gn  countries  to  make*  their  residence.  Mechanics 
find  machinists  will  often  find  in  St.  Louis  good  ami  remunerative  employment, 
and  miners  may  find  work  in  her  iron,  lead  i.ud  coal  mines. 

In  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Iowa,  there  nr«  no  very  desirable  linds  belonging  lo  Iho 
United  States  Government,  and  certainly  none  which  could  bo  taken  unelerthe 
Homestead,  Pre-emption  or  Timber  Culture  l.iws — and  very  little  in  Wisconsin. 
The  Illinois  Ceu  ral  R.I?.,  Chicago  &  North  Western.  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific,  Burlington  &  Missouri  River,  n  d  s  verol  others  have  1  md  grants  and  will 
fell  ulterimte  s  ctions  to  settlers  at  from  $  >  to  $10  pi  v  acre.  These  lauels  being  on. 
t.unk  nilro  .d  lines  are,  in  many  ea-es,  desirable  ns  investments. 

But  in  the  States  of  Minnesota,  Nebraska.  Kansas,  nnd  Colorado,  oast  rf  tLo 
Sii  rra  Ne  ada,  and  the  Territories  of  Dakda,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah, 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  there  are  still  very  c  nsiderable  qntint.it it  s  of  government 
linds;  though  in  each  of  the  States  nu«l  in  the  Territories  of  Wyoming,  Utah  nnel 
New  Mexico,  thero  have  been  1  irge  grants  to  railroads. 

Of  these  States  nnd  Te  ri  ones  somn  are  more  desirable  llian  others,  though  all 
have  their  advantages  nnd  el isad vantages.  Minnesota  has  n  fertile  soil,  great  enter- 
prise, and  n  magnificent  future.  The  climate  in  winter  is  cold,  but  elry  and  uniform  ; 
in  Bumim  r  it  is  delightful.  Tho  western  portion  of  the  State,  which  forms  n  part 
of  the  valley  cf  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  isth  •  be  tland  for  Spring  wheat  in  tho 
United  States,  nnd  the  lirge;-  portion  of  the  Minnesota.  vh°at,  which  1ms  n  worlel- 
wide  reputation,  is  raised  there.  This  region  i.s  attracting  g  oat,  numb*  rs  of  immi- 
f  r<m*s,  nnd  is  t--ft versed  bv  several  railroads — the  Northern  Pacific,  anel  the  railroad 
now  building  through  the  Red  River  Valley  from  Pembina  southward,  are  tie  most 
imporiant.  Lands  every  w-ay  desirable  can  ITHV  1  e  procured  in  this  r^gioti,  by  the 
use  ot  cash  or  bounty  lind  scrip,  under  the  Homestead  Act  or  under  tho  Timber 
Cultnr!  Act.  We  R  all  explain  thes1  processes  of  obta  ning  lands  further  on. 
Land  j  can  also  be  obtained  by  individual  settlers  from  the  railroads  which  gridiron 


110  SEEKING  A'£TF   HO3IE8. 

Iho  State,  at  somewhat  higher  prices,  but  with  tho  advantages  of  a  ready  access  to 
good  markets.  Considerable  portions  of  the  Stole  are  well  adapted  to  grazing,  but 
the  cattle  and  sheep  must  be  carefully  housed  during  the  lo  g  winter,  aud  henco 
the  cost  of  raising  stock  for  food  purposes  is  greater  han  in  most  Souther  i  S  ates 
jind  Te  ritories.  Butter,  <  hetse  and  wool  are  largely  produced,  and  with  ranch 
profit.  The  principal  ci'ies  and  towns  have  had  a  very  rapid  but  healthy  growth, 
and  are  goo  I  plac  s  for  industrious  and  enterprising  mec.  auics  to  find  abundant 
and  remunerative  employment. 

Dakota  Territory,  which  joins  Minnesota  and  Iowa  on  the  west,  is  one  of  our 
newest  territories.  An  effort  likely  to  be  successful  is  now  making  to  divide  it  and 
to  organize  from  it,  with  perhaps  the  addition  of  a  small  portion  of  Wyoming  and 
Montana  Teiritories,  a  new  territory  to  bj  called  Lincoln,  which  Khali  include  tho 
whole  of  the  Black  Hills  region,  where  recent  gold  discoveries  have  built  up  a 
thriving  district.  This  measure  would  work  no  ill  t»  Dakota  and  would  greatly 
f;ic  litate  the  development  of  the  new  territory.  The  greater  part  of  the  settl  uients 
of  the  Territory  of  Dakota,  ns  it  will  be  after  this  new  territoiy  is  organized,  are  iu 
(he  eastern  a  d  south-eastern  port  ons;  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroa  t  crosses  tho 
fttato  just  below  the  47th  parallel,  and  Bismarck,  its  station  on  the  Missouri  River, 
is  a  town  of  some  imp  rtanc  \  and  other  towns  a  e  growing  up  on  the  line  of  that 
road.  The  eastern  or  rather  north-easUm  counties  adjoining  Miuneso'a  nro  in  tho 
fertile  valley  of  tho  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  are  admirably  adapted  to  wheat 
culture.  South-eastern  Dakota  has  also  a  very  rich  soil,  and  is  equally  well  suited 
for  grazing,  and  the  culture  <  f  cereals  or  r  ot  crops.  A  correspondent  of  the  Milwau- 
Iceo  (Wis.)  tentlncl.  who  had  spent  H  me  time  in  S.  E.  Dakota  in  the  autumn  of 
1873,  says  that  in  ILinsou  County,  G<"i  miles  north  of  Yank  o\  (the  capital  of  tho 
ten-lory \  on  the  1st  of  December,  1878,  "tho  ground  was  Ireo  from  snow,  and 
«attle  and  horses  were  f  eding  on  the  wil  1  prairie  grass.  No  coun  ry  in  the  world 
produces  .1  more  nutritions  griss;  oxen  need  no  other  food.  Ff.r  stock  and  she  p 
raising  this  region  has  perhaps  no  rival  in  a  noi  them  latitude,  and  offers  special 
attractions  to  tho  dairyman."  A*  other  correspondent,  w  itiug  about  th>  samo 
time,  says  of  this  region  :  "Dako'a  is/vir  excellence a  stock  country,  as  he  natural 
grasses  f  ro  rich,  and  yield  heavy  crops  of  hay.  All  that  is  to  be  done  is  t  •>  pay  for 
herding  in  summer,  a  A  to  cut  hay  and  cure  it  for  winter  use.  The  cost  of  herding 
is  about  ten  shillings  prr  head  for  a  season  of  five  months.  Sheep  pay  well,  tho 
climate  being  dry  and  the  lands  rolling.  The  s^il  will  grow  anything  to  perfection 
ndiipted  to  the  latitude,  as  it  contains  nn  almost  inexhaustible  supp'y  of  pla  .t  food. 
I  saw  a  carrot  two  and  a  half  feet  long,  Mid  it  w  s  not  cosnidered  much  of  a  carrot 
•cith  r."  Mr.  W.II.  Swartz,  for  som  i  years  a  highly  respected  citizen  of  that  part 
of  Dakota,  writes  to  the  Examiner  and  Chronicle,  New  York,  iu  March,  1879,  that 
'•  the  chief  business  of  the  region  is  agriculture.  Stock  raising  will  return  100  per 
•cent,  on  investmei  t  every  three  or  four  years,  and  ca  i  bo  carried  on  regardless  of 
grasshoppers  (tho  Rocky  Mountain  locust,  which  has  in  some  ye  rs  destroyed  tho 
frr.iin  crops)  and  t'io  influences  that  sometimes  affect  the  small  grains.  Water  is  to 

be  found  nta  deplh  of  fiom  15  to  25  fee',  mostly  of  a  very  goo  I.  quality." 

"The  soil  is  equal  to  any  in  the  world.  Tho  climate  is  milder  than  iu  tko  samo 
latitude  east  by  some  degrees.  Tho  Spring  opens  fully  as  caily,  ordinarily,  as  nt 
Pittsburgh,  Penu.  The  fall  season  is  exceptionally  fiue,  affording  the  farmer 
ftmp  o  time  to  secure  his  crops.  There  is  a  railroad  to  Yanktou,  tho  cap  tal.  in  tho 
nouth-ea'-trornerof  the  Ter  itory,  aud  several  others  projectc  I  but  not,  finished;  thero 
i?  also  the  Norl  hern  Pacific  Raihoa  1,  already  mentioned,  just  below  the  47th  parallel 
txnd  crossing  tho  territory  from  east  to  wes*-.  The  Missouri  River  is  navigable 
through  nearly  the  whole  of  its  extent  in  the  territory,  for  steame-.s.  The  eastern 
counties  in  the  Red  River  Valley  can  send  their  grain  to  market  by  Minnesota  rail- 
roads. Still  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  tho  want  of  r.iilro  ids  increases  the  es- 
penso  of  t  ransportation  of  crops  aud  t  oods.  This  is  a  present  objection  to  Dakota, 
Imt  it  will  soon  cease  to  be  so  for  railroads  in  the  west  keep  pace  with  the  iucreaso 
of  tho  population.  Meantime,  as  this  territory  is  tho  most  accessible  of  any  of 
those  which  contain  a  large  amount  of  government  land,  with  a  healthful  climate, 
abundant  streams,  and  other  advantages  for  emigrants,  we  may  as  well  describo 
Lere  the  processes  by  which  rm  emigrant  farmer  can  ol>tain  4-0  acres  of  govern- 
ment land  of  the  best  quality  at.  a  very  moderate  cost.  Tho  samo  process  will  pro- 
cure these  lands  iu  the  other  States  "and  Tenitories  where  desirable  government 
lands  an  yet  for  salo— but  it  is  not  lo  be  forgotten  that  desirable  Government  lands 
are  fast  becoming  scarce. 

Tho  method  of  obtaining  them  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Swartz,  a  prac- 


SJEEKtXO   IfEW   HOMES. 

tienl  business  man,  thoroughly  familiar  with  Dakota,  but  now  residing  at  Eyota, 
Minnesota: 

There  being  but  fe-w  railroad  land  grants  in  Dakota,  tho  only  way  to  obtain  thesa 
lands  is  to  enter  them  under  the  Homestead  laws  of  the  U.  S.  A.  Every  citizen  of 
tbo  Uui'ed  States,  or  thoso  who  declare  their  intention  to  become  fiuch,  over  twenty- 
one  years  of  age,  whether  male  or  female,  except  the  married  wile,  possesses  threo 
rights  entitling  them  to  48  J  acres  of  government  land:  the  right  of  pre-emption, 
homestead,  and  im  entry  under  the  Timber  Culture  Act.  A  pre-emption  is  a  fourth 
of  a  section,  or  1GO  acres  of  land,  obtained  by  occupancy  and  improvement,  and 
the  payment  of  $  I  %5  per  acre,  or  $200  for  1GO  acres.  Payment  can  be  made  at  any 
time  alter  C  mouths  or  within  33  months  from  date  of  entry,  and  a  deed  obtained 
allowing  to  dispose  of  cr  hold  the  purchase  at  will.  A  homestead  is  ft  simil.ir  tract 
obtained  by  the  payment  of  $14  government  fees,  and  the  continued  occupancy 
and  improvement  of  the  land  for  five  successive  years.  Persons  are  not  required 
to  remain  on  it  uninterruptedly,  but  nn  abandonment  for  six  months  works  a  for- 
feiture. Thoso  who  prefer,  and  are  able,  cnn  secure  a  title  after  six  mouths  by 
paying  the  pre-emption  price.  A  claim  under  tho  Timber  Culture  Act  is  secured 
by  paying  $11  government  fee  •,  and  the  plan'iug  of  tree  seeds  or  cuttings  to  the 
nmount  of  ten  acres.  Three  years'  time  are  allowed  in  which  to  do  this,  making 
the  cost  merely  nominal.  Persons  entering  a  claim  lor  timber  culture  are  not  re- 
quired to  occupy  it,  or  even  go  upon  it,  if  they  do  not  desire  to.  The  improve- 
ments can  be  made  by  employed  help.  Two  years  are  allowed  before  any  trees 
need  be  planted,  and  the  entire  expense,  if  d  >ne  by  employed  labor,  will  not  exceed 
$120  f or  tho  entry.  Every  individual  may  enter  ei  her  pre-emption  or  homestead 
and  a  claim  under  the  Timber  Culture  Act  at  the  same  ti  i.e,  making  320  acres,  and 
after  fulfilling  the  requirements  of  the  law  regulating  either  of  the  former  two,  can 
exercise  his  remaining  unoccxipied  right,  giving  Lira  48J  ncres.  Persons  wishing 
to  enter  these  lands  must  appear  in  person  at  a  Territorial  United  States  Land- 
Offiee,  or  before  a  Clerk  of  the  Court  for  the  county  in  which  the  1  xnd  is  located. 
All  persons,  however,  who  have  served  in  tho  army  or  navy  of  the  U.S.A.,  or  their 
widows  or  orphans,  can  enter  a  homestead  through  power  of  attorney  for  the  sum 
of  §2,  and  hold  the  Lmd  cue  year  without  occupying  it.  They  have  also  tho 
privilege  of  changing  their  entry  to  any  other  selection  within  six  months,  and  if 
they  fail  to  ratify  their  application  at  the  end  of  the  six  months  and  enter  upon  their 
claim,  no  forfeiture  is  made  excepting  the  privilege  of  filing  again  by  power  of 
Attorney. 

Mel  riisktx  is  one  of  the  newer  States  of  the  Union,  admitted  H  18G7.  Ite  area  IM 
nearly  ?(J,000  square  miles,  a  little  less  than  that  of  England  and  Scotland  together. 
Ite  population,  which  was  122,993  in  1870,  was  not  less  than  450,tOO  in  1879.  Tho 
increase  by  immigration  alone,  in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1»78,  was  not  hiss  than 
1(K),OUO.  There  were  sold  to  immigrants  in  that  year  614,774  acres  of  preempted, 
homestead  and  timber  culture  lands  by  the  government,  and  303,9'Jl  acres  of  rail- 
road laudd,  making  nearly  920,000  acres  beside  all  sales  of  private  larms  and  all 
tho  uncompleted  sales  of  government  lands.  The  unsold  government  lands 
amounted  ut  that  timo  to  about  twenty-eight  million  acres,  but  only  a  portion  of 
thi  se  we<:e  desirable. 

The  climate  is  excellent,  though  tho  heat  of  summer  is  sometimes  intense 
for  a  few  days,  ami  tho  winds  in  winter  sweep  over  the  prairies  with  great  force. 
Westeru  Nebraska,  beyond  tb.3  lUOih  Meridian  W.  from  Greenwich,  is  subject  to 
drought,  the  rainfall  being  comparatively  small;  but  the  influence  of  settlement 
and  cultivation,  and  f  specially  of  tree-planting,  has  been,  remarkable  in  increasing 
the  amount  of  ram  fall.  The  crop  of  cereals  in  1877  in  the  State  was  about  50,- 
000,000  bushels ;  in  1678  over  80,000,000  bushds.  Much  of  the  country  i.s  a  Imir- 
nbly  adapted  to  {  razing  purposes — and  with,  at  the  utmost,  a  few  weeks  shelter, 
cattle  can  obtain  their  own  living  froiu  the  prairie  grass.  Many  of  the  settlements 
are  by  colonies,  aud  these  have  generally  done  wt  11.  Ol  the  more  recent  immigrants, 
the  greater  portion  are  from  the  Eastern  and  Atlantic  States.  The  Missouri  River 
forms  tho  entire  eastern  boundary  of  the  State,  and  is  navigable  and  navigated  by 
largo  Kteamtrs  for  the  whole  distance;  the  Platte  River  and  the  Niobrara,  which 
.  traverse  the  breadth  of  the  Sfate  from  cast  to  vest,  are  not  navigable  throughout 
the  yi  ar  or  for  any  considerable  distance.  The  Platte  i .  n  broad  butshallow  stream, 
aud  receives  many  affluents  from  its  north  bank,  but  very  few  from  Ibe  south  bank. 
The  numerous  branches  of  the  Kansas  River,  which  water  the  southern  nnd  south- 
.  eastern  part  of  the  State,  largely  supply  this  deficiency.  The  Union  Pacific  U.K., 
which  follows  the  Valley  of  tho  Plalte,  Loclge  Polo  Creek,  and  the  South  Fork  of 


112  SEEKIXO  NEW  HOMES. 

the  Platte,  crosses  Mio  State  near  the  middle  from  cast  to  west;  and  tho  Turlington 
and  Missouri  River,  the  Alcbison  and  Nebraska,  St.  Joseph  and  Denver  City.  Aiiel- 
l.ind  Pacitic,  and  other  railroads  n  fiord  ready  access  to  southern  and  south-east*  in 
Nebraska.  Portions  of  the  State  have  suffered  from  the  grasshopper  >  r  Ire ust 
plaguy  I  ut  it  is  believed  that  tho  measures  proposed  for  tLeir  repression  will  bo 
found  cff.-cti/c.  The  Colorado  beetle  or  potato  bug,  which  threatened  at  0110  t.mo 
tho  destruction  of  that  valuable  tuber,  is  now  regarded  with  indifference.  Its 
pievalence  m  such  vast  n  mbcrs,  and  perha  s  that  e>f  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust 
also,  was  duo  to  tho  wanton  destruction  of  tho  prairie  hvns  and  other  descriptions 
of  grouse,  which  had  been  carried  on  for  several  years.  North-western  Nebraska 
olfjr.i  1  ;ss  inducements  lor  settlers  than  tuo  rest  of  tho  State.  It  is  dry  and  sandy, 
and  the  soil  i.s  covered  in  summer  with  alkaline  deposits.  Water  is  scanty,  and 
many  of  tho  small  Likes  or  ponds  aro  saline  or  ulkaliue. 

*  Kim  as,  tho  state  next  south  of  Nebraska,  is  an  older  state  than  Nebraska,  but 
admitted  into  the  Union  so  lately  as  1859.  It  lies  between  the  par.illels  of  37U  and 
40°  N.I  it., and  thornfridiausof  O^'und  102°  W.  lougitudo  from Greeuwieh, and  is  tho 
Central 3tato of  ttuUaitjd  S*ates.  aa  t  i.i  KOIUO  sens  •,  the  heart  of  the  North  Ameri- 
!  can  Continent.  Its  area  is  81,1)18  rqnaro  miles,  about  the  smne  as  that  of  Eugl  .ml 
find  Scotland.  Its  population  in  18(50,  was  1()9,000,  in  1870,  304,399,  nnd  is  now 
probably  not  loss  than  730,000.  In  Iho  year  ending  June  30,  1878,  1,711,572  acres 
of  Roverument  lauds  were  sold,  and  probably  ovtr  n  million  acres  of  railro  id  lands. 

The  climate-  of  Kansas  is  healthful  ami  ]>ieasiiut,  occasionally  tho  heat  is  intense 
in  summer,  and  Ihu  average  rainfall,  especially  in  Western  Kansas,  though  iucreas- 
jiag,  is  yet  somewhat  less  than  is  desirable.     Much  of  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  nnd  that 
portion  of  tho  state  lying  west  of  tho  JOOlh  meridian,  though  alkaline,  in  tolerably 
;vrell  \vati  r3o",  and  the  profuse  planting  of  trees  there  has  so  n.  m-h  increased  the  rain- 
fall, that  these  1  mds  bid  lair  to  yield  e::ce  Ih  ut  wheat  and  barley  crops. 
|     Tho  State  is  nptdly  s-ettling,  and  i:i  rroductivencfsr'nks  with  the  elder  stairs. 
|!Ls  crops  of  Indian  Corn  rank  third  <  r  fourth  in  the  Union,  r.r.d  the  Wheat  crop* 
seventh  or  eighth.     Ils  so  1  is  well  adapted  lo  the  growth  of  cereals  nnd  root  crops, 
while  it  has  excellent  faciliti-  s  for  Mock-raising.    Though  ft  r  KO  new  n  state  it  in 
traversed  by  an  unusual  number  of  railroads,  and  all  portions  c  xcept  the  north-west 
j  aro  readily  accessible  by  means  of  the  gnat  lines  nud  their  brunches  and  feeders, 
'yet  southern  aud  south- western  Kansas  seem  to  be  at  present  the  regions  most 
sought  by  settlers.     Like  its  neighbors  in  the  north  and  west,  Kansas  has  had  its 
,visitationse>f  drought,  of  grasshoppers  or  Rocky  Mountain  locusts,  nnd  of  Colorado 
, beetles,  bat  has  survived  them  nil,  and  by  the  abundance  cf  its  crops  for  time  or 
jfour  years  past,  has  recovered  from  its  losses.    It  is  hardly  probable  that  it  will  bo 
desolated  by  either  of  theso  scourges  again  very  soon.    The  educational  advantages 
jof  both  Nebraska  and  Kansas  nro  excellent,  nnd  the  two  state »  nro  in  a  good  nran- 
icial  condition.    Tho  principal  to^ns  in  Kansas  are  thriving  nnd  proving  rapidly, 
and  offer  good  opportunities  e>i  employment  to  inelustri<<usaud  intelligent  mechanics. 
\     COLORADO  is  the  latest  accession  to  the  sisterhood  of  state*,  baviug  been  received 
in  the  Centennial  year.  1876.     It  lies  between  the  pmnlMs  (  f  37°  nnd  41°  N.  Lat., 
and  tho  meridians  of  102°  and  1U9°  west  longitude  Irom  Gr<eii«ich.     Its  nrf  a  is 
1 104,500  square  miles,  n  little  less  than  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Gnat  Britain 
r.nd  Inland,  nnd  its  population,  which  in  1S70  was  38.864, now  probably  exceeds 
200,000.     Unlike  the  states  and  territories  previously  described,  it  is  a  mountain 
state;  tho  Rocky  Mountains  in  two  nearly  parallel  ranges,  pass  through  it  from 
north  to  south  nearly  centrally,  and  Lave  within  tho  bounds  <  f  the  state,  f  ome  of 
their  loftit  st  peaks.     Tho  table-lauds  nnd  foot-hills  1  y  which  the  Rocky  Mountains 
ore  approached  from  the  east,  nre  themselves  el-vntrcl,  and  most  of  Iho  nraMe  and 
pastoral  lands  of  the  state  nre  from  4.0(  0  lo  7,000  feet  nbovo  tho  level  of  the  Fea. 
,  The  mountain  j.oaks  rise  lo  an  rltitnde  of  from  12.000  to  ]  5,000  f(  et.     On  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  state  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  surface  is  excet  dingly 
rough,  though  with  some  beautiful  valleys.  'The  Grand,  Green  and  San  Juan  Riv«rs 
nnd  their  affluents,  which  are  the  ROtuefC  of  Iho  Colorado  rf  the  "\\Vsf.  plough 
through  these  broken  hinds  in  canons  varying  in  depth  f r<  m  2.CCO  to  4. COO  feet. 
This  is  one  of  the  new  mining  regions,  nnd  gold  and  silver  arc  found  in  paying 
quantities  by  those  who  urn  willing  to  undergo  Ihe  hardships  «  f  the  way  anel  *,ho 
Still  greater  hardships  which  attach  to  tho  miner's  life  in  sue  h  a  region. 

Another  peculiar  feature  e>f  Colorado  is  i's  vast  natural  paiks.     'J  In  ro  nre  FPVfral 
of  these,  the  largest  beirg  tlio  North,  tho  Middle,  the  South  and  tho  San  Luis  Pnrks 
They  ar>  extensive  fertile  valleys,  s-urronnned  V>y  the  lofty  mountain  vnlls  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  are  undoubtedly  tho  btda  of  ancient  lakes  of  vast  extent, 


&EEE1XQ  X£TV  HOMES.  113 


which,  in  some  of  the  upheavals  of  the  geologic  periods,  have  been  drained,  and 
formed  these  beautiful  valleys.  These  parks  are  six  or  seven  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea.  Their  whole  surface  is  covered  with  a  rich  and  abundant  herbage,  and  in, 
the  season,  with  the  gayest  flowers. 

Colorado  has  much  good  soil,  but  for  the  most  part  is  better  adapted  to  grazing 
than  to  tho  culture  of  the  cereals  aud  root  crops.  Its  grasses  are  eagerly  sought  by 
cattle  and  sheep,  and  both  thrive  and  fatten  on  them.  At  the  close  of  the  last 
year  this  new  state  had  over  half  a  million  of  cattle  and  750,000  sheep  in  its  pas- 
tares.  Notwithstanding  the  elevation,  both  cattle  and  sheep  seldom  require  to  bo 
sheltered  and  fed  during  the  wiuter.  Most  of  the  arable  lands  require  irrigation, 
for  which,  in  m:my  sections,  provision  has  been  made,  and  if  properly  irrigated, 
the  lands  yield  almost  incredible  crops.  In  the.  table  lands  of  Weld  County,  in  tho 
N.  N.  E.  part  of  the  state,  irrigated  fields  are  reported  by  the  very  highest  authority, 
to  have  yielded  in  successive  years,  over  300  bushels  of  Indian  corn  to  the  acre,  a 
yield  never  equalled  elsewhere.  To  the  enterprising  farmer  with  a  small  capital, 
perhaps  no  portion  of  the  west  offers  a  better  opportunity  of  profitable  investment 
and  labor.  The  grains,  vegetables  and  root  crops,  which  by  irrigation  yield  to 
abundantly,  aroiu  immediate  demand  at  proiitable  prices,  by  the  mining  and  other 
population.  Those  farmers  who  are  engaged  in  stock  raising,  are  large  purchasers 
of  vegetables  and  grain,  and  as  from  the  salubrity,  dryness  and  elevation  of  tha 
country,  Colorado  has  become  a  favorite  resort  for  invalids,  tho  towns  form  excel- 
lent markets  for  produce.  Eastern  Colorado  is  well  provided  with  railroads. 
The  Denver  Pacific,  the  Atchison.Topeka  and  Santa  Fe,  tho  Colorado  Central,  and 
several  minor  roads,  some  of  them  of  narrow  gauge,  traverse  these  table  lands, 
while  tho  Union  Pacific  skirts  its  northern  border.  As  yet  the  principal  range  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  State  has  not  been  crossed,  and  Western  Colorado  has 
no  railroads  in  operation,  but  at  tho  present  rate  of  progress  this  will  not  long  be 
the  case.  The  recent  discoveries  of  gold  and  silver  in  enormous  quantities  at  Lead- 
ville,  Silver  Cliff,  Rosita,  and  further  West,  near  Ouray,  are  producing  a  stampedo 
In  that  direction,  and  will  compel  the  quick  completion  of  railroads  now  in  progress. 

WYOMING  TERBITORY  lies  brtween  41°  aud  45°  of  north  latitude,  and  between 
the  meridians  of  104°  and  111°  of  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  The  Rocky 
Mountains  cross  it  diagonally  from  north-west  to  south-east,  covering  a  breadth  of 
more  than  200  miles,  though  between  the  ranges  there  are  some  fine,  arable  valleys, 
especially  those  of  Big  Horn  River  nnd  its  affluents,  and  tho  north  fork  of  the 
1'latto  River.  Between  the  42d  aud  43d  parallels  the  Sweet  Water  Mountain  range 
crosses  the  Territory  from  we>t  to  east,  terminating  at  the  east  in  La  ramie  Park. 
Tho  two  parallel  diagonal  ranges,  aro  tho  Wind  River  Mountains  on  the  west,  and 
the  Big  Horn  on  the  east.  A  Kinnll  portion  of  the  Black  Hills  region,  now  noted 
for  its  gold  mines,  is  in  tho  north-east  of  this  Territory,  and  the  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park,  covering  3575  square  miles,  containing  the  most  wonderful  natural 
curiosities  in  the  world,  is  in  the  north-west  corner.  Wyoming  has  an  area  of  97.- 
883  square  miles,  or  62,6-15,120  square  acres,  considerably  moie  than  England, 
Wales  and  Scotland,  but  only  one-eighth  of  tho  whole  hud  been  surveyed,  to  July, 
187d.  The  mineral  wealth  of  Wyoming  is  perhaps  less  abundant  than  that  of  some 
of  the  other  States  and  Territories,  though  gold  in  paying  quantities  is  produced  at 
sever.)!  points.  The  whole  amount  of  deposits  of  gold  and  silver  at  the  mint  or  its 
branches,  from  Wyoming  Territory  since  its  first  settlement,  is  only  $Gtf4,OCO.  Cop- 
per is  found  at  several  points,  but  awaits  development.  There  are,  also,  iron,  lead 
and  g\psum  iu  large  quantities.  But  the  most  profitable  mineral  product  of  the 
country  is  coal.  It  is  supposed  to  be  lignite,  being  found  in  tertiary  deposits,  but 
it  is  of  very  good  quality,  and  is  used  not  only  on  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific 
Roads,  which  travers  the  southern  part  of  tho  Territory,  but  in  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages along  those  lines. 

Wyoming  is  better  adapted  (o  tho  raising  of  cattle  than  to  the  culture  of  grain 
and  root  crops.  In  many  quarters  there  is  a  good  hay  crop,  but  for  cereals  or 
toots,  irrigation  is  required,  and  in  valleys,  with  this  aid,  large  crops  nro  raised. 

The  presence  of  a  large  population  of  consumers  of  food  will  insure  a  prompt 
and  ready  market  at  hiph  prices  for  vegetables  and  cereals,  and  will  justify  consid- 
erable outlay  for  irrigation. 

The  rush  of  travel  toward  Yellowstone  National  Park,  will  mnke  the  stations  ou 
the  route  thither  excellent  markets  for  all  kinds  of  produce.  Tho  Indians  in  the 
Territory  are  generally  peaceful  and  friendly. 

MONTANA  TEBKITOET  lies  north  and  north-west  of  Wyoming,  extending  to  the 
boundary  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  on  the  north,  joining  Dakota  ou  the  55th 


Ill  SEEKING   WW   HOMES. 

meridian,  and  extending  to  the  Bitter  Root  and  Wind  River  Mountains,  the  western- 
most range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west.  It  lies  between  the  45th  and  49th 
parallels  of  north  latitude,  the  west  portion  dipping  down  to  the  44th  parallel,  and 
between  the  104th  and  the  116th  meridians  west  from  Greenwich.  Its  area  ia 
143,776  square  miles,  or  92,016,640  acres,  or  one  seventh  larger  than  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  though  it  has 
many  beautiful  and  some  fertile  valleys,  and  some  extensive  plains.  The  various  > 
ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  traverse  the  whole  western  portion,  covering  a  width 
of  from  150  to  180  miles.  The  Bitter  Root  range  divides  it  from  Idaho  Territory. 
There  are  also  lower  ranges  dividing  the  Yellowstone  from  the  Missouri,  as  well  as 
north  of  the  Missouri,  and  south  of  the  Yellowstone;  they  run  from  west  to  east. 

The  Territory  is  well  watered.  The  sources  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  continent^ 
the  Missouri  with  its  great  tributaries,  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Madison,  Jefferson 
and  Gallatiu,  and  the  head  waters  of  the  Snake  and  Clark's  Fork,  the  two  great 
tributaries  of  the  Columbia  River,  are  in  this  Territory.  The  climate  is  mild  and 
temperate  except  on  the  high  elevations.  The  rainfall  is  from  12  to  16  inches 
annually,  and  is  increasing,  but  the  facilities  for  irrigation  are  generally  good. 

The  Territory  is  rich  in  mineral  wealth,  120  millions  of  dollars  of  gold  and 
silver,  mostly  gold,  having  been  produced  in  its  mines  since  1861.  The  yield  in 
1878  exceeded  $5,000, 000.  There  are  also  valuable  copper  ores,  coal  beds,  (lignite) 
and  petroleum  springs  in  this  Territory. 

About  one-ninth  of  the  whole  land  in  Montana  has  been  surveyed ;  while  there 
is  much  of  the  Territory  which  is  unsurveyable,  and  worthless  for  agricultural  and 
pastoral  purposes ,  there  is  also  a  much  larger  amount  of  valuable  land  than  has 
hitherto  been  supposed.  The  sage-brush  lands,  covered  with  alkali,  and  formerly 
supposed  to  be  worthless,  prove,  under  the  increased  rainfall,  and  especially  with 
moderate  irrigation,  the  most  fertile  lands  for  cereals  in  the  world.  The  wheat  and 
oats  produced  on  these  lands,  surpass  all  others  in  the  market  in  weight  and  qual- 
ity. But  this  Territory  is  especially  adapted  for  stock  raising ,  and  has  already 
very  large  herds  and  flocks.  The  returns  in  1878  show  300,000  cattle  and  100,000 
sheep,  about  40,000  horses  and  mules.  There  are  no  railroads  as  yet,  in  the  Terri- 
tory, but  it  is  very  accessible  by  the  Missouri  and  Yellowstone,  and  has  good  wagon 
roads.  The  Indians  are  not  likely  to  be  very  troublesome. 

IDAHO  TERTUTOBY  lies  between  the  parallels  of  42°  and  49°  north  latitude  and 
meridians  of  111°  and  1 17°  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  It  is  of  irregular  form, 
narrow  at  the  north  and  broad  at  the  south.its  eastern  boundary  being  the  Bitter 
Root  and  Wind  River  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  westernmost  range  of 
these  mountains. 

It  is  for  the  most  part  in  the  Valley  of  the  Snake  or  Lewis  River,  the  main  tribu- 
tary of  the  Columbia  River,  and  part  of  the  great  basin  lying  between  the  Rocky 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  or  Cascade  Mountains,  but  is  crossed  by  several  considerable 
ranges,  those  on  the  south-east  and  south  forming  the  borders  of  the  Great  Salt 
Lake  Basin,  the  Coeur  d'  Alene  Mountains  in  the  north  being  outlying  spurs  of  the 
Bitter  Root  Mountains,  and  the  vast  irregular  mass  of  the  Salmon  River  Mount- 
ains near  the  centre,  dividing  the  upper  Snake  River  Valley  from  the  Salmon  River, 
or  lower  Snake  River  Valley.  The  area  is  86, 294  square  miles,  about  as  large  as 
New  York  and  Ohio.  The  Territory  is  mainly  drained  by  the  Snake  River  and  its 
affluents,  the  Owyhee,  Salmon  and  Spokane  Rivers,  through  the  Clark's  Fork  of  the 
Columbia,  and  some  of  its  affluents  cross  it  in  the  north,  and  the  Bear  River,  a 
tributary  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  enters  the  Territory  on  the  south.  The  climate 
of  Idaho  is  temperate  and  mild  except  at  the  highest  elevations.  Much  of  the  land 
requires  irrigation,  but  under  a  moderate  amount  of  irrigation  it  yields  very  large 
crops  of  cereals  and  vegetables.  The  mountain  slopes  are  covered  with  heavy 
timber.  There  are  considerable  tracts  of  good  pastoral  lands.  Only  about  one- 
twelfth  of  the  area  of  the  Territory  has  as  yet  been  surveyed.  Much  of  what  are 
known  as  sage-brush  lands  might  be  profitably  settled,  by  companies  or  colonies 
who  would  provide  for  irrigation  on  a  large  scale,  by  which  the  most  bounteous 
crops  could  be  secured. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  the  Territory  is  very  great,  over  23  millions  of  bullion, 
mostly  gold,  having  been  deposited  in  the  mint  and  branches,  j  revious  to  July  1, 
1878.  The  yield  in  1878  was  at  least  $1,500,000,  and  might  be  almost  indefinitely 
increased.  There  is  one  railroad  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Territorj7,  the  Utah, 
extending  from  the  Union  Pacific  at  Ogden,  to  Old  Fort  Hall  on  the  Snake  River. 
The  settlement  by  colonies  is  the  best  method  in  this  Territory. 

UTAH,  "the  land  of  the  Mormons,''  lies  between  the  parallels  of  37°  and  42°  north 


SEEKINt   NEW  HOMES    '  115 

V" 

*w- 

iairhide,  and  between  109°  and  114°  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  It  is  for  the 
most  part  in  a  deep  basin  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  the  Wahsatch  range  form- 
ing the  eastern  rim  of  the  basin.  East  of  this  range  the  country  belongs  to  the 
Rocky  Mountain  system.  It  is  drained  by  the  Colorado  and  its  tributaries,  tho 
<3rand,  Green  and  San  Juan  Itivers,  all  of  which  flow  through  deep  canons,  from 
JJ,000  to  5,000  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  elevated  plain. 

West  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  there  are  a  succession  of  valleys,  forming  to- 
gether a  part  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  Basin,  and  the  lakes  and  rivers  have  no  outlet. 
The  Great  Salt  Lake  is  100  miles  long  and  50  broad,  and  has  an  area  of  1,900  square 
miles. 

In  the  north-west  and  west  the  plains  are  alkaline,  treeless  and  covered  with  sage- 
bush,  but  by  irrigation,  even  these  produce  4U  to  50  bushels  of  wheat,  70  to  80 
bushels  of  oats  and  barley,  and  from  200  to  400  bushels  of  potatoes,  to  the  acre. 
The  Mountains  are  generally  covered  with  timber,  which  belongs  to  the  California 
forest  growth,  though  not  attaining  its  great  height.  There  is  about  4,000  square 
miles  of  timb?r  of  the  84,000  square  miles  in  the  Territory.  The  lower  portion  of 
the  valley  around  Utah  Lake,  and  the  Jordan  and  Sevier,  is  fertile  and  requires  less 
irrigation.  The  Mormon  system  of  irrigation  is  very  effective. 

The  climate,  though  dry  and  cool  from  the  general  elevation  of  the  surface,  is 
very  healthy.  The  rainfall  is  somewhat  more  than  15  inches  annually,  except  in  the 
north-west.  Eastern  Utah  has  a  climate  and  soil  much  like  Colorado;  the  soil  yields 
large  crops  when  irrigated.  About  three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Mormons, 
a  peculiar  people  acknowledging  Joseph  Smith,  Brigham  Young,  and  their  succes- 
sors, as  their  supreme  religous  leaders  and  prophets,  holding  many  strange  and 
crude  views,  practicing  polygamy,  and  defying  the  authority  of  the  United  States 
in  regard  to  it.  The  remainder  of  the  people  are  not  Mormons,  and  are  engaged  in 
mining,  agriculture  and  other  business  pursuits. 

Utah  is  very  rich  in  minerals.  Mining  for  the  precious  metals  has  been  discour- 
aged by  the  Mormons,  but  the  yield  of  silver  is  now  more  than  $5,000,000  a  year, 
and  considerable  quantities  of  gold  are  also  produced.  It  is  richer  in  the  best 
iron  ores  than  any  other  portion  of  the  United  States.  It  has  also  copper,  lead 
and  sulphur,  in  abundance,  and  has  immense  beds  of  both  lignite  and  bituminous 
coals  of  excellent  quality.  The  Union  Pacific  Iluilroad  passes  across  the  northern 
portion,  arid  the  Utah  Railroad,  54  miles  in  length,  extends  from  Ogden  southward. 
There  are  350  irrigating  canals. 

NEW  MEXICO,  a  Territory  largely  inhabited  by  Spanish  Americans  and  the  Mex- 
ican or  Pueblo  (village)  Indians/ lies  between  the  parallels  of  31°  20'  r.nd  37° 
north  laiitude,  and  between  the  meridians  of  103°  2'  and  1G9°  2'  west  longitude 
from  Greenwich.  Its  area  is  121,201  square  miles,  almost  precisely  that  of  tho 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  forms  a  part  of  tho  elevated 
table  land  which  forms  the  foundation  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  ns  well  as  of  tho 
Sierra  Nevada.  At  Santa  Fe  it  is  6,082  feet  above  the  sea,  in  the  Upper  Rio  Grando 
Valiey,  5.  OCO  to  6,000  feet,  at  Albuquerque,  4,800  feet,  on  the  Llano  Estacado,  or 
Staked  Plain,  and  at  El  Paso,  3,000  to  3,[>00  feet.  From  this  elevated  plain  rise  hun- 
dreds of  peaks  from  3,000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  plain.  The  Staked  Plain,  in  the 
south-east,  is  a  broad,  almost  level,  treeless  and  waterless  plain,  sterile,  but  •where 
it  can  be  irrigated,  capable  of  yielding  immense  crops,  and  producing  abundantly 
•the  me^quite,  a  small  but  very  valuable  and  deep  rooted  si. rub  of  the  Acncia  family. 
West  of  the  llio  Grande,  wherever  irrigation  is  possible,  the  soil  yields  abundantly, 
grain  and  vegetables,  while  the  gramma  gr<iss  on  the  hill  slopes  furnishes  a  delicious 
and  fattening  food  for  cattle.  The  raising  of  cattle  is  likely  to  become  the  favorite 
agricultural  pursuit  in  the  Territory,  and  many  portions  are  admirably  adapted  for 
fruit  raising.  The  climate  is  unrivalled  for  health.  The  rainfall  in  Santa  Fe  is 
about  13  inches  annually;  at  Mesilla,  in  the  south  part  of  the  Territory,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Rio  Grand,  it  is  not  quite  six  inches.  There  are  two  railroads  entering 
the  Territory.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  comes  from  the  east,  and  ia 
now  completed  to  Santa  Fe.  The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  conies  from  the  north,  and 
has  also  reached  Santa  Fe.  The  population  is  about  130,000 ;  100,000  whites  and 
nearly  90,000  of  them  Mexicans,  the  remainder  mostly  from  the  Eastern  States — 
there  are  25  to  30,000  Indians  of  various  races,  including  about  8,000  Pueblo  or 
Village  Indians,  of  the  ancient  Mexican  races.  Education  is  in  a  very  low  con- 
dition; more  than  three-fifths  of  the  population  cannot  read  or  write.  The  public 
Schools  and  most  of  the  private  Schools  are  under  control  of  the  Jesuits,  or  other 
Catholic  orders,  and  the  instruction  is  more  religious  than  literary.  Colonies  will  do 
•well  in  this  Territory. 


113  SEEKING   NEW  HOMES. 

AMZON.V  TEKEITOEY  is  sandwiched  between  California  and  Nevada  on  tho  west,, 
and  New  Mexico  on  tho  cast,  having  Utah  on  tho  north,  and  Mexico  on  th* 
south. 

It  is  between  31°  37'  and  37°  north  latitude,  and  between  the  meridians  of  109D 
and  lid3  25'  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  Its  area  is  113,910  square  miles,  or 
a  little  more  than  the  united  area  of  Michigan  and  Illinois.  Tho  north  and  west 
of  the  Territory  arc  drained  by  the  Colorado  River  and  its  principal  tributaries,  tho 
San  Juan  and  little  Colorado,  with  the  r  affluents.  Theso  rivers  plough  through 
the  mesas  or  talle-lauds,  in  canons  from  3,000  to  5,000  feet  deep,  and  the  lands 
through  which  they  pass  are  dry,  parched  and  sterile,  except  where  they  can  be  ir- 
rigated. A  few  artesian  wells  furnish  a  scanty  supply  of  water,  and  among  the- 
ruins  of  tho  Aztec  towns  are  largo  reservoirs  for  holding  the  rain  water,  which 
rarely  falls.  The  southern  part  of  the  Territory  is  watered  by  the'  Gila  and  its 
numerous  tributaries,  and  is  more  easily  cultivated,  as  there  is  a  large  rainfall, 
and  the  banks  of  the  Gila  and  lower  Colorado  arc  overflown  in  summer.  The  heat 
in  summer  in  south  and  south-west  Arizona  is  terrible,  120°  and  126°  in  the  shade,, 
and  160°  or  more  in  the  sun,  is  not  an  uncommon  temperature  in  summer,  but  the/ 
winters  are  mild  and  delightful.  On  the  table  lands  the  temperature  is  pleasant 
during  tho  year.  Irrigation  is  necessary  to  agricultural  production  everywhere  in. 
the  Territory,  but  it  contains  excellent  grazing  lands,  and  a  sufficient  amount  of 
arable  land  to  insure  a  sufficient  supply  of  vegetables  and  cereals  for  the  population. 
There  is  considerable  timber  on  tho  Mountain  slopes,  and  the  various  species  of 
cactus  attain  great  size  there. 

Tho  mineral  wealth  of  Arizona  is  enormous,  gold,  silver,  quick-silver,  phtina, 
tin,  nickel,  very  puro  copper  ores,  lead,  the  best  ores  of  iron,  bituminous  coals  of 
excellent  quality,  salt,  "sulphur,  gypsum  and  many  of  the  precious  stones,  abound 
there.  $:00,000  of  gold  and  $:3,000,OCO  of  silver  were  sent  from  this  Territory  ia 
1878,  and  that  amount  is  constantly  increasing  with  tho  increasing  population.  The- 
Indians  are  110  lougcr  troublesome.  For  miners,  engineers,  or  herdsmen,  tho  Ter- 
ritory is  very  attractive,  and  intelligent  farmers  can  do  well  there. 

NEVADA  was  admitted  as  a  State  when  its  population  was  notoriously  too  small, 
and  though  tho  number  of  inhabitants  is  increasing,  it  is  still  below  the  quota  for  a 
member  of  Congress,  though  it  is  represented  by  one  member  in  the  lower  house 
•f  Congress.  It  lies  between  the  35th  and  42d  parallels  of  north  latitude,  and 
between  tho  114th  and  120th  meridians  of  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  Its 
area  is  112,090  square  miles,  about  the  same  as  Arizona.  Its  mineral  wealth  sur- 
passes that  of  any  of  the  western  States  or  Territories.  In  1877  tho  yield  of  silver 
from  the  mines  was  $11,594,G1G;  in  1878  $47,C7G,8G3.  Tho  silver  mines  aro  scaU 
terecl  over  the  whole  State. 

Its  production  of  pold,  mostly  parted  from  the  silver,  is  nearly  20  millions  of 
dollars,  and  both  gold  and  silver  arc  increasing.  It  has  also  quick-silver,  lead, 
copper,  iron,  antimony,  sulphur,  arsenic,  graphite,  borax,  carbonate  of  soda,  in 
immense  quantities,  rock  salt,  lignite  or  brown  coal  of  good  quality,  &c.,  &c. 

The  climate  varies  with  tho  latitude  and  elevation.  The  cold  of  winter  is  intense* 
in  the  mountains  nnd  lofty  valleys,  tho  mercury  falling  to — 10°— 1G°,  and  much 
lower  in  tho  mountains,  and  tho  heat  in  the  summer,  is  equally  intense,  rising  to 
105°  iu  Juno,  but  tbo  nights  in  summer  are  cool ;  July  and  August  are  not  so  hot. 
In  south-east  Nevada,  there  is  much  less  cold,  and  cotton  and  the  sugar  cano  arc* 
both  cultivated  there. 

Tho  climate  is  generally  healthy.  Tho  rainfall  is  larger  than  in  the  States  and 
Territories  lying  east  of  it,  but  much  of  tho  land  needs  irrigating  to  be  successfully 
cultivated.  Much  of  tho  mountain  slopes  is  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  tho 
State  has  already  a  largo  amount  of  livo  stock,  for  its  population.  The  sage-bru.sk 
lands  where  irrigated,  yield  very  large  crops  of  the  alfalfa  clover,  the  cereals  and 
Tegetablts.  Provision  was  made  in  1878  for  irrigating  more  than  1CO.OCO  acres  of 
these  sage-brush  lands. 

Tlio  State  has  many  Inkep,  mostly  without  outlet,  the  water  in  some  is  pure,  in 
others  brackish  or  alkaline,  in  a  few  s  ilt.  Pyramid  Lake  with  its  nsUurol  pyramid 
in  the  centre,  the  three  Mud  Lakes,  Holloway.  Jlumboldt,  Carson,  Walter's,  Preuss, 
Franklin, Pabranagat,  and  on  the  border  lino  of  California,  the  beautiful  Lake  Tahoe, 
1,500  feet  deep,  nnd  6. 000  feet  abovo  the  sea.  Southern  Novada  is  a  barren  and 
desolate  region,  but  has  valuable  mices.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  crospes  the- 
State  in  a  west-south-west  direction,  between  the  parallels  of  41°  20'  and  39°  30', 
and  there  nra  several  local  rai Loads.  Nevada  is  a  good  State  for  miners,  smelters, 
engineers,  intelligent  farmers,  grazers,  and  enterprising  mechanics. 


SEEKING   NEW   HOMES.  117 

CALIFORNIA  lias  been  so  often  described,  that  \vo  can  only  speak  of  it  now  in  re- 
ference to  its  adaptation  to  receive  emigrants.  It  has  a  vast  territory,  extending 
from  32°  28'  to  42s  north  latitude,  and  lying  between  tho  meridians  of  114°  30' 
and  124°  45'  west  longitude  from  Greenwich.  Kecent  surveys  have  reduced  some- 
what its  supposed  area,  which  was  formerly  stated  at  188,980  square  miles,  but  is 
now  said,  by  the  United  States  land  office,  to  be  157,801  square  miles,  a  territory 
about  as  lar^e  as  that  of  the  Kingdom  of  Sweden. 

The  climate  varies  through  all  the  gradations  of  the  temperate  and  semi-tropical 
regions  The  average  mean  temperature  of  the  year  ranges  from  Gl°  5'  at  Hum- 
boldt  Bay,  and  56°  0'  at  San  Francisco,  to  73°  5'  at  Fort  Yuma.  The  summer 
mean  temperature  has  a  range  of  33  degrees  between  Humboldt  Bay  and  Fort  Yuma, 
while  the  winter  mean  varies  but  14°.  The  annual  rainfall  is  equally  varied,  at 
Humboldt  Bay,  from  57  to  G4  inches;  in  Klamath  Co.,  from  81  to  110  inches,  in 
Nevada  Co.,  at  latitude  39°  20',  G4  inches  to  81  inches;  in  San  Francisco,  20.79 
inches;  in  Sacramento,  18.23;  in  San  Diego,  10.43;  in  Fort  Yuma,  3.24  inches. 
It  is  a  land  of  lakes,  rivers  and  mountains,  with  some  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
fertile  lands  in  the  world,  and  some  of  the  most  desolate  and  forbidding.  Its  golden 
grain  is  famous  the  world  over,  and  its  vineyards  and  olive  garden?,  luscious  fruits 
and  abundant  crops  of  every  thing  which  will  grow  anywhere,  are  well  known. 
About  50  millions  of  acres  of  its  lands  are  arable,  but  they  arc  mostly  taken  up  in 
large  ranches  or  plantations,  though  these  are  now  being  divided,  in  many  instances, 
into  small  farms.  For  the  most  part,  arable  lands  are  too  dear  for  the  farmer  of 
small  means.  Many  of  these  large  ranches  are  on  unsurveyed  lands,  and  must 
eventually  come  into  market,  when  there  will  be  a  good  opportunity  for  purchasing 
farms. 

There  are  nearly  40,000,000  acres  of  grazing  lands,  and  though  stock-raising  is 
generally  carried  out  upon  a  large  scale,  it  is  possible  for  an  intelligent  stock  grower 
to  do  well  in  the  business.  South-east  California  is  a  wild  volcanic  region,  with  ita 
dry  lakes  covered  with  Bait  or  bitumen,  its  vast  sinks,  many  of  them  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ocean,  and  its  Death  Valley,  most  appropriately  named.  It  is  now  pro- 
posed, by  a  short  ship  canal,  to  turn  tho  waters  of  the  Pacific  into  this  valley  and 
render  it  habilable,  where  it  is  not  submerged. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  California  is  very  great.  Its  production  of  gold  and  silver 
since  1849  has  been  nearly  700  million  dollars,  and  it  is  still  producing  over  20  mil- 
lions a  year,  mostly  in  gold,  quick-silver  to  tho  amount  of  about  2,000,000  annually; 
copper,  tin,  coal,  &c.,  &c.,  are  also  produced.  Most  parts  of  tho  State  are  easily 
reached  by  railroads  and  steamers. 

California  is  a  good  State  for  artisans,  gardeners,  vine  growers  and  dressers,  and 
farmers  who  are  content  to  be  employed  at  first  by  others;  miners,  metal  workers, 
machinists,  and  operators  in  woollen  mills,  &c.,  &c.,  but  less  so  for  those  who  wish 
to  purchase  farms. 

OREGON,  one  of  the  two  States  lying  on  the  Pacific.  It  is  between  the  parallels  of 
42°  and  46°  18'  north  latitude, and  the  meridians  of  116°  33'  and  124°  25'  west 
longitude  from  Greenwich.  Its  area  is  95,274  rniks.  About  live-sevenths  of  ita 
northern  boundary  is  formed  by  the  Columbia,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  the 
Oregon  River,  the  largest  river  flowing  into  tho  Pacific  Ocean,  and  at  least  three- 
fifths  of  its  eastern  boundary  is  washed  by  tho  Snako  or  Lewis  River,  tho  largest 
tributary  of  the  Columbia. 

Most  of  the  State  is  well  watered,  mainly  from  tho  affluents  of  the  Columbia 
nnd  Snake,  though  the  Klamath,  a  California  river,  rises  in  tho  State,  and  tho 
Uinpqua,  Rogue  and  other  small  streams  fall  into  tho  Pacific.  It  is  divided  by  tho 
Cascade  nnd  Bluo  ranges  of  Mountains  into  three  sections,  known  as  Western,  Mid- 
dle, and  Eastern  Oregon.  Western  Oregon,  that  part  lying  west  of  tho  Cascades,  a 
strip  about  110  miks  wide,  though  broken  and  hilly  from  the  presence  of  tbo  cpast 
range,  which  is  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet  in  height,  is  generally  fertile,  and  the  Moun- 
tains arc  clothed  with  heavy  timber  to  their  summits.  The  Willamette  Valley,  lying 
between  the  Coast  and  Cascade  ranges,  and  containing  about  5,000,000  acres,  is 
exceedingly  fertile  and  beautiful.  The  rainfall  in  Western  Oregon  ranges  from  44 
to  GO  inches,  the  highest  amount  being  reached  at  the  mouth  of  tho  Columbia  in 
the  north,  and  near  the  Klamath  Lakes  in  the  south.  The  temperature  is  mild 
nnd  delightful.  The  mean  for  the  year  being  52°  13',  and  the  range  very  moderate. 
Middle  Oregon  is  dryer,  not  so  well  watered  nor  so  fertile.  The  rainfall  is  about 
•20  inches.  The  climate  is  agreeable,  except  in  the  south,  where  the  high  mountains 
make  it  sometimes  excessively  cold.  Eastern  Oregon  is  dry,  but  has  many  well 
xratered  and  fertile  valleys.  The  winters  are  cold,  with  deep  snow.  Western  Oregon 


118  SEEKING  N£W   HOMES. 

is  traversed  for  almost  its  entire  length  from  south  to  north  by  the  California  branch: 
of  the  Northern  Pacific.  The  rivers  abound  with  valuable  fish.  The  salmon  fish- 
eries send  out  about  $10,000,000  worth  annually,  mostly  in  cans,  and  canued  beef 
is  also  largely  exported.  The  agricultural  crops  are  good,  and  command  a  fair  price ; 
wheat,  oats  and  potatoes  yield  largely.  The  timber  trade  is  very  large,  the  finest 
trees  of  Oregon  being  very  large,  and  the  wood  durable.  Fruit  is  also  largely  culti- 
vated. It  is  an  excellent  country  for  raising  live  stock,  especially  cattle  and  sheep. 
The  wool  product  of  the  State  is  considerable,  and  mostly  consumed  in  Oregon  wool- 
len factories. 

i  The  mineral  wealth  of  the  State  is  very  great,  but  not  so  fully  developed  as  it 
should  be.  Nearly  $'<J,OuO,000 of  gold  and  silver,  principally  the  iormer,  ate  mined 
annually;  other  metals  abound.  Most  of  the  mints  are  in  eastern  and  middlo 
Oregon.  Miners,  lumbermen,  fishermen,  herdsmen,  and  industrious,  intelligent 
farmers,  will  find  Oregon  the  best  place  for  them.  There  is  much  Government  land 
yet  in  market. 

WASHINGTON  TERRITORY  is,  except  Alaska,  the  extreme  north-western  Territory 
of  the  United  States,  and  Alaska  is  not  as  yet,  in  a  condition  to  invite  immigration. 

The  Territory  may  be  said  in  general  terms,  to  lie  between  the  parallels  of  45° 
30'  and  49°  north  latitude,  and  between  117°  and  1253  west  longitude  from  Green-, 
wich.  The  Columbia  River,  which  drains  about  two-thirds  of  the  Territory  forms  its 
southern  boundary,  for  three- fourths  of  its  width  from  east  to  west,  and  its  western 
shores  are  washed  by  the  Pacific,  and  the  waters  of  Iho  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia.  The  area  of  the  Territory  is  69,994  square  miles.  Western  Wash- 
ington like  western  Oregon,  has  much  broken  land,  but  tue  valleys,  especially  around 
boih  sides  of  Puget  Sound,  aro  very  fertile,  and  the  slopes  of  the  mountains  are 
heavily  timbered,  and  valuable.  There  are  200  miles  of  railroad  in  operation  in  the 
Territory ,  and  the  Columbia  lliver,  Snake  River  and  Clark's  Fork  are  navigable ,  ex- 
cept at  four  points,  throughout  their  entire  course  in  this  Territory. 

The  climate  of  Western  Washington  is  much  like  that  of  England,  mild  and 
moist,  the  extreme  heat  of  summer  seldom  exceeding  80  degrees  F.,  and  the  nights 
cool  and  agreeable.  The  winters  aro  so  mild  that  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  house 
the  live  stock.  Mean  annual  temperature  52°,  annual  range  only  about  40  degrees. 
Rainfall  100  to  130  inches  on  the  coast,  36  inches  at  Cascade  Mountains;  in  East- 
tern  Washington,  from  12  to  24  inches.  The  summers  in  Central  and  Eastern  Wash- 
ington are  dry  and  hot,  winters  much  like  those  of  Pennsylvania,  cold,  but  not 
severe.  Only  about  one-third  of  the  public  lauds  aro  }*et  surveyed,  There  is  somo 
gold  in  the  Territory,  but  more  coal,  iron,  and  other  minerals. 

The  coal  in  the  Puyallup  Valley  is  anthracite,  of  excellent  quality,  and  a  railroad 
now  runs  to  the  mines.  There  are  other  beds  of  both  anthracite  and  bituminous 
coal,  along  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  soil  is,  much  of  it,  very  fertile,  and  tho 
finest  trees  are  but  little  inferior  to  the  giant  sequoias  of  California. 

The  Territory  is  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  cereals,  which  can  be  brought 
to  a  good  market,  by  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers,  which  have  now  500  miles  of 
uninterrupted  navigation.  It  is  also  a  good  region  for  wool  growing  and  stock 
raising.  The  salmon  and  other  fisheries  in  Puget  £ound,  and  in  the  Columbia,  are> 
very  profitable.  A  grand  future  awaits  the  citizens  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 


HOUESiXAD   FOR   SOLDIERS  113 

HOMESTEAD    FOR   SOLDIERS. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR,  » 
GENERAL  LAND  OFFICE,  Aug.  8,  1870.  } 

GENTLEMEN  : — The  following  is  the  twenty -fifth  section  of  the  act 
of  Congress,  approved  July  15,  1870,  entitled  "  An  act  making  appropri- 
ations  for  the  support  of  the  army  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1871,  ancj 
for  other  purposes,"  viz. : 

SEC.  25. — And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  private  soldier  and 
officer  who  has  served  in  the  army  of  the  United  States  during  the  rebel- 
lion, for  ninety  days,  and  remained  loyal  to  the  Government,  and  every 
seaman,  marine,  and  officer  or  other  person  who  has  served  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  the  marine  corps  or  revenue  marine  during 
the  rebellion,  for  ninety  days,  and  remained  loyal  to  the  Government, 
shall,  on  payment  of  the  fee  or  commission  to  any  Register  or  Receiver  of 
any  Land  Office  required  by  law,  be  entitled  to  enter  one  quarter  section 
of  land;  not  mineral,  of  the  alternate  reserved  sections  of  public/ lands 
along  the  lines  of  any  railroads  or  other  public  works  in  the  United  States, 
wherever  public  lands  have  been  or  may  be  granted  by  acts  of  Congress, 
and  to  receive  a  patent  therefor  under  and  by  virtue  of  the  provisions  of 
the  act  to  secure  homesteads  to  actual  settlers  on  the  public  domain,  and 
the  acts  amendatory  thereof,  and  on  the  terms  and  conditions  therein  pre- 
scribed ;  and  all  the  provisions  of  said  acts,  excetp  as  herein  modified, 
shall  extend  and  be  applicable  to  entries  under  this  act,  and  the  Commis- 
sioner of  the  General  Land  Office  is  hereby  authorized  to  prescribe  the 
necessary  rules  and  regulations  to  carry  this  section  into  effect,  and  deter- 
mine all  facts  necessary  thereto. 

By  these  provisions  the  Homestead  Law  of  20th  May,  1862,  and  the 
acts  amendatory  thereof,  are  so  modified  as  to  allow  entries  to  be  made  by 
the  parties  mentioned  therein,  of  the  maximum  quantity  of  one  quarter- 
section,  or  160  acres  of  land,  held  at  the  double  minimum  price  of  $2.50 
per  acre,  instead  of  one-half  quarter-section,  or  eighty  acres  as  heretofore, 

In  case  of  a  party  desiring  to  avail  himself  thereof,  you  will  require 
him  to  file  the  usual  homestead  application  for  the  tract  desired,  if  legally 
liable  to  entry,  to  make  affidavit  according  to  the  form  hereto  annexed, 
instead  of  the  usual  homestead  affidavit,  and  on  doing  so  allow  him  to 
make  payment  of  the  $10  fee  stipulated  in  the  act  of  20th  May,  1862, 
and  the  usual  commissions  on  the  price  of  the  land  at  $2.50  per  acre,  th& 
entry  to  be  regularly  numbered  and  reported  to  this  office  in  your  monthly 
homestead  returns. 

Regarding  settlement  and  cultivation,  the  requirements  of  the  law  in 
tiiis  class  of  entries  are  the  same  as  in  other  homestead  entries. 

Very  respectfully  your  obedient  servant, 

JOSEPH  S.  WILSON, 
Commissioner,  Register,  and  Receiver. 


120  INTERNAL   REVENUE. 


IS<?«  "LITTLE  TARIFF  LAW,"  j>.  GCJ. 

THESE  rates  are  tboso  of  the  new  Internal  .Revenue  Law,  passed 
June,  1872, 'and  taking  effect  October  1,  1872. 

TAXES. 

Ale,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons $1  00 

Banks,  on  average  amount  of  deposits,  each  month 1-24  of  1  per  ct. 

Bank  deposits,  savings,  etc. ,  having  no  capital  stock,  per  six  months     \  of  1  per  ct. 
Banks,  on  capital ,  beyond  the  average  amount  invested  in  United  States 

bonds,  each  month 1-24  of  1  per  ct 

Banks,  cm  average  amount  of  circulation,  each  month 1-12  of  1  per  ct 

Banks,  on  average  amount  of  circulation, beyond  00  per  cent,  of  the  capital, 

an  additional  tax  each  month 1-6  of  1  per  ct. 

Banks,   on  amount  of  notes  of  any  person,  stato  bank,  or  stato  banking 

association,  used  and  paid  out  as  circulation 10  per  cU 

Beer,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons « $1  CO 

Brandy,  made  from  grapes,  per  gallon 70 

Brewers,  special  tax  on 100  00 

Chewing  tobacco,  fine  cut,  plug,  or  twist,  per  Ib 20 

Cigars,  manufacturers  of,  special  tax - 10  00 

Cigars,  of  all  descriptions,  made  of  tobacco  or  any  substitute  therefor,  per 

1,000 : C  00 

Cigars,  imported,  in  addition  to  import  duty  to  pay  same  as  above. 

Cigarettes,  not  weighing  more  than  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per  1,000 , 1  50 

Cigarettes,  weight  exceeding  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per  1,000 C  00 

,  Dealers  in  leaf  tobacco,  wholesale 25  Ofl 

Dealers  in  leaf  tobacco,  retail 5  00 

Dealers  in  leaf  tobacco,  for  sales  in  excess  of  $1,000,  per  dollar  of  excess. ...  5 

j  Distilled  spirits,  every  proof  gallon 70 

'Distillers,  producing  100  bbls.  or  less,  (40  gallons  of  proof  spirits  to  bbl.) 

per  annum. 400  00 

Distillers,  for  each  bbl.  in  excess  of  100  bbls 4  00 

Distillers,  on  each  bbl.  of  40  gallons  in  warehouse  when  act  took  effect,  and 

when  withdrawn 4  00 

I  Distillers  ^  of  brandy  from   grapes,   peaches,  and  apples  exclusively,  pro- 
ducing less  than  150  bbls.  annually,  special  tax  $50,  and  $4  per  bbl.  of  40 

gallons. 
.Distillery,  having  aggregate  capacily  for  mashing,  etc.,  20  bushels  of  grain 

per  day,  cr  less  per  day  » .  t r, 2  00 

Distillery,  in  excess  of  20  bushels  cf  grihrper  day,  for  every  20  bushels,  per 

day 2  00 

(Fermented  liquors,  in  general,  per  bbl 1  00 


REVENUE  l^l 

Gas,  coal,  illuminating,  \vhcn  tho  product  shall  not  bo  above  200,000 

cubic  feet  per  month,  per  1,000  cubic  feet 10 

53as,  coal,  when  product  exceeds  200,000,  and  does  not  exceed  580,000 

cubic  feet  per  mouth,  per  1,000  cubic  feet 15 

Cas,  co.il,  \vbcn  product  exceeds  500,000,  and  docs  not  exceed  5,000,000 

cubic  feet  per  month,  per  1,000  cubic  feet 20 

Gas,  coal,  when  product  exceeds  5,000,000  feet  per  month,  per  1,COO  cubic 

feet 25 

Imitation  wines  and  champagne,  not  made  from  grapes,  currants,  rhu- 
barb, or  berries,  grown  in  tho  United  States,  rectified  or  mixed,  to  bo 
eoid  as  wine  or  any  other  name,  per  dozen  bottles  of  more  than  a  pint 

and  not  more  than  a  quart 2  40 

Imitation  wines,  containing  not  more  than  one  pint,  per  dozen  bottles..       1  20 

Lager  beer,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons 1  00 

Liquors,  dealers  in,  whoso  sales,  including  sales  of  all  other  merchandise, 
BYiall  exceed  $25,000,  an  additional  tax  for  every  $100  on  sales  of  liquors 

in  excess  of  such  $25,000.1 1  00 

Manufacturers  of  stills 50  00 

Manufacturers  of  stills,  for  each  still  or  worm  made- 20  00 

Porter,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons 1  00 

Rectifiers,  special  tax 200  00 

Retail  liquor  dealers,  special  tax 25  00 

Retail  malt  liquor  dealers 20  00 

Snuff,  manufactured,  of  tobacco,  or  any  substitute,  when  prepared  for 

use,  per  Ib 32 

8nuff-floar,  sold  or  removed,  for  use,  per  Ib 32 

Stamps,  distillers',  other  than  tax-paid  stamps  charged  to  collector,  each          10 

Tobacco,  dealers  in 10  08 

Tobacco,  manufacturers  of 10  00 

Tobacco,  twisted  by  hand,  or  reduced  from  leaf,  to  bo  consumed,  without 

tho  uso  of  machine  or  instrument,  and  not  pressed  or  sweetened,  per  Ib.          20 

Tobacco,  all  other  kinds  not  provided  for,  per  Ib 20 

Tobacco  peddlers,  traveling  with  moro  than  two  horses,  mules,  or  other 

animals  (first  class) 50  00 

Tobacco  peddlers,  traveling  with  two  horses,  mules,  or  other  animals 

(second  class)  25  00 

Tobacco  peddlers,  traveling  with  one  horse,  mule,  or  other  animal  (third 

class) 15  00 

Tobacco  peddlers,  traveling  on  foot,  or  by  public  conveyance  (fourth 

class) 10  00 

Tobacco,  snuff  and  cigars,  for  immediate  export,  stamps  for,  each 10 

\Vholcsaloliquordealcrs 100  00 

"Wholesale  malt  liquor  dealers 50  00 

Wholesale  dealers  in  liquors  whoso  sales,  including  sales  of  all  other  mer- 
chandise, shall  exceed  $25,000,  each  to  pay  an  additional  tax  on  every 
$100  of  salea  of  liquors  in  excess  of  $25,000 .  -  -  1  00 


f  r»r» 


STAMP  DUTIES 


STAMP  DUTIES. 


THE  latest  Internal  Revenue  Act  of  the  United  States  (that  of  June, 
1872),  provides  for  Hie  following  stamp  duties  after  October  1, 1872.  AH 
ether  stamp  duties  in  Schedule  B  are  repealed. 

SCHEDULE   B. 

Rank  chcck,"dra/fc,  or  order  for  tbo  payment  of  any  sum  of  money  what* 
Bocvcr,  drawn  upon  any  bank,  banker,  or  trust  company,  or  for  any 
Bum  exceeding  $10,  drawn  upon  any  other  person  or  persons,  com- 
panies, or  corporations,  at  eight  or  on  demand 2 

Medicines  or  Preparations. 

* 

SCHEDULE  C. 

For  and  upon  every  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosnre,  con- 
taining any  pills,  powders,  tinctures,  troches,  or  lozenges,  syrups,  cor- 
dials, bitters,  anodynes,  tonics,  plasters,  liniments,  salves,  ointments, 
pastes,  drops,  waters,  essences,  spirits,  oils,  or  other  preparations  or 
compositions  whatsoever,  made  and  sold,  or  removed  for  consumption 
and  sale,  by  any  person  or  persons  whatever,  wherein  the  person  mak- 
ing or  preparing  the  same  lias,  or  claims  to  have,  any  private  formula 
or  occult  secret  or  art  for  the  making  or  preparing  the  same,  or  has,  or 
claims  to  have,  any  exclusive  right  or  title  to  the  making  or  preparing 
the  same,  or  which  are  prepared,  uttered,  vended,  or  exposed  for  sale 
under  any  letters  patent,  or  held  out  or  recommended  to  the  public  by 
the  makers,  venders,  or  proprietors  thereof  as  proprietary  medicines, 
or  as  remedies  or  specifics  for  any  disease,  diseases,  or  affections  what- 
ever affecting  the  human  or  animal  body,  as  follows :  where  such  pack- 
et, box,  bottle,  vial,  or  other  inclosurc,  with  its  contents,  shall  not  ex- 
ceed, at  the  retail  price  or  value,  the  sum  of  twenty-five  cents,  one  cent  1 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  iuclosure,  with  its  con- 
tents, shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  25  cents,  and  not  exceed 
the  retail  price  or  value  of  CO  cents,  two  cents 2 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosurc,  with  its  con- 
tents shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  50  cents,  and  shall  not 
exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  75  cents,  three  cents 3 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  iuclosuro,  with  its  con- 
tents, shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  75  cents,  and  shall  not 
exceed  the  retail  price  or  A-aluo  of  $1,  four  cents 4 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  iuclosure,  with  its  con- 
tents, shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  $1,  for  each  and  every 
,*>0  cents  or  fractional  part  thereof  over  and  above  the  $1,  as  before- 
meutioned,  an  additional  two  cents 9 


STAlt*  DUTIES 

Perfumery  and  Cosmetics. 

For  and  upon  ovory  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosure,  con- 
taining any  essence,  extract,  toilet  water,  cosmetic,  hair  oil,  pomade, 
hair  dressing,  hair  restorative,  hair  dye,  tooth  wash,  dentifrice,  tooth 
paste,  aromatic  cachons,  or  any  similar  articles,  by  whatsoever  name  the 
same  have  been,  now  arc,  or  may  hereafter  bo  called,  known,  or  distin- 
guished, used  or  applied,  or  to  bo  used  or  applied  as  perfumes  or  appli- 
cations to  the  hair,  mouth,  or  skin,  made,  prepared,  and  sold  or  re- 
moved for  consumption  and  sale  in  the  United  States,  where  such 
packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  iuclosurc,  with  its  contents, 
shall  not  exceed,  at  the  retail  price  or  value,  the  sum  of  25  cents,  ouo 
cent I 

Where  such  packet,  bottle,  box,  pot,  vial,  or  other  iuclosure,  with  its 
contents,  shall  cxiccd  the  retail  price  or  value  of  25  cents,  and  shall 
not  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  GO  cents,  two  cents fc 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosure,  with  its 
contents,  shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  50  cents,  and  shall 
not  exce9d  the  retail  price  or  value  of  75  cents,  three  cents 5 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosure,  with  its  con- 
tents, shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  75  cents,  and  shall  not 
exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  $1,  four  cents 4 

Where  such  packet,  box,  bottle,  pot,  vial,  or  other  inclosure,  with  its  con- 
tents, shall  exceed  the  retail  price  or  value  of  $1,  for  each  and  every 
GO  cents  or  fractional  part  thereof  over  and  above  the  $1,  as  before 
mentioned,  an  additional  two  cents 9 

Friction  matches,  or  lucifer  matches,  or  other  articles  made  in  part  of 
wood,  ami  used  for  like  purposes,  in  parcels  or  packages  containing 
100  matches  or  less,  for  each  parcel  or  package,  one  cent I 

When  in  parcels  or  packages  containing  more  than  100  and  not  more 
than  200  matches,  for  each  parcel  or  package,  two  cents & 

And  for  every  additional  100  matches,  or  fractional  parts  thereof,  one 
cent - 

For  wax  tapers,  double  the  rates  herein  imposed  upon  friction  or  lucifer 
matches ;  on  cigar  lights,  made  in  part  of  Avood,  wax,  glass,  paper,  or 
other  materials,  in  parcels  or  packages  containing  25  lights  or  less  in 
each  parcel  or  package,  one  cent ^ 

When  in  parcels  or  packages  containing  more  than  25  and  uoti>nore  than 
50  lights,  two  cents ^ 

For  every  additional  25  lights  or  fractional  part  of  that  number,  one 
cent  additioual..  * 


1M  THE  FINANCE  BILL. 

Passed  Jane  SO,  1874. 

SECTION  1. — Tho  Act  entitled  "  An  Act  to  provide  National  Currency,  secured  by  a  Pledge  of  Unit- 
ed States  Bonds,  and  to  pro  vide  for  tho  Circulation  and  Kedemptiou  thereof,  "approved  June  3, 1864, 
tfhall  be  hereafter  known  as  tho  Kational  Hank  Act. 

SEC.  2.  That  Section  a  1  of  tho  Kational  Bank  Act  bo  so  amended  thit  tho  several  Associations  there- 
in provided  for  shall  not  be  required  to  keep  on  hand  any  amount  of  money  whatever,  by  reason  of 
tho  amount  of  their  respective  circulations;  but  the  moneys  require.' I  by  said  section  to  ho  kept  at 
•all  times  on  hand  sha!l  ba  determined  by  thoimiount  of  deposits,  as  provided  for  in  the  said  section. 

SEC.  3.  That  every  association  organized  or  to  bo  organized  under  tha  provisions  of  tho  said  act, 
and  of  the  several  acts  amendatory  thereof,  shall  at  all  times  keep  and  havo  on  deposit  in  tho  Tivas- 
nry  of  the  United  States,  in  lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  a  sum  equal  to  five  per  con  turn  of  its 
circulation,  to  be  held  and  used  for  tho  redemption  of  such  circulation,  which  sum  shall  bo  counted 
as  a  part  of  its  lawful  reserve,  as  provided  in  Section  2  of  this  act,  and  when  the  circulating  notes  of 
any  such  associations,  assorted  or  unassorted  shall  bo  p:  eseuted  for  redemption  in  sums  of  §1,000  or 
any  multiple  thereof  to  tho  Treasurer  of  tho  United  States,  tho  same,  shall  be  redeemed  in  United 
States  notes.  All  notes  so  redeemed  shall  be  charged  by  tho  Treasurer  of  tho  United  States  to  the 
respective  associations  issuing  i  ho  t-ame.  und  ho  shall  notify  them  severally  on  the  first  day  of  each 
month  or  oftener,  at  his  discretion,  of  tho  » mount  of  such  redemptions,  and  whenever  such  redemp- 
tions for  any  association  shall  amount  to  tho  Mini  of  $500  such  association  HO  notified  shall  forthwith 
deposit  with  the  Treasurer  of  tho  United  States  a  sum  lit  United  States  notes  equal  to  t  ho  amount  of 
its  circulating  notes  so  redeemed ;  and  all  notes  of  National  Banks  worn,  defaced,  mutilated,  or  oth- 
erwise unfit  for  circulation  f-hall,  when  received  by  any  Assistant  Treasurer,  or  at  any  designated 
depository  of  the  United  States,  be  forwarded  to  tho  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  for  redompt  ion, 
:a«  provided  herein ;  and  when  such  redemptions  have  been  so  reimbursed  tbfc  circulating  notes  so 
redeemed  shall  bo  forwarded  to  tho  respective  associations  by  which  they  were  i-sned ;  luit  if  any 
«nch  notes  are  worn,  mutilated,  defaced,  or  rendered  otherwise  unlit  for  uso,  they  shall  1  >o  forwarded 
to  tho  Controller  of  tho  Currency  and  destroyed  and  replaced  as  now  provided  bylaw.  Provided, 
that  each  of  such  associations  shall  reimburse  to  tho  Treasury  the  charges  for  transportation  ana 
the  costs  for  assorting  such  notes,  and  tho  associations  h'-ivaf  rr  organized  shall  also  generally  re- 
imburse to  tho  Treasury  the  cost  of  engraving  such  plates  us  phallbe  ordered  by  earh  association 
respectively,  and  tho  amount  assessed  upon  each  association  shall  ho  in  proportion  to  the  circulation 
.redeemed,  a  >d  be  charged  to  tho  fund  <>n  depo>it  with  tho  Treasurer;  and  provided  farther,  that  no 
much  of  Section  32  of  said  National  Bank  Act  recognizing,  or  permitting  tho  redemption  of  its  circu- 
latingnotes  elsewhere  than  at  its  own  counter,  except  as  provided  in  this  section,  is  hereby  repealed. 

SKC.  4.  That  any  association  organized  under  this  act,  or  any  <  f  the  nets  to  which  this  is  an  amend- 
ment, desiring  to  withdraw  its  circulating  notes,  in  whole  or  in  part,  may  upon  thedepo  it  of  lawful 
money  with  tho  Treasurer  of  tho  United  States,  in  sums  not  less  than  59,000,  take  up  tho  bonds  which 
«aid  association  has  on  deposit  with  tho  Treasurer  for  the  security  of  such  circulating  notes,  which 
bonds  shall  be  assigned  to  the  banks  in  the  manner  specified  in  tho  19th  section  of  tho  Kational  Bjnk 
Act,  and  the  outstanding  notes  of  said  association  to  t>n  amount  equal  to  tho  legal-tender  notes  de- 
posited, shall  be  redeemed  at  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  and  destroyed,  aa  jio\v  provided  by 
law;  provided  tho  amountof  tho  bonds  on  deposit  for  circulation  shall  not  lie  reduced  below  $50,000. 

SEC.  6.  That  tho  Controller  of  the  Currency  shall,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  tho 
Treasury  may  prescribe,  cause  the  charter  numbers  of  the  association  to  be  printed  on  all  National  Hank 
notes  which  may  bo  hereafter  issued  by  him. 

SKC.  6.  That  tho  amountof  United  States  no'es  outstanding,  nnd  to  \\c.  issued  as  a  part  of  the  circulating 
medium,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $382,(KK).OU),  which  said  sum  shall  appear  in  each  monthly  statement  of 
Iho  public  debt,  and  no  part  thereof  shall  b  •  hold  or  used  asa  reserve. 

SKC.  7.  Tha  tso  much  of  the  act,  entitled  An  Act  to  provide  lor  ilio  redemption  of  the  three  por  centum  tem- 

Porary  loan  certificates,  and  for  an  increase  of  National  Bank  noted,  as  provided,  t  lint  no  circulation  shall 
:  withdrawn  undep  the  provisions  of  Section  C  of  said  Actx  until  alter  toe  $.">t.()uo.o<X)  granted  in  Section  1  of 


section,  and  in  the  manner  therein  provided,  onjani/ccd  in  States  having  mi  excess  of  circulation,  to  with- 
draw and  return  so  much  of  this  circulation  as  by  said  Act  ma  v  ho  apportioned  to  ho  withdrawn  from  thorn, 
or  in  lieu  thereof  to  deposit  in  tho  Treasury  ot  the  United  Stales  lawful  money  suflicicnt  to  redeem  such  cir- 
culation, and  upon  tho  return  of  the  circulation  ivqui  ed,  or  the  •  cpositot  lawful  money  :is  heroin  provided, 
a  proportionate  amount  of  the  bonds  held  to  secure  the  circulation  of  such  association  us  shall  inako  such, 
return  ord.  posit,  shall  be  surrendered  toil. 

SEC.  8.  That  upon  thefailurc  of  the  National  1'anks  upon  which  requisitions  for  circulation  shall  bo  made, 
or  of  any  of  them,  to  return  t  ho  amount  required,  or  to  deposit  in  the  treasury  lawful  money  to  redeem  tho 
circulation  required  within  thirty  day*,  the  Controller  of  toe  Currency  sli.ill  at  once  sell,  as  provided  in  Sec- 
tion 49,  of  tiic  National  Currency  Act,  approved  June  3, 1884.  bnud<hcid  to  secure  tho  redemption  of  tho  cir- 
culation of  tho  association  or  associations  which  thall  KO  tail  to  tin  amount  sutHcleutto  red>  em  the  circula- 
tion required  of  such  association  or  associations,  and  with  ih-.i  proceeds  which  shall  bo  deposited  in  tho 
Treasury  otthc  United  States  so  much  of  tho  circulation  of  said  associa.  ion  or  associations  shall  bo  redeemed 
AS  will  equal  tho  a  mount  required  and  not  returned  ;tnnl  it  there  be  any  excess  pt  'proceeds  over  tlic  amount 
required  lor  such  redemption,  it  shall  bo  returned  to  the  association  or  associations  whoso  bonds  shall  havo 
been  sold ;  and  it  shall  bo  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer,  Assistant  Treasurers,  designated  depositaries  and  Na- 
tional Bank  depositaries  of  the  United  State*,  who  shall  b«  kept  informed  by  the  Con  t  roller  of  i  ho  Currency 
of  such  associations  as  shall  fail  to  return  circulation  as  required,  to  assort  and  return  to  tho  Treasurer  lor 
redemption  tho  notes  of  such  associations  us  shall  come  into  their  hands  until  the  amount  required  shall  bo 
redeemed,  and  in  l,ko  manner  to  assort  ami  return  to  the  Treasury  for  redemption  tho  notes  oi  such  National 
Banks  as  havo  tailed  or  gone  into  voluntary  liquidation  for  the  purpose  ot  winding  up  their  affairs  or  such 
.as  shall  hereafter  so  fail  or  go  Into  liquidation. 

SKC.  9.  That  from  and  after  the  pas>qj:o  of  this  net  it  shall  be.  lawful  for  t  lie  Controller  of  the  Currency,  nnd 
he  is  hereby  ordered,  to  issua  circulating  notes  w  thout  delay  as  applications  n  re  tlicrcformade,  nottoex- 
•<:ocd  $55,(JUO,flOO,  to  associations  organized  or  to  be  organized,  in  iliosc  Ktates  and  Territories  having  lent  than 
their  proportion  of  circulation  under  au  apportionment  made  on  the  bans  of  population  and  of  wealth 
jis  shown  by  the  returns  of  the  census  of  J870,  nnd  every  association  hereafter  organized  shall  bo  subject  to 
and  be  jrovcrned  bv  the  rules,  restriction.-,  ir  d  limitations  rndpo-sesslho  rights,  privileges,  and  franchises 
now  or  hereafter  to  bo  prescribed  l.y  law  as  National  Hanking  Associations,  wiih  the  same  power  to  amend, 
alter  nnd  repeal,  provided  by  the  National  Hank  Act,  PFUV  dcd  that  the  whole  amountof  circulation  with- 
drawn, and  removed  from  tho  bunks  transacting  business  shall  not  exceed  $5">.i)00.00ii,  and  t  hat  sucli  circula- 
tion shall  be  withdrawn,  nnd  redeemed  a  i  shall  bo  necessary  to  supply  the  circulation  previously  issued  to 
the  banks  in  th  so  States  having  less  than  their  apportionment;  and  provided  further,  that  not  more  than 
:$»)  000,000 shall  bo  withdrawn  nnd  redeemed  as  hoiein  contemplated,  during  fiscal  year  ending  Juno  ,'X>,  1875. 

Tho  titlo  of  the  bill  is  amended  to  read  as  follow  i :— •'  An  ;ict  to  fix  vhe  amountof  United  States  notes,  pro- 
vide for  tho  redistribution  of  the  National  Hank  Currency,  and  for  oilier  purposes." 


CUSTOM  HOUSE  FEES. 


CUSTOM  HOUSE  FEES, 

BY   LAW   TO  BE  PAID   AT  THS   SEVERAL    CUSTOM    HOUSES    ELSEWHE3E  THAX 
ON   THE   NOKTII,  NOKTH-EAST  AND   NOKT1I-\VEST  FUONTIEKS. 

For  admeasurement  of  tonnnge,  an<l  certifying  tho  same,  for  every  transverse  section 

n;.d«T  iho  tonnage  deck $1.50 

For  each  between  decks  above  tonnage  deck 3.00 

For  eacli  poop,  or  etased-iu  space  above  we  upper  or  spar  deck,  required  by  law  to  bo 

inline;,  ttu  red 1.50 

Certificate  of  regUtry  or  record  2.00 

I udorscnien  t  OH  Certificate  of  repibtry  or  reeoi  d l.OO 

For  every  bend  under  the Ilegistry  Act 25 

Certificate  of  Enrollment ,- 5O 

Indorsement  on  Certificate  of  Enrpl!ni(  nt  of  Change  of  Master,  &c 20> 

License  and  granting  tbe  Same,  including  bond,  if  not  over  21)  tons 25. 

A  bovo  20*  an il  not  o vt  r  100  tons 5O 

Over  100  tons 1.00 

Indorse  men  ton  a  License,  of  Change  of  Mastt  r,  &c 20 

Certify  ing  manifest,  and  granting  pera.it  lor  licensed  vetsclto  go  from  district  to  district — 

Under  50  tons 25 

Over  50  tons So- 
Certifying  manifest,  and  grautiug  permission  to  rej/ictered  vessels  to  go  from  uistrict  to 

disti ict 1 .50 

Receiving  Certified  manifeht  and  granting  permit  on  arrival  of  siu-li  registered  vessel. . .  1.50 
Granting  pyrinit  to  a  veshel  u<>tl)elonuing  to  a  Citizen  of  tlioUi.ued  States,  to  go  from 

district  to  district,  and  receiving  mauiftst ., 2.00 

"Receiving  manifest,  and  graining  permit  to  unload,  fur  last-mcutiouedvcssel,  on  arrival 

at  ono  district  from  auoi  her 2.00 

Grautiug  permit  for  vessel  carrj  ing  on  fishery  to  trade  nt  a  foreign  port 25 

licport  and  entry  of  fori  ign  goods  imported  in  ttuch  vessel 25- 

3Smry  of  vessel  of  100  tons  and  more 2.5O 

Clearance  of  vessel  of  100  tons  and  more 2.50 

Entry  of  vessel  under  100  tons 1.50 

Clearance  of  vessel  under  100  tons 1.5O 

Post  Kntry 2.00 

Permit  to  laud  or  deliver  goods 20 

Bond  taken  officially 40 

Permit  to  lade  goods  f«-r  rxportat  ion  entitled  to  drawback 30 

Debenture,  or  other  oflicial  certificate 2O 

"Bill  of  Health £0 

Ollichil  dncnments,  required  by  any  merchant,  owner  or  master  of  any  vessel,  not  before 

enumerated 20 

Servict  s,  other  than  mlnieanun  meut,  to  be  pi -rforined  by  the  Surveyor,  iu  vessels  of  100 

tons  ami  more,  having  on  board  me.  rhandi«e  subject  to  duty 3.00 

For  likjserviies  in  vessels  under  ICO  tons,  having  similar  nierehundiHO 1.00 

For  like  services  ia  all  vessels  not  having  merchandise  subject  to  duty GC3& 

Protection .23 

Crew  Li.tt 25 

General  ptnuitt'iliind passenger's  baggage. 20 

"Weighing  cf  -wriiUiablo  articles  exported  perlOOlbs UJ 

W«  ighingof  Silt,  to  cure  fish,  (See  Ait.  122  Warehouse  "Regulations) 

"\Vii^hin^<  t'other  wpigh:iblo  articles  in  tho  dintri.ta  of  Boston,  Kcw  York,  Philadelphia, 

and  "Baltimore,  per  1121  bit 01  ?& 

"Weighing  of  other  wei^hable  articles  in  tho  district  of  Norfolk 0^14 

Weighing  of  other  weigbabta  articles  in  all  other  itistiicts OJ 

Caiiging  of  gaugaule  articles  exported,  per  cask 10 

Iraugiug  other  articles. — Casks  each 12 

Cases  and  Baskets,  eucl i 04J4 

Ali>,  Purler,  &c.,  per  docen  bottle*. .01  y* 

Ueasniiiig,  per  100  bushels— Coal,  chalk,  brimstone .90 

Salt 75 

Potatoes,  eeeda,  grain  and  all  si Miilar  measurable  articles »45 

Marble,  lumber,  and  other  similar  article.-*,  the  actual  expense  incurred 

For  recording  billot*  sale,  mortgage,  hypothecation,  or  conveyance  of  vosel,  under  Act 

of  July  20,  1850  ". 50 

For  recording  certificate  for  discharging  and  canreLng  any  such  eon  vc\  ance 50 

3»or  furnishing  a  certificate,  setting  forth  the  naim  s  of  the  owiu  rs  «.f 'any  registered  or 

enrolled  vessel,  the  parts  or  properties  owned  by  each,  and  also  the  material  f;tcts 

of  any  existing  bill  of  salo,  mortgage,  hypothecati.<n,  or  other  iucttmbranee,  tho  date, 

amount  of  such  inoumbrance,  and  from  and  to  vhoin  uiad>t 1.00 

Far  furnishing  copies  of  such  records,  lor  each  bill  of  sale,  inortgHire  or  ether  convex  anco    .50 
For  licenses  to  Werners,  ca  a  compensation  for  the  invpectionand  examination  made  fur 

the  year,  and  furnishing  (ho  required  copies  <>/  the  inxptction  certificate,  under  tha 

Steamboat  Lino,  approved  Auguxt  30  1852,  in  addition  to  Hie  fees  above  mentioned,  for 

itxuiiig  enrollments  aad  license*  to  ressels : 
•w  each  steam  vessel  of  1(!0  tuns  or  under 25.00 

and  tor  each  ton  in  excess  of  100  tons 05 

fttT  licensing  of  pilots  and  engineers 10.00 


THE  WEST: 

WHO  SHOULD  MIGRATE  THITHER. 


THEBE  have  been  in  our  country,  as  in  other  countries  of  Christendom, 
periodical  crazes — times  when  nations,  states,  and  communities  were  com- 
pletely under  the  influence  of  a  single  dominating  idea,  which,  with  the  great 
masses  of  the  people,  drove  out  all  other  ideas  and  thoughts  from  their  minds. 
.Eating  or  drinking,  waking  or  sleeping,  they  could  think  and  talk  of  noth- 
ing else.  These  crazes  sometimes  seem  very  absurd  to  us,  as  we  look  back 
upon  them;  but  at  the  time,  they  are  intensely  real.  They  may  do  some 
good:  perhaps  they  always  do;  but  they  do  much  evil  also.  They  may  be 
industrial,  scientific  after  the  fashion  of  popular  science,  political,  agricul- 
tural, educational,  or  religious;  but  whatever  may  be  the  subject  of  the 
craze,  its  effect  is  much  the  same. 

THE   MOnUS   MULTICATTLIS  CRAZE. 

The  Morus  Multicaulis  fever  of  1835-38  was  an  example  of  the  agricultural 
and  industrial  sort.  Men  of  sound  judgment  and  of  good  business  abilities, 
were  deluded  into  the  belief,  that  by  planting  or  start  ing  a  half-dozen  or  a 
dozen  cuttings  of  a  foreign  shrub  or  tree  they  would  speedily  amass  an  immense 
fortune;  that  from  these  litile  sticks,  not  so  large  as  a  pipe  stem,  there  would 
presently  grow  stately  mulberry-trees,  on  which  millions  of  silkworms  to  be 
somehow  procured,  would  feast  and  form  cocoons,  which  any  girl  could 
reel,  and  which  would,  by  some  hocus-pocus  process,  be  transmuted  into  ele- 
gant dross-silk,  dress-goods,  velvets,  satins,  ribbons,  and  luce,  all  of  which 
would  be  furnished  without  cost,  to  the  fortunate  possessor  of  the  mulberry- 
slips. 

The  whole  thing  looks  supremely  ridiculous  to  us  now;  but  then,  every 
man  and  woman  invested  all  that  they  could  earn,  or  beg,  or  steal  in  these 
j)rreious-twig.s;  and  whrn  the  bubble  burst,  as  it  did  in  1837,  it  involved 
millions  of  people  in  heavy,  and  some  of  them  in  ruinous  losses. 

THE  SECOND   ADVENT  CRAZE   OF   1843. 

There  followed  this  a  religious  delusion,  the  Second  Adcnt  craze  of  1843, 
•when  people  made  up  ascension  robes,  and  some,  in  their  zeal  stole  the  mus- 
lin which  they  used  in  their  manufacture. 

THE  WESTERN   CRAZE   OP    1847-48. 

A  few  years  later  there  was  an  emigration  craze.  Tlie  West,  which  (hen 
meant  Indiana,  lllincis,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Towa,  and  Mi-souri,  and  the 
cities  of  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Louis,  was  on  every  man's  lips;  tcng 
of  thousands  of  miles  of  railroads  were  projected,  thousands  of  cities  laid 
•out  on  pan"er,  stocks  and  bonds  issued  without  stint,  every  kind  of  wild-cat 
paper  issued  as  money,  and  the  most  fabulous  stories  toid,  of  the  fortunes 
amassed  in  a  single  day,  by  the  advance  in  lands,  city  lots,  and  stocks.  This 
craze,  too,  died  out  from  sheer  absurdity,  but  with  frightful  losses. 


OIIOULD  MIGRATE  THITHER.  127 


OTHER   CXAZES. 

Time  -vould  fail  me  to  tell  of  the  crazes  eince  that  time  ;  of  the  petroleum 
mania,  the  shoddy  speculation,  the  mining  fever  of  a  dozen  years  ago,  the 
new  railroad  excitement,  all  ending  in  general  disaster,  and  in  long  years  of 
gloom ;  now  to  be  replaced,  perhaps,  by  an  emigration  fever,  and  a  reckless 
speculation  in  mining  properties,  almost  as  absurd  as  the  earlier  manias,  and 
even  more  disastrous.  It  seems  to  be  the  fate  of  the  Yankee  to  be  at  one 
moment  on  the  top  of  Pisgah,  and  the  next  in  the  Valley  of  Humiliation. 

THE  PRESENT   MINING   CRAZE. 

There  are  at  the  present  time  (May,  1880)  over  1500  mining  compa- 
nies or  organizations  in  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi,  nine  tenths  of 
them  formed  within  two  years  past,  and  having  a  nominal  capital  of  about 
$2,000,000,000.  From  ignorance  of  the  business,  bad  management,  and 
often  from  misrepresentation  in  regard  to  their  value,  more  than  nine  tenths 
•will  prove  unproductive,  and  the  stockholders  will  meet  with  heavy  losses. 
One  hundred  and  forty  mining  companies,  incorporated  in  San  Francisco 
•within  a  few  years  past,  have  assessed  their  stockholders  $47,000,000,  besides 
their  original  capital,  and  have  paid  in  all  only  $6,000,000  dividends. 

THE   DESIRE   TO   GO   WEST. 

"But,"  it  may  be  asked,  "what  has  all  this  to  do  with  going  West  ?" 
Much  more  than  you  may  think,  my  friend.  You  are  a  working-man,  a  ma- 
chinist, an  operative  in  a  manufactory,  a  builder,  or  an  artisan  in  some  one  of 
the  trades  or  callings  which  are  followed  in  our  Eastern  communities,  or  you 
have  been  farming  in  a  moderate  way,  or  engaged  in  trade.  You  have  laid 
up  a  little,  have  perhaps  a  home  of  your  own,  though  there  may  be  a  small 
mortgage  on  it;  but  you  do  not  get  rich  so  fast  as  you  would  like,  and,  as 
you  look  upon  your  wife  and  little  ones,  you  think  to  yourself,  "I  have  not 
much  to  leave  to  them  if  I  were  taken  away,  and  they  might  be  left  to  suffer. 
I  must  try  in  some  way  to  accumulate  property  faster,  so  as  to  be  able  to 
leave  them  in  better  circumstances."  As  you  look  about  you,  there  seems  to 
be  no  chance  in  your  present  circumstances  and  position,  for  doing  this.  If 
you  are  a  working-man,  your  wages  are  only  likely  to  be  advanced,  when 
there  are  such  advances  in  food  and  clothing  and  living  expenses,  as  will 
leave  you  no  more  net  gain  than  you  have  had  in  the  past.  If  you  are  fol- 
lowing a  trade  or  calling,  any  advance  in  price  is  necessarily  accompanied 
by  an  advance  in  material,  or  wages  of  employe's,  and  in  living  expenses, 
which  loaves  you  no  better  off  than  you  were  before.  In  trade,  there  is  per- 
liii ps  a  little  advantage  in  prosperous  times,  because  there  are  not  so  many 
bad  debts,  but  very  few  can  lay  up  money  in  retail  trade.  You  arc  appar- 
ently cut  off  from  any  considerable  improvement  of  your  circumstances. 

THE  EMIGRATION  FEVER. 

Meantime  the  spirit  of  emigration  is  abroad  in  the  air,  Every  other  man 
•whom  you  meet  is  talking  of  the  West — the  West,  with  its  rich  and  con- 
stantly developing  mines  of  gold  and  silver;  the  West,  with  its  productive 
farms  and  its  agricultural  wealth ;  the  West,  with  its  immense  herds  of  cat- 
tle, find  its  hundreds  of  thousands  of  sheep  and  goats.  You  ask  yourself, 
*'  Why  not  go  to  this  great  West  and  accumulate  wealth,  as  others  have  done, 
in  a  few  years,  instead  of  wasting  my  time  here  for  a  mere  pittance?" 
i 

"WHAT   IS  INVOLVED   IN  EMIGRATION   TO   THE   WEST. 

The  mania  is  abroad,  and  you  are  in  a  fair  way  to  become  one  of  its  vic- 
tims. Still  your  question  is  a  reasonable  one.  Allow  us  to  answer  it,  after 
the  Yankee  fashion,  by  asking  some  others.  Have  you  a  very  clear,  distinct 
idea  of  what  is  included  in  emigration  to  a  new  State  or  Territory? 


128  THE  WEST: 


THE   DISCOMFORTS. 

You  have  a  good,  comfortable  home,  with  all  its  appliances  and  con- 
veniences. It  may  be  small,  but  it  is  a  good  home.  If  you  emigrate  to  the 
frontier,  even  if  you  have  a  good  sum  of  money  to  pay  your  living  expenses, 
your  home  for  the  first  year  or  two  must  be  of  sods,  of  logs,  or  of  canvas. 
'  You  must  content  yourself  with  the  fewest  possible  conveniences  for  com- 
fortable housekeeping,  and  the  roughest  and  poorest  food;  all  those  thou- 
sand little  comforts,  which  go  to  make  up  our  Eastern  civilization,  will  be 
wanting,  for  a  year  or  two  at  least.  If  you  make  your  new  home  on  tho 
prairie,  the  summer's  sun  will  scorch  and  burn  you,  and  the  winter's  snow 
may  bury  your  little  cabin  out  of  sight.  Neighbors  at  first  will  be  few  and 
far  apart.  Schools  and  churches  will  conic  in  time,  but  you  will  have  to 
lift  heavily  to  make  them  come,  and  for  a  year  or  two  you  will  be  obliged 
to  go  without  them.  If  your  home  is  in  the  timbered  land,  other  disabili- 
ties, equally  severe,  will  try  you.  Wolves,  panthers,  lynxes,  and  now  and 
then  a  bear,  will  pay  you  visits,  not  so  much  because  they  care  for  your  so- 
ciety, as  because  they  hope  to  find  some  food,  on  or  about  your  premises. 
You  will  have  a  vigorous  appetite,  though  it  may  sometimes  be  difficult  to 
satisfy  it;  and  the  exposure  to  the  pure  open  air  may  improve  your  health, 
though  there  arc  some  chances  of  malarial  fever  or  catarrhal  affections.  You 
may  have  been  particular  about  your  clothing  at  the  East,  but  you  will  very 
Boon  present  an  appearance  which  would  well  befit  a  tramp. 

DANGERS   TO   HEALTH. 

We  do  not  speak  of  the  risks  to  health,  because,  with  only  a  few  ex- 
ceptions, the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  is  healthy.  The  region  border- 
ing immediately  on  the  Mississippi,  from  the  Iowa  line  southward,  and  thy 
lower  Missouri,  ns  well  as  Southeast  Kansas,  much  of  the  Indian  Territory 
and  the  lower  lands  of  Texas,  arc  to  some  extent  subject  to  billious,  remit- 
tent, and  intermittent  fevers,  and  care  should  be  taken,  if  a  location  is 
sought  there,  to  select  elevated  lands,  with  good  drainage  and  no  standing 
water,  and  to  avoid  the  night  air  and  heavy  dews. 

RISKS  OF  LOSS. 

There  are  also  some  risks  in  investing  the  money  you  have  been  able  to 
save  in  the  past.  If  you  have  saved  $1000  or  $2000,  and  buy  or  secure  a 
farm  in  some  one  of  these  new  States  or  territories,  by  whatever  mode  you 
have  obtained  or  are  to  obtain  a  title  to  it,  it  will  probably  be  about  twenty 
months  before  you  can  realize  anything  on  your  first  crop.  Meantime  you 
must  make  your  first  payments  on  your  land,  which  will  be  more  or  less,  ac- 
cording to  the  mode  of  purchase;  pay  for  having  it  broken  up,  which  will 
i  cost  you  from  four  to  eight  dollars  per  acre,  according  to  the  thoroughness 
f  with  which  it  is  done;  must  pay  for  seed,  and  buy  the  horses,  mules,  oxen, 
or  cows  needed,  and  the  wagons,  carts,  ploughs,  harrows,  cultivators,  and, 
if  you  can,  a  harvester  for  your  first  grain  crop.  You  must  also  buy  or  build 
your  cabin  and  furnish  it,  or,  which  will  be  about  the  same  thing,  pay  tho 
freight  on  your  furniture  from  the  East.  And  whatever  you  or  your  family 
need  in  the  way  of  food  or  clothing,  before  you  receive  anything  from  tha 
first  crop,  must  also  come  out  of  this  reserve. 

THE   CHANCES   OF    SUCCESS   AND   FAILURE. 

It  is  true  that,  if  you  are  successful,  your  money  will  have  been  put  out 
at  good  interest — ten,  twelve,  or  even  twenty  per  cent,  perhaps — but  there 
are  chances  of  failure,  and  the  risk  should  be  fairly  considered.  Even  if 
you  are  able  to  pre-empt  your  land,  and  so  delay  paying  the  Government 
price  for  it  for  thirty-three  months,  or  take  it  up  under  the  Homestead  or 
Timber  Culture  acts,  or  buy  it  of  the  railway  companies,  on  long  time,  you 


WHO   SHOULD   MIGKATE  THITHER.  129 

•will  still  find  ample  use  for  your  $1000  or  $2000  in  paying  your  necessary 
expenses,  and  maintaining  your  family,  until  the  crop  money  comes  in. 

WHAT   A   SUCCESSFUL   FIRST   CHOP   WILL   ACCOMPLISH. 

If  this  first  crop  has  been  twenty  acres  in  root  crops  and  twenty  in  wheat 
(you  will  hardly  be  able  to  crop  more  than  forty  acres  at  first),  and  there 
have  been  no  drawbacks,  but  a  full  crop  of  both,  you  should  be  able  to 
raise  about  $2000  from  the  forty  acres,  aud  cultivating  besides  a  large  gar- 
den plot,  to  provide  your  family  with  all  the  vegetables  they  need.  A  pig 
and  a  calf  will  add  to  your  meat  rations,  and  your  cow  should  furnish  the 
butter  and  milk  needed.  Under  these  circumstances,  if  you  are  a  good 
manager,  you  may  be  able  to  make  your  next  payment,  if  necessary,  ou 
your  farm ;  to  improve  your  dwelling,  and  break  up  an  additional  twenty  or 
forty  acres ;  support  your  family  in  better  style  than  the  previous  year,  and 
still  lay  up  a  small  sum  toward  replacing  your  reserve. 

THE    POSSIBILITIES  OF   FAILURE. 

But  suppose  that  your  wheat  is  consumed  while  growing,  by  the  grasshop- 
per or  Rocky  Mountain  locust,  and  your  root  crops  by  the  Colorado  beetle  or 
potato  bug,  and  the  gophers,  or  the  moles ;  or  that  your  farm  is  desolated 
by  drought ;  that  your  horses  or  mules,  your  oxen  or  cows,  or  the  pig  or  pigs, 
whose  luscious  flesh  you  have  been  looking  forward  to,  as  a  part  of  your 
winter's  supply,  are  destroyed  by  wolves,  lynxes,  or  bears,  or  are  seized  with 
the  diseases  not  infrequently  prevalent;  your  supplies  for  the  coming  year 
will  be  cut  off,  and  if  your  reserve  has  all  been  expended,  you  will  be  very 
hard  pressed  to  find  the  means  for  supporting  your  family,  and  obtaining 
the  seed  necessary  to  be  planted  or  sown  for  the  next  year.  You  may  say 
that  it  is  not  probable  that  all  these  disasters  will  come  at  «nce;  so 
would  have  said  many  thousands  of  farmers,  who  put  in  their  first  or  second 
crops  in  the  autumn  of  1878  or  the  spring  of  1874,  and  yet  it  was  exactly 
these  disasters  which  did  come  in  that  year,  and  thousands  of  families  wero 
only  kept  from  starvation,  by  the  public  and  private  bounties  bestowed  upon 
them,  largely  by  Eastern  people. 

ROSE-COLORED   PICTURES   OF   THE   EMIGRATION  AGENTS. 

This  is  not  the  sort  of  talk  you  will  be  likely  to  hear  from  the  agents  of 
emigration  societies,  or  land-grant  railroad  companies ;  they  will  represent 
to  you  that  the  climate,  soil,  and  productions  render  the  country  a  perfect 
paradise ;  that  there  are  no  disturbing  or  discouraging  influences,  but  that 
everything  is  perfectly  lovely.  The  crops  are  grown  without  labor,  the 
houses  are  builded  without  effort,  the  live  stock  takes  care  of  itself,  the  rain 
irrigates  thoroughly  the  long-parched  soil,  so  soon  as  the  immigrant  plants 
his  foot  upon  it.  Such  unthinking  advocates  of  emigration  will  accuse  us 
of  hostility  to  it,  but  most  unjustly;  for  while  we  have  presented  frankly 
and  without  exaggeration  the  troubles  and  privations  which  the  emigrant 
must  encounter  in  the  early  months  of  his  settlement,  there  is  a  bright  future 
before  him,  if  he  has  only  the  nerve,  patience,  enterprise,  and  good  fortune 
to  triumph  over  them  all. 

WHY   THE  DARK   SIDE   AS  WELL  AS  THE  BRIGHT   SHOULD  BE   PRESENTED. 

No  man  of  true  courage  is  ever  discouraged  by  the  presentation  of  diffi- 
culties to  be  surmounted  in  attaining  a  desired  end ;  he  is  only  stimulated  to 
greater  effort  to  overcome  them.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  only  the  bright  side 
is  presented  to  him,  and  all  knowledge  of  difficulties  and  discouragements 
is  carefully  withheld  from  him  when  he  is  called  unexpectedly  to  encounter 
serious  trials  and  privations,  of  which  he  had  no  previous  warning,  the 
probability  of  disappointment  and  despair  is  greatly  increased.  He  is  the 
best  friend  of  the  emigrant  who  shows  him  what  clouds  and  storms  will 
darken  his  way,  as  .well  as  the  glowing  sunshine  which  will  gladden  it. 


100  THE  WEST: 


GARIBALDI'S  PROCLAMATION. 

When  Garibaldi  was  about  to  enter  upon  his  campaign  for  the  capture 
of  Rome  and  its  annexation  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  he  sent  out  this  pro- 
elamation:  "Italians,  I  am  about  to  move  forward  for  the  conquest  of 
Home,  and  I  call  upon  the  brave  patriots  of  Italy  to  volunteer  for  my  help. 
Whoso  joins  my  army  will  have  but  scanty  and  poor  rations;  his  couch  will 
be  the  cool  ground,  his  shelter-tent  the  starry  skies;  if  he  is  wounded  or 
sick,  no  hospital  will  open  its  gates  to  him ;  if  he  falls,  no  priest  will  give 
him  extreme  unction,  or  say  masses  for  his  soul's  repose — but  at  the  end  of 
the  fight,  there  is  a  free,  a  redeemed  Italy  !  Comrades,  brothers,  forward  and 
enlist!"  And  they  did  come  forward  and  enlist  by  thousands,  and  though 
many  fell,  the  great  end  was  at  last  gained. 

WHAT  THE  EMIGRANT  HAS  TO  ENCOUNTER. 

Your  warfare  is  not  with  human  foes,  or  despotisms  hastening  to  decay, 
but  only  with  the  inertia  of  the  natural  world,  with  the  difficulties  and  pri- 
vations incident  to  a  new  settlement,  and  possibly  with  insect  foes,  diseases, 
and  summer  droughts.  These  once  overcome,  and  you  will  have  established 
yourselves  in  homes  whose  value  is  constantly  increasing,  and  will  have  ere 
long  an  income  sufficiently  ample  for  your  family  and  yourselves.  You  who 
are  enterprising,  courageous,  and  persevering,  come  forward  and  enlist ! 

THE  CHANCES  FOR  THE  MEN  WHO  HAVE  TRADES. 

Those  working-men  who  have  good  trades,  and  are  skilful  in  them,  may 
fiad  profitable  employment  in  their  respective  lines  of  business  much  sooner 
than  the  farmer,  and  have  an  opportunity  of  obtaining  better  social  posi- 
tions, than  they  can  usually  do  here;  but  they  will  do  well  to  secure  some 
land— enough  for  their  own  needs.  To  keep  two  or  three  cows  and  a  few 
sheep ;  to  raise  what  grain  and  root  crops  are  needed  for  home  consumption ; 
to  have  a  comfortable  home,  with  pleasant  surroundings  of  flowers,  shrubs, 
fruit  and  forest-trees,  and  a  good  vegetable  garden,  will  not  be  very  expen- 
sive, if  there  are  young  hands  to  help;  and  if  in,  or  near  one  of  the  growing 
towns  of  the  West,  it  will  be  not  only  a  source  of  pleasure, >»but  of  constantly- 
increasing  profit.  And  in  many  instances  there  will  be  opportunities  for  the 
cultivation  of  special  crops  on  a  small  scale,  the  raising  of  poultry,  the  rear- 
ing of  silk-worms,  the  care  of  bees,  etc.,  etc.,  which  will  add  materially  to 
the  revenues  of  the  household. 

We  can  hardly  advise  our  friends  to  go  into  the  business  of  stock-raising 
or  wool-growing  in  the  West,  unless  they  have  a  considerable  capital  at 
command. 

HEAVY  CAPITAL  NEEDED   IN   STOCK-RAISING. 

A  cattle-ranche,  even  on  the  smallest  scale  which  will  pay  a  profit,  re- 
quires at  least  $20,000  to  start  with,  and  would  be  more  speedily  profitable 
with  $50,000.  As  many  of  the  large  cattle-farms  or  ranches  are  owned  by 
joint  stock  companies,  some  stock  might  be  taken  in  them  with  a  smaller 
sum,  say  $5,000  or  $10,000;  but  their  capital  is  usually  from  $500,000  to 
$1,000,000,  and  the  dividend  on  a  small  sum  would  be  nothing  for  two  or 
three  years,  and  not  a  large  amount  for  several  more.  Eventually  it  might 

pay. 

BECOMING   A   HERDER. 

Another  way  of  working  into  this  business  would  be  to  become  a  herder 
or  "cow-boy"  at  first,  and,  buying  a  few  cows  and  calves,  herd  them  with 
the  rest  of  the  stock.  At  "rounding  up"  time,  brand  them  with  the  herder's 
own  brand  (which  must  be  recorded),  and  in  the  course  of  five  or  eight  years 
there  will  be  a  herd  of  respectable  size  from  this  small  beginning,  so  that  it 
will  answer  to  set  up  a  separate  ranche.  This  can  be  done  -to  much  better 


WHO   SHOULD   MIGRATE   THITHEE.  .  131 

advantage  in  Texas  than  elsewhere;  but  the  Texas  cattle  bring  lower  prices 
in  the  market  than  those  of  the  States  farther  north. 

SHEEP-FARMING. 

As  to  the  sheep,  $14,000  or  $15,000  will  answer  to  start  a  sheep  farm  if  a 
man  understands  the  business,  though  a  larger  sum  is  better.  The  profit 
from  raising  sheep  is  sooner  realized  than  from  raising  cattle,  and  is  nearly  as 
great.  A  single  man  with  a  little  money,  who  will  be  content  to  serve  as  a 
shepherd  for  five  years,  and  pasture  his  own  sheep  with  his  employer's  flock, 
can  lead  out  a  very  respectable  flock  at  the  end  of  that  time,  but  it  would 
be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  support  a  family  in  that  way  before  the  five 
years  were  up.  The  wages  of  a  herder  or  a  shepherd  vary  from  $18  to  $25 
a  month  and  keeping ;  but  their  lives  are  very  lonely,  and  the  danger  to  life 
.and  limb  is  considerable. 

THE   MINING    CRAZE. 

There  is  at  the  present  time  a  great  craze  in  regard  to  the  fortunes  to  be 
made  in  mining  operations,  especially  for  gold  and  silver  in  the  West.  You 
will  hear  every  day  that  Mr.  A.  or  Mr.  B.,  Senator  C.,  or  Judge  D.,  or  Col. 
JE.  has  become  a  millionaire,  through  the  valuable  mines  in  which  he  has 
invested.  Sometimes  you  will  be  told  that  some  of  these  fortunate  men 
have  accumulated  five,  six,  ten,  or  twenty  millions  in  a  very  short  time. 
This  may  be  true,  or  it  may  not. 

HOW   GREAT   FORTUNES   ARE   MADE   IN   MINING   OPERATIONS. 

If  it  is  true,  you  may  be  sure  of  these  three  things:  First,  that  these  mil- 
lionaires were  men  of  comfortably  large  fortunes  before  they  took  hold  of 
those  great  enterprises;  that  they  investigated  very  thoroughly,  and,  hawing 
their  money  at  command,  took  advantage  of  the  circumstances,  and  bought 
for  a  small  sum  what  has  brought  them  a  large  profit.  Second,  that  a  great 
part  of  their  profit  has  been  realized  by  selling  shares  in  a  company  which 
they  have  formed,  putting  in  a  property  which  cost  them  perhaps  $30,000, 
as  the  equivalent  for  a  capital  stock  of  $3,000,000  to  $5,000,000.  The  mine 
may  have  been  worth  five  or  ten  times  what  they  actually  paid  for  it,  but 
most  of  these  concerns  are  watered  prodigiously.  Third,  that  however 
many  millions  this  fortunate  mine-owner  may  suppose  himself  to  be  worth, 
or  make  others  believe  he  is  worth,  it  is  by  no  means  certain,  that  within 
one,  two,  or  three  years  he  may  find  that  he  is  not  worth  as  much  money  as 
he  was,  when  he  made  his  first  investment  in  mining  property. 

A   STRIKING   EXAMPLE. 

Take  an  example.  Not  six  months  ago  Col.  C.'s  name  was  in  all  the 
papers;  he  had  come  to  one  of  the  great  mining  centres  with  a  fair  property, 
most  of  it  in  ready  money,  a  year  or  so  before,  and  had  investigated  the  con 
dition  of  a  newly-opened  mine  there,  had  taken  an  interest  in  it  before  it 
was  much  developed,  had  bought  other  claims  on  the  same  lode,  till  with  a 
trusty  partner  he  owned  three  fourths  of  this  mine  and  the  adjacent  cla:ms. 
He  then  organized  a  company,  with  a  capital  of  ten  millions,  and  large 
amounts  of  the  stock  were  sold ;  what  capital  was  necessary  was  used  for 
the  full  development  of  the  mine,  and  a  smelter  purchased  and  kept  running 
on  the  ores.  For  several  months  the  dividends  were  large ;  the  amount  of 
rich  ore  smelted  was  sufficient  to  justify  them,  and  the  stock — of  which  the 
par  value  was  $25 — rose  to  $32  or  $33.  Suddenly  it  began  to  fall,  and  when 
it  reached  $13  our  capitalist  gave  orders  to  sell  all  his  stock;  but  too  late! 
it  continued  to  sink  till  it  reached  $4.50  per  share,  where  it  stood  a  few 
days  ago.  The  "ore  on  the  dump,"  that  is,  the  ore  which  was  mined  and 
brought  to  the  surface,  was  exhausted,  and  the  miners  had  come  to  a  wall 
of  porphyry,  or,  as  they  call  it,  a  "horse,"  which  contained  no  silver. '  Ex- 
pensive explorations  were  made,  and  there  was  some  ground  for  hope,  that 
beyond  this  wall  of  stone,  there  might  be  another  lode  or  vein  which  would 


132  THE  \VEST: 

prove  as  profitable  as  the  former  ones.  The  capitalist  was  honest  and  well- 
meaning,  but  when  he  looks  around  and  sees  the  wreck  of  his  own  property 
and  the  property  of  others  who  bought  the  stock  from  their  faith  in  him,  h& 
doubtless  wishes  he  was  back  where  he  was  two  years  ago. 

MORALS   TO   THIS   STORY. 

There  are  several  morals  to  this  story — indirect  ones,  it  is  true,  but  none 
the  less  serviceable,  if  you  will  only  heed  them.  One  is,  that  it  is'nqt  all 
gold  that  glitters,  and  that  even  the  shrewdest  man  who  is  not  practically 
acquainted  with  mining,  may  make  a  great  mistake  in  purchasing  mining 
property.  Another  is  that  you  should  never  be  beguiled  into  buying  mining 
stocks,  no  matter  at  what  price  they  may  be  offered.  The  par  value  of  these 
stocks  represents  from  ten  to  one  hundred  times  the  actual  cost  of  the  mining 
property ;  and  even  at  that,  most  of  them '  are  liable  to  assessments  beyond 
the  original  purchase,  "to  develop  the  mine." 

WHAT  SHOULD   BE  KNOWN  BEFORE   BUYING  MINING   PROPERTY. 

No !  if  you  will  put  your  money  into  mining  property,  wait  until  you  can 
see  the  property  for  yourself;  until  you  can  learn  how  much  ore  has  been 
taken  out,  what  its  probable  value  per  ton  is,  what  is  the  condition  of  the 
mine  behind  "the  ore  on  the  dump" — i.e.,  whether  the  veins  or  lodes  not 
yet  worked  or  excavated,  promise  as  rich  ore  as  that  already  raised — whether 
there  are  any  obstructions  to  future  success  in  mining,  such  as  accumulation 
of  water,  intense  heat  of  the  mine,  "horses"  in  the  veins,  or  barren  tracts  in 
the  lodes.  It  is  necessary  also  to  know  what  is  the  character  of  the  product- 
of  the  mine :  if  it  is  gold,  whether  it  is  free  milling  gold,  which  needs  only 
to  be  crushed  by  the  stamps  and  run  over  the  amalgamated  plates  to  yield 
up  the  quarter  part  of  the  gold;  or  whether  it  is  combined  with  sulphur  and 
copper,  or  sulphur  and  zinc,  or  with  lead.  Where  sulphur  is  present  in  the 
form  of  sulphides  or  sulphurets,  roasting,  and  sometimes  chlorination  or 
lixiviation,  is  required  to  expel  the  sulphur;  and  these  are  costly  processes, 
and  will  only  pay  when  the  ores  are  rich.  If  the  ores  are  silver,  you  should 
know  whether  it  is  combined  with  lead,  zinc,  or  copper ;  whether  it  is  a  car- 
.bonate,  a  sulphate,  a  chloride,  a  telluriate,  or  a  sulphuret  of  silver,  or  of 
silver-bearing  lead.  Most  of  the  silver  ores  require  smelting,  some  of  them 
roasting,  some  chlondinizing,  and  some  lixiviation. 

TRAK  SPORT  ATION. 

At  some  mines,  distant  from  railroads,  and  requiring  difficult  and  ex- 
pensive methods  for  the  complete  reduction  of  their  ores,  there  is  a  process 
of  concentration  carried  on  which  preserves  in  a  kind  of  base  bullion  all  the 
valuable  portions  of  the  ore,  rejecting  that  which  is  worthless,  and  reduces 
the  weight  from  four  fifths  to  nine  tenths,  so  that  they  can  be  transported 
at  much  less  cost  to  the  works  where  the  silver  can  be  completely  reduced 
and  the  full  value  of  the  lead  retained.  The  questions  of  transportation  and 
of  the  proximity  of  a  railroad  are,  next  to  the  reduction  works,  of  great 
importance  in  estimating  the  value  of  a  mine.  If  your  ore  or  base  bullion 
has  to  be  packed  on  the  backs  of  mules  over  a  mountain  trail  for  twenty, 
thirty,  or  fifty  miles,  or  if  it  must  be  carried  one  hundred  or  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  in  wagons,  at  $12,  $15,  or  $20  a  ton,  it  must  needs  be  very 
good  ore  to  pay  for  the  transportation,  and  yield  any  profit  to  the  miner; 
but  if  it  is  near  a  railroad,  where  the  ore  can  be  carried  without  too  much 
handling,  and  if  it  is  ore  that  can  be  easily  or  readily  reduced  or  concentrated, 
ore  which  will  yield  from  $6  to  $10  a  ton  will  pay  a  handsome  profit. 

If,  then,  you  will  buy  an  interest  in  a  mine,  look  it  over  thoroughly  be- 
fore buying;  be  sure  to  "come  in  on  the  hard  pan,"  as  the  miners  say,  i.e., 
pay  only  the  first  cost  of  the  mine,  before  they  have  begun  to  water  the 
stock,  and  pay  for  the  mine,  only  the  value  of  the  ore  in  sight.  You  cannot 
be  badly  defrauded  if  you  do  this. 


WHO   SHOULD*  MIGRATE  THITHER.  133 


FOLLY  OF   BUYING   AN   INTEREST   IN   A   PLACER  MINE. 

Do  not  be  beguiled  into  buying  an  interest  in  a  placer  mine,  even  if  it  is 
worked  on  the  hydraulic  system.  It  may  pay  magnificent  dividends  for  a 
time,  but  it  is  sure  to  be  completely  exhausted  before  long,  and  will  leave  no 
hope  of  any  further  profit,  unless  the  tailings  can  be  re-worked  by  Edison's 
process,  and  generally,  John  Chinaman  has  already  extracted  every  available 
grain  of  gold  from  them. 

PROSPECTING  FOR   A   MINE  NOT  ADVISABLE. 

If  you  visit  the  mining  districts,  you  may  be  tempted  to'  try  your  hand  at 
prospecting  for  a  new  mine.  Unless  you  are  an  educated  mining  engineer, 
please  take  our  advice — which  is,  in  one  word,  "Don't!"  No  "tenderfoot" 
(the  mining  phrase  for  greenhorn),  or,  at  least,  not  one  in  a  thousand,  has  ever 
tried  that  with  success,  certainly  not  in  these  later  days.  You  run  a  much 
t>etter  chance  of  being  struck  with  lightning,  than  of  discovering  a  mine 
-worth  working,  or  one  which,  when  found,  you  could  develop  without  a 
considerable  amount  of  capital.  It  is  much  better  to  join  forces  with  an 
honest  expert,  if  you  can  find  such  a  one,  and  putting  your  capital,  in  part 
or  in  whole,  against  his  knowledge,  work  away  together  at  the  mine,  till  you 
have  developed  it  sufficiently  to  be  able  to  command  the  necessary  capital  to 
make  it  a  success. 

PURCHASING   A   PARTLY-DEVELOPED   MINE. 

There  is  no  lack  of  good  mines,  as  yet  not  much  developed,  in  all  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region,  and  there  is  not  likely  to  be,  for  many  years  to 
•come.  But  if  you  have,  by  thus  joining  forces  with  an  expert,  found  a 
really  good  and  valuable  mine,  do  not  give  it  away  to  the  capitalists,  in  re- 
turn for  their  establishing  smelting  works  or  stamp  mills  near  you.  If  you 
have  a  good  thing,  hold  on  to  it,  and  they  will  come  to  you  for  your  custom. 
In  some  sections,  as  in  the  Black  Hills,  for  instance,  the  large  mine  owners 
who  have  an  abundance  of  capital,  make  it  a  rule  to  buy  up  every  new  mine 
which  promises  fairly,  that  they  may  be  able  to  hold  a  monopoly  of  the 
mining  business  of  that  region.  Although  the  ores  there  are  all  of  low 
grade,  very  few  of  them  yielding  more  than  from  $6  to  $13  a  ton,  and  some 
not  more  than  $5,  yet  from  the  convenience  and  economy  of  their  reduction 
works,  they  are  able  to  make  their  poor  ores  pay  a  better  profit,  than  higher 
grade  ores  pay  elsewhere. 

THE   LIFE   OF   THE  PRACTICAL  MINER. 

Having  thus  briefly  placed  before  you  the  difficulties  and  dangers  incident 
to  investments  in  mining  property,  let  us  say  a  few  words  concerning  the  life 
of  the  practical  miner  and  his  work.  By  the  practical  miner  we  mean  here, 
not,  necessarily,  the  dull,  uneducated  mining  laborer,  who  pursues  his  daily 
task  and  receives  his  daily  wage,  with  no  thought  beyond  these,  but  in  many 
instances  the  owners  of  new  and  undeveloped  mines,  who,  with  but  moder- 
-ate  means,  and  with  great  intelligence  and  commendable  industry,  are  work- 
ing diligently,  to  open  a  mine  and  ascertain  its  real  value.  In  many 
instances,  in  Colorada,  Montana  and  Utah,  graduates  of  our  great  universi- 
ties, professional  men,  merchants,  mining  engineers,  master  mechanics,  and 
machinists  have  bent  their  backs,  begrimed  their  faces,  and  blistered  their 
hands,  at  their  unaccustomed  toil  with  the  pick  or  shovel,  the  winch,  the 
pan  or  the  sieve,  in  washing,  amalgamating,  digging  shafts,  opening  winzes 
and  tunnels,  drawing  up  and  lowering  the  miner's  bucket,  and  stoping,  or 
opening  the  veins  or  lodes,  above  or  below  the  levels,  which  they  had  cut  in 
the  rocky  ridge  in  which  their  principal  lode  was  found. 

This  is  hard  work  ;  and  it  is  only  the  hope  of  gain  sufficient  to  remunerate 
these  volunteer  working-men  for  their  toil,  which  gives  strength  to  their 


134  THE   WEST: 

arms  and  vigor  to  their  blows.  For  a  long  and  steady  pull,  they  would 
have  to  give  place  to  the  sturdy  and  stolid  laborer;  but  their  energy  and 
will  power  may  hold  out,  till  they  have  sufficient  encouragement  in  their 
prospects,  to  warrant  their  employment  of  men  of  greater  brawn  and  muscle, 
though  of  less  intellectual  ability. 

HARDSHIPS   OF   THE   IMMIGRANT   TO   A   MINING  REGION. 

The  lot  of  the  immigrant  to  the  mining  districts,  even  if  he  has  a  mod- 
erate capital  at  command,  is  harder,  and  his  condition  more  uncomfortable, 
than  that  of  the  immigrant  who  has  a  faimer's  vocation  in  view.  The  farmer 
can  have  a  rude  yet  comparatively  comfortable  shelter  from  sun,  wind,  and 
storm  reared  very  soon.  His  farm  is  on  the  prairie  or  the  edge  of  the  forest,, 
and  at  all  events  not  on  broken  or  rocky  ground.  He  can  command  gener- 
ally food  sufficient  for  himself  and  his  family,  either  from  the  nearest  town,, 
or,  if  on  the  extreme  frontier,  by  the  use  of  his  rifle  or  his  fishing-rod. 
Before  he  realizes  anything  from  his  own  farm,  there  is  always  opportunity 
for  eaiiinor  good  wages  by  working  for  his  neighbors. 

Butt  lie  immigrant  to  the  mining  regions  finds  them  invariably  in  a  rough 
and  broken  country ;  and  if  he  seeks  a  place  anywhere  in  the  Rocky  Mountain- 
ranges,  especially  on  their  western  slopes,  which  are  richest  in  gold  and 
silver,  he  will  soon  discover  that  he  has  come  upon  a  region,  which  has- 
hardly  a  parallel  on  the  earth's  surface  in  the  boldness  of  its  cliffs,  the  rug- 
gedness  of  its  precipices,  the  depth  and  gloominess  of  its  canons,  and  the- 
wonderful  character  of  its  eroded  and  water-worn  rocks  and  caverns. 
Sharp,  treeless  ridges,  upheaved  by  earthquakes  or  displaced  by  volcanic 
action,  are  the  most  frequent  localities  of  the  larger  fissure  veins  and  lodes. 

A   MINING   VENTURE. 

If,  then,  you  determine  to  try  your  fortune  in  mining  operations,  having 
located  a  promising  claim  by  the  assistance  of  such  an  honest  and  capable 
expert  as  we  have  spoken  of,  who  becomes  your  partner  on  ;'the  grub  stake 
plan,"  as  it  is  called  in  the  mining  region,  you  furnishing  the  necessary 
money  and  provisions  (mostly  canned  meats, -fish,  and  vegetables)  against 
his  experienced  mining  knowledge  and  skill,  in  both  directing  and  working- 
personally,  you  may  as  well  go  to  work  yourself  with  him,  and  with  what 
other  mining  laborers  you  can  find  means  to  employ,  for  the  sooner  your 
lode  is  partially  developed,  the  sooner  you  will  be  likely  to  receive  a  return 
for  your  money  invested.  You  have  found  a  lode  not  already  claimed,  and 
you  and  your  partner  have  made  such  examination  and  assay  as  to  satisfy 
you  that  it  probably  contains  paying  ore. 

BTAKING  OFF   TOUR  CLAIM. 

Your  first  business  is  to  stake  off  your  claim.  By  the  United  States 
mining  laws,  unless  restricted  by  local  laws,  as  they  sometimes  are,  you  can. 
claim  1500  feet  in  length  upon  the  line  of  the  lode,  and  a  width  of  300  feet 
on  each  side  of  it,  making  a  tract  of  1500  by  600  feet,  unless  this  extends 
into  other  claims  previously  made.  This  is  about  204  acres.  To  make  sure 
of  the  course  and  dip  of  your  fissure  vein,  you  should  run  a  tunnel  or  drift 
into  it  or  sink  a  shaft  of  small  size  before  recording  it.*  Next  you  stake- 
this  off  and  have  it  recorded  within  twenty  days  at  the  district  Register's- 
office,  describing  it  by  its  metes  and  bounds,  in  connection  with  some  promi 
nent  natural  object,  stating  also  the  precise  extent  of  your  elaim,  andi 
whether  it  is  taken  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  point  of  discovery  of  the- 
existence  of  the  lode,  and  obtain  your  certificate  of  location.  At  the  same 
time,  or  if  possible  before  recording  it,  you  should  post  on  your  claim  ;u 
notice  of  its  extent,  the  names  of  the  locators,  the  number  ol  feet  claimed,, 

*  This  is  important,  as  the  Government  now  refuses  to  admit  a  claim  which  has  not  beer* 
thus  explored. 


WHO    SHOULD    MIGRATE   THITHEE.  135 

and  the  direction  from  the  point  of  discovery  shaft.  The  bounds  of  tho 
claim  must  be  denned  by  good  sized  posts  of  wood  or  stone,  set  at  suitable 
distance  from  each  other. 

HOW   TO  ENTER   SEVERAL,   CLAIMS. 

If  several  others  are  associated  with  you,  you  can,  if  you  choose,  claim  a 
similar  tract  of  1500  feet  by  600  feet  for  each  person,  not  exceeding  eigh'j 
in  all,  having,  however,  made  exploration  by  a  discovery  shaft  tunnel  or 
drift  on  each  plat,  and  having  staked  it  off  and  posted  a  notice  of  it  at  the  > 
discovery  shaft,  giving  all  the  particulars  already  specified  for  each  plat. 
But  these  several  plats  must -not  run  into  any  other  claim,  and  each  must 
have  in  its  central  line  a  well  defined  lode  or  vein — and  all  these  particulars 
must  be  given  for  each  plat  in  the  application  for  a  recorder's  certificate. 
The  fees  for  this  filing  are  five  dollars  each  to  the  Register  and  Receiver  for 
each  plat. 

HOLDING  POSSESSION. 

In  order  to  hold  possession  of  these  mining  plats  it  is  required  that  until 
the  patent  is  issued — which  may  not  be  under  one,  two,  or  three  years — the 
locator  or  locators  must  perform  work,  or  make  improvements  on  each  plat, 
to  the  value  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  each  year.  It  may  happen 
that  ^he  lode  or  vein  dips  at  such  an  angle  as  to  come  outside  of  the  claim 
on  one  side  or  the  other,  at  a  depth  which  is  not  too  great  to  be  worked ; 
where  this  is  the  case  the  locator  or  his  grantors  and  legal  successors  can 
claim  this  vein,  between  the  vertical  lines  of  1500  feet  (the  extent  of  the 
claim),  although  these  lines  may  be  extended  beyond  the  three  hundred  feet 
limit  on  either  side. 

BLIND   LODES   AND  TUNNELLING  CLAIMS. 

If  in  tunnelling  their  lode  the  owners  of  a  claim  come  upon  blind  lodes, 
i.e.,  those  not  appearing  at  the  surface,  extending  at  a  greater  or  less  angle 
from  the  original  lode,  and  not  previously  known  to  exist,  they  have  a  right 
to  tunnel  these  blind  lodes  to  an  extent  not  exceeding  3000  feet,  though 
they  must  be  worked  with  reasonable  diligence,  and  a  failure  to  work  them 
for  six  months  is  considered  an  abandonment  of  them.  If  they  are  worked 
continuously,  no  surface  claimant  of  the  land  beyond  the  limits  ,of  the  800 
feet  and  within  3000  feet  of  their  commencement  can  make  a  valid  claim  to 
the  surface  under  which  they  run.  These  are  called  tunnel  rights. 

CONTESTING   CLAIMS. 

Where  a  contesting  claim  is  brought  against  an  original  one,  the  law 
requires  that  both  parties  should  file  a  survey,  which  must  be  endorsed  by 
the  Surveyor  General,  and  the  Register  publishes  a  full  notice  of  both  claims, 
at  the  expense  of  the  claimants,  for  sixty  days  in  some  newspaper  published 
nearest  the  claim. 

MAKING  PAYMENT   FOR   THE   CLAIM. 

Or  if  there  is  no  adverse  claimant,  the  publication  may  be  made  for  the 
protection  of  the  title  of  the  original  claimant,  who  at  the  end  of  the  sixty 
days  files  his  affidavit  showing  the  posting  of  the  claim  during  the  sixty  days, 
and  that  he  has  complied  with  the  other  requirements  of  the  law,  and  asks 
for  his  patent,  paying  to  the  Receiver,  in  addition  to  the  other  fees,  five  dol- 
lars for  each  acre  and  five  dollars  for  each  fraction  of  an  acre  in  his  claim. 
Thus  in  the  case  of  a  single  claim  the  payment  will  be  for  the  twenty  and 
four-seventh  acres,  one  hundred  and  five  dollars.  The  Receiver  issues  the 
usual  duplicate  receipt  for  this  money  and  forwards  all  the  papers  to  the 
General  Land  Office  at  Washington,  where  a  patent  for  the  land  is  issued  if 
it  is  found  regular. 


THE  WEST: 


PROSECUTING  AN    ADVERSE  CLAIM. 

If  there  is  an  adverse  claimant  who  persists  in  his  claim,  after  the  sixty 
days'  publication  the  Receiver  gives  notice  in  writing  to  both  parties,  requir- 
ing the  adverse  claimant  to  proceed  within  thirty  days  to  prosecute  his  claim 
before  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  and  if  he  fails  to  do  so  within  that 
time,  it  will  be  considered  waived,  and  the  application  of  the  original  claim- 
ant for  a  patent  will  be  allowed  to  proceed  on  its  merits. 

These  are  all  the  provisions  of  the  law  in  regard  to  lode  or  vein  mining,  and 
they  apply  as  well  to  the  newly  discovered  form  of  deposits  known  as  con- 
tact lodes,  except  so  far  as  "tunnel  rights"  are  concerned. 

PLACER  MIXING   UNCERTAIN. 

Placer  mining  comes  under  different  provisions,  but  as  we  cannot  advise 
you  to  invest  in  placer  mining  on  account  of  its  uncertainty,  it  is  hardly 
worth  while  to  specify  the  lengthy  provisions  of  the  law  in  regard  to  it. 

WORK  NO  THE  CLAIM. 

Now,  then,  your  claim  to  your  mine  being  reasonably  secured,  you  have 
time  to  find  out  what  value  there  is  to  it,  present  or  prospective.  Here  come 
in  your  uncertainties  and  perplexities.  It  may  prove  a  fortune  for  you,  and 
then  again  it  may  not.  The  chance  is  perhaps  about  one  in  five  that  if  your 
prospector  was  skillful,  you  have  a  good  thing. 

THE  DISCOUNT    NECESSARY  ON   THE   ASSAY. 

If  it  is  a  true  fissure  vein,  and  the  dip  is  at  such  an  angle  that  it  can  be 
worked  without  too  much  expense,  it  may  prove  profitable-,  but  you  must 
not  suppose  that  because  the  lode  at  or  near  the  surface  yields  on  assay  (if  it 
is  gold)  eighty  or  a  hundred  dollars  to  the  ton  of  ore  or  gangue,  that  you 
•will  be  able  to  realize  that  amount  per  ton  from  it  in  practically  working  the 
vein.  Even  if  it  proved  as  rich  at  a  greater  depth  as  at  the  surface,  which 
is  not  probable,  as  the  productiveness  usually  diminishes  to  some  extent  as 
you  p^enqtrate  deeper,  the  assay  must  be  reduced  at  least  twenty-five  per  cent, 
to  estimate  the  actual  working  product. 

"POCKETS"  AND  "CHIMNEYS"  vs.   "HORSES." 

There  may  be  "pockets"  and  "chimneys,"  spurs  from  the  main  vein,  of 
exceptional  richness  yielding  three,  four  or  five  hundred  dollars  or  more  per 
ton;  but  these  are  rare;  while  the  occurrence  of  "horses"  or  boulders  of 
porphyry  or  quartz,  entirely  barren  of  gold,  blocking  the  vein  for  some  feet, 
are  far  more  frequent,  and  tracts  of  barren  rock  in  the  vein,  extending  for  a 
hundred  feet  or  more,  are  not  uncommon. 

LOW  GRADE  ORES   SOMETIMES  PROFITABLE. 

There  are  very  few  gold  veins  in  the  whole  mining  region  whose  average 
yield  is  as  much  as  forty  dollars  to  the  ton ;  hundreds  of  veins  are  worked 
and  yield  a  good  profit  under  favorable  circumstances  where  the  yield  does 
not  exceed  from  six  to  thirteen  dollars  per  ton.  If  your  gold  mine  has  a 
stamp  mill  near  at  hand,  and  you  can  transport  your  ore  or  quartz  there 
without  too  heavy  expense,  and  the  gold  is  what  is  known  as  free  milling 
gold,  that  is,  pure  or  nearly  pure  gold  in  the  quartz,  and  not  a  sulphuret,  or 
other  combination  which  requires,  for  its  reduction,  roasting  or  chloridiniz- 
ing  or  lixiviation  (all  expensive  processes),  you  have  no  reason  to  be  discour- 
aged if  it  does  not  yield  over  $15  or  $20  to  the  ton. 


•VV1IO    SHOULD    MIGRATE   THITHER.  137 


CONTACT   LODES. 

But  it  is  possible  that,  instead  of  a  fissure  vein,  you  have  a  contact  lode. 
Tou  do  not  know  -what  that  is  ?  Very  probably;  but  \ve  will  tell  you.  It  is 
a  newly-discovered  form  of  mineral  deposit,  so  far  as  we  yet  know  confined 
to  silver-bearing  lead  ores,  in  which,  however,  there  may  be  some  gold  in 
combination  with  the  silver  and  lead.  These  contact  lodes  were  first  discov- 
ered in  the  vicinity  of  Leadville,  where  their  character  was  not  for  a  long 
time  understood ;  but  they  have  since  been  found  in  other  localities  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Colorado,  and  elsewhere,  and  it  is 
possible  that  some  of  the  mines  in  the  Black  Hills,  may  prove  to  be  of  the 
same  character.  In  the  fissure  veins  or  lodes  the  gold  or  silver  (oftenest  the 
gold)  was  found  mixed  with  quartz  and  other  broken  down  rock  between 
walls  of  porphyry  or  other  hard  rock.  These  veins,  and  the  fissure  which 
they  fill,  may  incline  at  any  direction,  but  they  are  generally  very  narrow, 
varying  from  two  or  three  inches,  or  even  less,  to  perhaps,  at  the  widest, 
four  or  five  feet.  When,  therefore,  the  carbonate  of  silver  deposits  in  the 
vicinity  of  Leadville  began  to  uncover  to  a  width  of  forty,  fifty,  and 
finally  one  hundred  and  even  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  people  wond- 
ered at  the  tremendous  dimensions  of  this  vast  fissure  vein,  and  were 
ready  tot  think  they  had  hit  upon  the  mother-vein  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. After  a  time,  however,  they  began  to  find  that,  though  so  very  broad, 
1hese  deposits  were  not  very  thick;  that,  while  the  true  fissure  veins  pene- 
Irated  for  an  unknown  distance  into  the  earth,  the  miner  in  these,  going 
down  vertically,  soon  came  to  entirely  barren  rock.  Penetrating  through 
this,  he  might  come  to  another  layer  of  silver  ore,  or  he  might  not. 

WHAT  CONTACT  LODES   ARE. 

It  was  a  considerable  time  after  these  discoveries  were  made  before 
their  real  significance  was  understood.  They  are  layers  or  strata  of  the 
argentiferous  carbonate  of  lead,  interposed  between  the  strata  of  rock, 
sandstone,  limestone,  slate,  hornblende,  gneiss,  or  granite,  as  the  case  may 
l>e,  and  they  may  extend  to  the  right  or  left  indefinitely,  thinning  out  in 
some  places  and  thicker  in  others;  but  their  vertical  thickness  is  not  very 
jjreat.  In  some  instances,  on  penetrating  through  the  underlying  stratum 
of  rock,  one,  and  we  believe,  in  one  instance  two,  similar  deposits  were 
found  between  lower  strata.  The  name  given  to  these  deposits — contact 
lodes — expresses  their  character  very  well,  for  they  are  in  contact  with 
the  strata  above  and  below  them. 

THESE   CONTACT  LODES  NO  RICHER  THAN   THE   FISSURE   VEINS. 

You  are  not  to  suppose  that  these  deposits  are  entirely  of  pure  ore, 
or  indeed  that  they  contain  any  larger  proportion  of  pure  silver  or  lead 
than  the  deposits  contained  in  fissure  veins.  The  average  yield  of  silver 
and  lead  from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Leadville  is  from  $50  to  $75 
to  the  ton.  A  few  have  exceeded  this  for  a  time,  but  the  yield  of  larger 
.amounts,  as  of  $200  to  $350  per  ton,  has  very  soon  fallen  off. 

COSTLY   REDUCTION  WORKS   NECESSARY. 

Like  all  silver  mining,  this  cannot  be  carried  on  successfully  without 
costly  reduction  works,  smelters,  or  works  for  roasting,  chloridinization, 
lixiviation,  etc.  These,  if  owned  by  other  parties  than  the  owners  of  the 
mines,  generally  absorb  the  largest  share  of  the  profits,  and  in  the  end  often 
become  the  proprietors  of  the  mine,  if  it  is  a  good  one. 

LARGE   CAPITAL   NECESSARY   FOR   SILVER  MINING. 

The  point  where  the  small  mining  proprietor  begins  to  lose  ground,  nsd 
make  losses  instead  of  profits,  is  the  one  where  he  finds  that  more  capital  is 
indispensable  for  the  development  of  his  mine,  and,  in  order  to  secure  that 


138  THE  WEST: 

capital,  parts  with  a  controlling  interest  in  it,  and  soon  is  crowded  out  by 
his  wealthier  associates,  who  take  advantage  of  his  toil  and  sacrifices,  with- 
out making  him  any  adequate  return  for  them. 

There  are  not  to-day  a  dozen  mines  in  all  the  West  which  are  in  the  hands 
of  their  original  discoverers  or  owners. 

MINING   IN   THE   SMALL  WAY   IN   ABIZONA. 

In  Arizona,  to  those  who  are  disposed  to  brave  the  climate,  and  the  often 
protracted  drought,  and  the  isolation  from  the  great  centres  of  life  and  civ- 
ilization, there  are  good  opportunities  for  mining,  even  on  a  small  scale. 
The  lodes,  both  of  gold  and  silver,  are  exceptionally  rich,  and  even  the  sim- 
plest and  rudest  processes  yield  large  returns.  In  no  other  region  among 
civilized  nations  can  a  farmer  do  as  General  Fr6mont  says  many  of  the  Ari- 
zona farmers  are  in  the  habit  of  doing — viz. :  having  found  a  gold  mine  upon 
the.ir  farms,  which  they  have  not  the  means  of  working  on  a  large  scale,  they 
pursue  their  ordinary  farm-work,  and,  when  a  leisure  day  comes,  dig  a  quan- 
tity of  gold  ore  from  the  vein,  pound  it  up  in  a  wooden  or  stone  mortar  with 
a  log  pestle,  wash  it  in  an  old  tin  pan,  or  pick  out  the  gold  if  it  is  in  largo- 
grains,  or  amalgamate  it  if  it  is  in  small  scales  or  powder,  after  the  rude 
Mexican  way,  and  then  expel  the  mercury  by  heat.  At  the  next  market-day, 
with  their  other  produce,  they  bring  their  bag  of  gold  dust  and  sell  it,  re- 
peating the  process  when  spending  money  runs  low.  This  method  of  min- 
ing is  rather  wasteful,  as  much  of  the  gold  is  lost ;  but  there  is  more  money 
made  by  it  there  than  in  many  of  the  mines  by  more  expensive  processes. 

The  vein  and  lodes  in  Arizona  are  so  rich  in  gold  and  silver  that  there  is 
a  much  better  opportunity  for  men  of  small  means  to  unite  together  and  re- 
duce the  ores  in  a  small  way -and  with  inexpensive  apparatus,  and  obtain 
large  profits,  than  anywhere  else.* 

THE   MINING   OF   OTHER   MINERALS. 

But  gold  and  silver  are  not  the  only  minerals  to  be  mined  in  this  Western 
country,  nor  the  only  minerals  which  will  yield  a  large  profit.  The  produc- 
tion of  gold  and  silver  in  the  United  States  amounts  to  from  eighty  to  ninety 
million  dollars  a  year,  and  in  the  coming  years  will  undoubtedly  exceed  one' 
hundred  millions ;  but  it  constitutes  only  about  one  twelfth  of  the  entire 
mineral  production  of  the  country.  The  coal  mines  yield  a  much  larger  an- 
nual amount  than  the  mines  of  gold  and  silver — at  least  three,  and  perhaps 
four,  times  as  much.  Copper,  lead,  and  zinc  are  produced  annually  to  the 
amount  of  more  than  one  hundred  millions,  while  iron  and  steel,  the  latter 
now  made  directly  from  the  ore,  exceed  two  hundred  millions.  The  other 
mineral  products,  such  as  petroleum,  salt,  plaster  of  Paris,  cement,  sulphur, 
borax,  nitrates  and  carbonates  of  soda  and  potassa,  etc.,  etc.,  make  up  an- 
other large  sum.  The  production  and  marketing  of  some  of  these  minerals 
will  yiel^l  a  more  certain,  and  in  the  end,  a  larger  profit  than  most  of  th& 
gold  and  silver  mining. 

PETROLEUM:  AND  COAL. 

Petroleum  and  coal  production,  in  particular  (the  former  found  in  great 
abundance  in  Wyoming  Territory  and  in  California,  and  probably  in  some  of 
the  other  States  and  Territories,  and  the  latter  in  many  parts  of  the  West),t 

*  There  is,  however,  a  strong  probability  that  the  marked  tendency,  which  is  now  mani- 
fested, to  invent  or  discover  processes  by  which  the  severe  labor  and  large  expense  now 
incurred  in  the  reduction  of  gold  and  silver  ores  may  be  materially  lessened,  will  not  prove 
unavailing  in  other  regions  than  Arizona.  The  recent  invention  of  Mr.  Edison  by  which  the 
tailings  from  the  stamp  mills  and  amalgamated  plates  may  be  made  to  yield  up  a  large  per- 
centage of  gold  hitherto  lost,  and  anotner  process,  even  more  successful,  now  about  to  be 
brought  to  public  notice,  gives  us  great  reason  to  hope  that  we  are  about  to  see  cheap  gold 
mining  at  least. 

t  The  coal-beds  west  of  the  Mississippi  are  of  all  known  qualities,  and  are  valuable  for 
fuels,  for  gas-making,  for  smelting,  and  the  production  of  iron  and  steel.  Many  of  them  are 
geologically  lignite,  or  coals  of  the  tertiary  formation ;  but  in  New  Mexico,  and  perhaps  at 
other  points,  we  have  a  phenomenon  which  is  not  know  to  exist  elsewhere  on  the  globe  — 
vie:  these  soft,  lignite,  bituminous  coals  transformed  into  anthracite  by  volcanic  action. 


WHO    SHOULD   MIGRATE   THITHER.  139 

are  industrious,  which  cannot  fail  to  prove  profitable  and  to  be  largely  de- 
veloped within  the  next  five  or  ten  years.  The  production  of  copper  and 
lead  is  already  very  large,  and  it  is  not  necessary  now  to  send  the  ores  of  the 
former  to  Europe  to  be  smelted. 

SALT,    BORAX,    AND   SULPHUR. 

Salt,  a  prime  necessity  of  human  life,  and  used  extensively  in  mining  pro- 
cesses and  in  meat  packing,  is  found  in  all  forms :  by  evaporation  ut  the? 
salt  lakes  and  on  the  ocean  shores,  by  boiling  and  solar  evaporation  from 
brine  springs,  and  by  mining  in  the  numerous  deposits  of  rock-salt.  Borax 
(bi-borate  of  soda)  is  found  as  a  natural  product  in  California  and  Nevada, 
in  such  quantities,  that  its  gathering  and  exportation  is  a  large  and  growing 
business.  The  alkaline  plains  yield  at  certain  points  carbonates  and  nitrato* 
of  soda  and  potassa  (cooking-soda,  saleratus,  saltpetre,  etc.)  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  nearly  chemically  pure  sulphur  is  very  abundant  in  California, 
Nevada,  and  Utah,  and  can  be  exported  with  great  profit.  An  industry  in. 
which  there  is  not  too  much  competition  is  much  more  certain  to  yield  suc- 
cess than  one  of  greater  promise  into  which  thousands  are  rushing. 

THE   ARTISAN   IN   THE   WEST. 

But  it  may  be  tha  you  have  no  fancy  for  mining  or  the  exploiting  of  min- 
eral products.  You  have  not  been  brought  up  on  a  farm,  nor  been  accus- 
tomed to  the  rearing  of  live  stock.  You  have  a  good  trade,  and  are  skilful 
in  it,  and  you  have  been  accustomed  from  boyhood  to  the  care  of  a  garden,, 
and  to  the  cultivation  of  vegetables,  fruit  trees,  and  flowers ;  but  your  pres- 
ent quarters  are  too  contracted  for  any  considerable  indulgence  of  your 
tastes.  You  have,  moreover,  a  great  desire  to  go  West.  What  shall  youdoi' 
Go,  by  all  means,  friend.  You  will  find  abundant  employment,  and  a  good 
opportunity  to  acquire  a  competence.  You  may  have  to  rough  it  at  first,, 
but  in  a  short  time  you  will  find  yourself  in  p.  position  of  comfort. 

WHAT  CALLINGS   ARE   MOST   SUCCESSFUL. 

If  your  calling  is  one  of  the  indispensable  ones — builder,  mason,  plasterer, 
painter,  glazier,  paper-hanger,  blacksmith,  butcher,  baker,  hatter  and  fur- 
rier, or  perhaps  tanner,  shoemaker,  harness-maker,  brick-maker,  watchmaker 
and  jeweller,  bookbinder,  stationer  and  news-dealer,  miller,  saw-mill  tender, 
tinman,  roofer,  etc.,  etc. — you  will  find  plenty  of  work  in  any  of  the  new 
mining  towns  or  farming  villages,  and  at  good  prices;  but  take  our  advice: 
secure,  before  it  is  too  high,  a  forty-acre  lot  of  good  land  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  have  it  broken  up,  build  a  house  on  it,  small  at  first,  but  so  it  can 
be  enlarged  easily.  Sow  your  land  to  wheat  or  root  crops,  and  you  can  sell 
this  crop  at  home,  with  but  little  trouble,  and  add  a  comfortable  amount  to- 
your  income.  Then  plant  young  trees — shade  trees,  fruit  trees  of  well- 
known  and  choice  varieties — and  devote  your  spare  moments  and  hours  to> 
them;  plant  eight  or  ten  acres,  as  soon  as  you  can,  with  all  the  vegetables 
and  truck  which  go  to  make  up  a  market  garden,  and  you  will  soon  find 
that  however  profitable  your  trade  may  be,  your  market  garden  brings  in 
twice  as  much ;  and  your  nursery  of  young  trees  will  soon  be  thronged  with 
purchasers.  If  you  have  children  who  are  growing  up,  add  flowers,  build  a 
greenhouse,  and  as  fast  as  you  can  learn  the  art  of  floral  cultivation,  work 
into  the  florist's  business. 

NURSERIES,    MARKET   GARDENS,    AND   GREENHOUSES. 

If  work  at  your  trade  is  dull,  push  your  flowers,  your  market  garden, 
your  nursery,  the  more;  if  work  is  brisk,  train  your  children  to  attend  tc> 
this,  giving  them  your  oversight  as  often  as  you  can. 


140  THE  WEST: 


HORTICULTURE   VS.    SPECULATION. 

Following  up  this  course,  you  need  not  break  your  heart  if  your  neighbor 
A,  who  is  a  mine  owner,  finds  a  pocket  in  his  mine  which  yields  him  many 
thousand  dollars;  or  if  your  neighbor  B  sells  out  his  shares  for  fifty  or  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  more  than  they  cost  him.  You  are  adding  to  the 
earth's  production ,  you  are  making  two  blades  of  grass  grow  where  only  one 
grew  before,  or  a  hundred  trees  where  none  grew  previously;  your  neighbor 
who  speculates  in  shares  produces  nothing,  he  only  gambles  on  what  others 
have  produced. '  You  may  acquire  property  more  slowly  than  he,  but  your 
course  is  sure  and  safe,  and  the  chances  are  that  ten  years  hence,  you  will 
be  much  the  richer  man  of  the  two,  though  he  may  have  won  and  lost  a 
dozen  fortunes  in  that  time. 

THE   TEACHER   AT   THE   WEST. 

If  you  are  a  teacher,  and  would  better  your  condition  by  emigrating  to 
the  West,  our  advice  would  be  much  the  same.  Good  teachers  are  always 
in  demand,  even  in  the  newest  towns.  The  Yankee  must  have  a  school- 
house,  and,  generally,  a  church  too,  in  his  new  village,  quite  as  goon  as  a 
house  for  himself;  the  school-house,  at  all  events,  is  sure  to  come  very  soon, 
whatever  the  nationality  of  the  settlers  of  the  town.  But  while  you  are 
teaching  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot,  teach  the  shrubs,  the  young  trees,  and 
the  flowers  and  vegetables  to  put  forth  their  shoots  too.  Secure  your  forty 
acres  as  near  to  the  town  as  possible,  and  make  and  keep  it  productive. 
Then,  when  teaching  becomes  a  drudgery,  and  you  desire  to  be  relieved  from 
its  cares,  you  will  have  a  valuable  property,  and  a  profitable  business  to  make 
jour  declining  years  comfortable.  Keep  bees,  if  you  can,  or  pigeons  or 
poultry,  rabbits  or  hares,  or  pet  birds,  anything  except  cats  and  curdogs. 
Teach  your  children  botany  and  natural  history,  and  lead  their  minds  up 
-from  the  beautiful  flowers  to  Him  who  painted  them  with  His  sunbeams,  and 
from  the  wise  and  curious  animals,  so  well  adapted  to  their  modes  of  living, 
to  Him  whose  omniscience  guides  all  the  actions  of  His  creatures,  and  whose 
providence  provides  for  their  needs. 

PROFESSIONAL  MEN,    CLERGYMEN. 

The  members  of  the  several  learned  professions  hardlv  need  our  advice  in 
Tegard  to  emigration.  Clergymen,  in  the  exercise  of  tlieir  clerical  duties, 
Tvill  find  their  positions  at  first  trying,  because  of  the  present  poverty  of 
most  of  the  settlers.  When  a  man  has  expended  all  his  means  in  paying  for 
his  land  and  its  first  cultivation,  and  the  food  which  his  family  must  con- 
sume before  he  realizes  on  his  first  crop,  he  cannot  aid  in  supporting  a  min- 
ister, however  strong  may  be  his  desire  to  do  so.  Moreover,  these  new  im- 
migrants must  aid  in  building  a  church  edifice  of  some  kind,  as  well  as  in  sup- 
porting a  pastor,  and  this,  while  still  straitened  in  regard  to  their  own  means 
Iliving.  After  a  few  years  this  will  be  easy,  but  meantime  they  cannot  with 
safety  dispense  with  the  church  or  clergyman.  If  the  clergyman  has  any 
spare  money  he  will  do  well  to  buy  some  land,  or  at  least  to  secure  the  title 
of  it  to  himself;  it  may  be  very  convenient  by  and  by.  In  most  instances 
the  Home  Missionary  Societies,  of  the  different  denominations,  in  the  East 
will  grant  aid  to  deserving  churches  and  ministers,  till  the  churches  are  able 
to  stand  alone. 

LAWYERS   AND   PHYSICIANS. 

Lawyers  and  physicians  are  plenty  enough,  but  they  fare  rather  better 
than  clergymen.  The  lawyers  find  a  great  deal  of  business  in  the  abundant 
litigation  in  the  mining  districts  and  in  conveyancing,  and  most  of  them 
have  an  additional  resource  in  politics,  which  sooner  or  later  bring  them 
into  official  positions.  The  physicians,  beside  their  professional  duties,  are 
mostly  either  chemists,  metallurgists,  or  botanists,  and  find  employment  which 


WHO    SHOULD    MIGRATE   THITHER.  14 1 

is  profitable,   either  in  connection  with  some  of  the  mining,   assaying  or 
smelting  companies,  or  in  a  professor's  chair. 

ENGINEERS  AND  ARTISTS. 

Engineers  are  sure  of  constant  employment,  whether  mining  or  civil 
engineers,  if  they  understand  their  business. 

Artists  generally  come  as  visitors,  not  immigrants,  but  are  often  employed 
by  the  wealthy  mine  owners  very  profitably. 

OPERATVES   AND    EMPLOYES   IN  FACTORIES,    ETC. 

Employe's  and  operatives  in  manufactories  may  find  employment  in  some- 
kinds  of  manufacture  in  the  States  nearest  the  Mississippi,  for  there  is  a  largo 
amount  of  manufacturing  in  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  and 
Kansas,  and  manufactures  are  increasing  in  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas. 
There  is  some  opportunity  for  millers,  saw-mill  hands,  sash,  door  and  blind 
makers,  coopers,  agricultural  machinery  hands,  iron  ana  steel  rail  makers, 
iron  furnace  and  foundry  hands,  stove  and  hollow  ware  founders  and  finish- 
ers, smelters,  and  in  California  and  Oregon,  salmon  packers  and  a  few 
woollen  factory  hands.  In  Kansas,  Arkansas  and  Texas  there  are  some 
eotton  factories,  and  many  oil  mills  for  expressing  cotton-seed  oil,  castor  oil,. 
linseed  oil,  etc. 

COTTON  AND  WOOLLEN  FACTORIES. 

The  factories  for  manufacturing  cotton  and  wool  are  likely  to  increase 
largely  within  a  few  years.  A  machine  has  been  invented,  and  is  now  in 
use  to  some  extent,  for  spinning  cotton  with  the  seed  in  it,  unginned,  and 
the  yarn  is  much  better  and  more  beautiful  and  durable  than  can  be  produced 
from  ginned  cotton.  The  yarn  produced  by  these  machines  is  destined  to 
be  manufactured  largely  in  the  vicinity  of  the  cotton  fields,  and  will  thus 
create  a  home  demand  for  cotton.  "Wool  is  now  produced  so  largely  through- 
out this  whole  region,  that  much  saving  of  freight  will  result  from  its  manu- 
facture near  the  centres  of  wool  production.  When  this  is  accomplished, 
the  operatives  from  Eastern  cotton  and  woollen  factories  will  find  it  for  their 
interest  to  emigrate  westward. 

IS  IT  NECESSARY   TO   GO   WEST  ? 

But,  after  all,  is  it  not  barely  possible  that  there  are  lands  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  where,  all  things  being  taken  into  the  account,  a  man  or  family 
can  live  as  well  and  make  as  much  money  as  in  the  West,  and  at  the  same 
time  avoid  the  hardships  and  discomforts  of  a  life  on  the  frontier  ? 

There  is  the  same  choice  of  occupations  here  as  at  the  West.  Land  is  not 
quite  so  low,  generally,  but  on  the  other  hand  you  avoid  the  long  and  ex- 
pensive journey  to  the  West.  The  agricultural  production,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  does  not  differ  materially,  but  there  prices  are  low  and  the 
cost  of  transportation  to  a  better  and  higher  market  is  very  heavy,  while 
here  you  have  a  market  almost  at  your  doors,  and  that,  one  which  pays  the 
highest  price  for  produce.  If  there  is  a  difference,  as  there  certainly  is  in 
some  sections,  the  Eastern  climate  is  healthier,  neither  the  heat  nor  the  cold 
so  oppressive,  the  rainfall  sufficient  to  prevent  any  apprehension  of  a  drought,, 
the  insect  pests  much  less  formidable,  and  the  danger  from  malarial  fevers 
less  serious.  The  intensity  of  the  cold  of  winter  is  greater  in  the  northern 
tier  of  States  and  Territories  of  the  West  than  in  the  middle  Atlantic  States, 
and  the  heat  of  the  south-western  States  and  Territories  in  summer,  has  no 
parallel  in  the  East. 

WHERE   THE   NEW  LANDS   ARE — MAINE   AND   NEW  ENGLAND    GENERALLY. 

"  But  where,"  you  will  ask,  "  are  these  lands,  to  which  you  refer  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  how  can  we  reach  them?"  We  answer,  Not  perhaps  in 
Maine,  though  there  is  much  good  land  in  the  State  which  is  to  be  had  at 


1.43  THE  WEST: 

from  three  to  five  dollars  per  acre;  but  it  is,  for  the  most  part,  somewhat 
remote  from  good  markets,  and  the  winter's  cold  is  severe  and  protracted. 
Yet  if  you  wish  to  engage  in  silver  or  copper  mining  there  is  a  very  fair 
opportunity  for  doing  so  in  Maine,  and  with  perhaps  as  good  results  as  most 
men  will  attain  at  the  West,  and  with  lighter  expenses. 

Northern  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  have  some  good  lands  to  be  pur- 
chased at  low  prices,  but  the  winters  are  hard  and  the  soil  rocky.  Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island  are  too  densely  populated  to  have 
much  cheap  land.  Still  there  are  old  farms  to  be  bought  very  low.  in  the 
two  former  states,  which  need  only  the  energy  of  a  thorough  farmer,  to  bring 
them  into  a  thrifty  condition  and  to  make  them  yield  very  profitable  crops. 
There  are  more  or  less  mines  and  quarries  in  all  three,  which  would  pay  well 
if  well  managed. 

NEW  YORK — NORTHERN  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  has  two  large  tracts  of  land  and  several  smaller  ones  which,  all 
"things  considered,  are  as  favorably  situated  for  profitable  settlement  as  most 
of  the  Western  lands.  These  are,  first,  the  region  known  as  "  the  Adiron- 
dacks,"  "  John  Brown's  Tract,"  etc.,  in  Northern  New  York.  The  country 
is  well  watered,  the  soil  is  mostly  a  virgin  soil,  with  considerable  timber  of 
excellent  quality  on  it,  and  will  yield  large  crops  of  spring  wheat,  rye,  and 
Parley,  the  early  sorghum,  and  in  some  sections  Indian  corn.  The  land  can  be 
purchased  for  from  two  to  five  dollars  per  acre,  except  where  there  is  heavy 
timber  on  it,  when  it  would  probably  be  worth  from  eight  to  ten  dollars.  lit 
is  not  at  present  traversed  by  any  railroads,  but  these  would  soon  be  con- 
•structed  if  settlements  were  made  there.  The  winter  is  very  cold,  but  so  it 
is  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley, 
as  well  as  potatoes  and  other  root  crops  for  which  it  is  well  adapted,  can  be 
brought  to  market  at  a  moderate  expense,  and  the  prices  they  will  command 
are  much  higher  than  those  paid  in  the  West. 

LONG   ISLAND. 

The  second  region  which  is  eligible  for  settlement  in  New  York,  is  on 
Long  Island,  and  mainly  in  Suffolk  County.  It  seems  almost  incredible  that 
half  a  million  of  acres  of  land  lying  between  thirty-five  and  ninety  miles 
from  New  York  City,  the  best  and  most  inexhaustible  market  in  the  world, 
•with  a  good  soil,  a  very  healthful  climate,  well  watered,  and  having  a  suf- 
ficient but  not  excessive  annual  rainfall,  should  lie  unimproved,  and  be  at 
the  present  time  for  sale  at  from  five  to  twelve  dollars  per  acre.  And  the 
•wonder  is  all  the  greater,  when  we  find  that  a  railroad  passes  through  the 
•whole  length  of  this  tract,  with  several  branches,  and  that  no  part  of  it  is  more 
than  twelve  miles  from  the  railroad,  and  much  of  it  within  from  one  to  five 
miles  of  it,  and  that  this  railroad  is  now  offering  every  facility  to  farmers,  to 

(transport  their  produce  to  market,  and  to  bring  from  the  city  the  needed  fer- 
tilizers. The  shores  of  the  island  abound  in  the  best  qualities  of  edible  fish, 
oysters,  clams,  mussels,  scollops,  lobsters,  crabs,  etc.,  and  the  game  birds  and 
four-footed  game  of  the  whole  region  are  abundant.  On  the  island  are  forty 
factories  for  the  production  of  oil  from  the  menhaden,  and  the  fish-scrap,  or 
guano,  one  of  the  best  fertilizers  known,  is  now  sent  away  from  the  island, 
because  there  is  little  or  no  demand  for  it  there. 

WHY  IT  HA8   NOT   BEEN   SETTLED  HITHERTO. 

The  only  causes  which  can  be  assigned  for  the  non-settlement  of  these 
lands,  are  the  apathy  of  the  inhabitants,  and  their  lack  of  enterprise,  and  the 
evil  report  which  has  been  made,  falsely,  of  the  barrenness  of  the  lands,  by 
those  who  preferred  to  supply  themselves  with  wood  from  these  lands,  rather 
than  to  have  them  cultivated  and  populous,  and  be  obliged  to  purchase  coal 
for  fuel.  This  state  of  affairs  is  now  passing  away. 


WHO   SHOULD   MIGliATE   THITHER.  143 


ITS  ADVANTAGES. 

The  land  can  be  cleared  at  from  five  to  ten  dollars  per  acre,  some  of  the 
"timber  being  large  enough  for  building  purposes  or  for  railroad  ties.  It 
•will  yield  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  bushels  of  wheat  or  from  twenty  to 
twenty-eight  bushels  of  rye  to  the  acre,  from  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  three 
hundred  and  fifty  bushels  of  potatoes  of  the  best  quality,  and  with  good  cul- 
tivation and  fair  manuring,  the  whole  region  can  be  transformed  into  market 
gardens,  fruit  orchards,  and  strawberry,  blackberry,  and  raspberry  lands  of 
the  greatest  productiveness,  and  for  all  these  products  there  is  an  unfailing 
demand  at  the  highest  prices,  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  and  the  cities  ad- 
jacent. 

MARKET-GARDEN  FARMING  MORE   PROFITABLE  HERE  THAN   AT   THE  "WEST. 

With  the  same  capital,  a  young  farmer,  who  is  intelligent  and  enterpris- 
ing, can  do  better  on  these  lands,  than  he  can  in  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Dakota, 
or  Montana,  and  can  be  so  conveniently  situated  to  the  great  city  that  he  or 
his  family  can  visit  it  as  often  as  they  please.  The  great  summer  resorts  of 
Cony  Island,  Rockaway  Beach,  Long  Beach,  Fire  Island,  and  Montauk, 
which  are  visited  by  nearly  two  millions  of  people  every  season,  afford  ad- 
ditional markets  for  produce.  The  island  affords  also  great  opportunities 
for  successful  manufacturing.  The  great  city  of  Brooklyn  at  its  western  ex- 
tremity, has  more  than  250  millions  of  dollars  invested  in  manufacturing, 
and  there  is  now  rapid  progress  in  the  establishment  of  manufactories  in  the 
counties  of  Queens  and  Suffolk. 

- 1. ' 

NOT   ADAPTED  TO  MINING. 

There  are  not,  at  present,  any  known  mineral  deposits  of  great  value  on 
the  island,  whatever  there  may  be  in  the  future.  The  man  whose  heart  is 
set  on  obtaining  wealth  from  mining,  will  do  better  to  go  elsewhere ;  but 
even  he  need  not  go  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  the  Pacific  coast  k>  find 
employment  suited  to  his  tastes,  as  we  shall  presently  show. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

If  "Long  Island's  rock-bound  shore"  does  not  satisfy  your  longings  for 
a  new  home,  what  have  you  to  say  to  New  Jersey? 

Just  listen  to  a  few  facts  in  relation  to  the  lands  which  can  be  furnished 
to  immigrants  in  that  State.  These  facts  are  officially  published,  during  the 
present  year,  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor  and  In- 
dustry of  New  Jersey. 

A  MILLION  ACRES. 

There  are  more  than  a  million  of  acres  of  uncleared  lands  in  the  eight 
southern  counties  of  New  Jersey,  which  can  be  purchased  at  from  $5  to  $20 
per  acre.  They  have  been  held  by  large  proprietors,  and  most  of  them  have 
their  titles  direct  from  the  "Lords  Proprietors,"  Penn,  Fenwick,  Byllinge, 
and  others,  who  received  their  grants  from  Charles  II.  These  great  proprie- 
tors held  their  estates  of  from  17,000  to  80,000  acres  of  woodlands,  and  in- 
creased their  fortunes  by  selling  wood,  timber  and  charcoal  to  the  forges, 
iron  furnaces,  and  glass-works  of  the  vicinity.  These  great  estates  are  now 
broken  up,  and  the  use  of  anthracite  and  other  coals  for  the  furnaces  and 
glass-works,  and  for  fuel,  has  rendered  their  former  business  less  produc- 
tive. 

THE   SOIL   AND   CLIMATE — FERTILIZERS. 

The  soil  of  these  lands  is  good,  a  light  loam,  but  easily  cultivated ;  it  can 
be  readily  fertilized  by  the  use  of  marl,  which  is  abundant  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity,  and  is  worth  from  $1  to  $1.75  per  ton;  lime,  which  is  worth 


144  THE  WEST: 

from  twelve  to1  fifteen  cents  a  bushel;  or  fish  guano,  which  is  a  very  power- 
ful manure,  worth  from  $15  to  $18  per  ton.  It  will  produce  almost  any  crop 
which  you  may  desire  to  cultivate,  and  yields  fine  crops  of  the  cereals  and 
Indian  corn  (thirty  to  sixty  bushels  of  the  latter),  root  crops,  melons,  market- 
garden  vegetables  of  excellent  quality,  fruit  of  great  excellence,  and  all  the 
small  fruits.  Railroads  traverse  all  these  counties,  and  both  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  furnish  excellent  markets. 

The  climate  is  very  mild,  the  mean  annual  range  of  the  thermometer  being- 
only  43£°  and  the  extremes  being  about  90°  and  15°  F. 

RAINFALL,    GRAPE   CULTURE,    MANUFACTURES,    ETC. 


The  rainfall  is  about  48  inches.  Ploughing  can  be  done  every  month  in 
the  year.  The  culture  of  the  grape  is  a  favorite  industry,  and  the  grape  at- 
tains great  perfection  from  the  long  season  without  frost.  The  region  is  re- 
markably healthy  and  free  from  all  malarious  influences.  It  is  especially 
commended  for  sufferers  from  pulmonary  complaints. 

Here  are  glass-works,  silk  factories,  iron  mines,  artificial-stone  works, 
iron  furnaces,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  manufacturing  and  mining  indus- 
tries. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

If,  however,  you  still  prefer  a  country  abounding  in  mineral  wealth,  turn 
your  face  westward  or  rather  south-westward,  and  you  will  find  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, western  North  Carolina,  or  east  Tennessee  all  that  your  heart  can  de- 
sire In  the  way  of  mineral  wealth.  In  West  Virginia  the  most  abundant  min- 
erals are  petroleum,  salt,  coal,  and  iron,  and  all  are  found  in  the  greatest 
abundance.  The  salt  springs  along  the  banks  of  the  Great  Kanawha  yield  a 
salt  of  the  very  best  quality.  The  petroleum  wells  yield  mostly  the  heavy 
lubricating  oils,  though  some  of  them  produce  the  lighter  illuminating  oils. 
The  quantity  seems  to  be  inexhaustible.  The  coal  is  of  several  varieties,  but 
all  of  excellent  quality.  There  are  cannel  coals,  gas  coals,  smelting  coals, 
analogous  to  the  Indiana  block  coal,  and  some  semi-anthracite  coals  for  fuel. 
At  some  points  in  the  canon  of  New  River  and  elsewhere,  the  best  iron  ores 
and  furnace  coals  are  in  such  close  proximity,  that  the  pig  iron  can  be  pro- 
duced at  the  lowest  possible  cost,  lime  and  other  fluxes  being  also  at  hand, 
and  the  cars  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railway  passing  close  at  hand  to 
carry  it  away.  The  climate  is  salubrious  and  pleasant,  except  on  the  moun- 
tain summits,  where  the  snow  lies  long.  The  mountain  slopes  are  covered 
with  valuable  timber,  furnishing  the  principal  supply  of  black  walnut  .and 
other  hard  woods  to  the  manufacturers  of  furniture.  The  soil  in  the  val- 
leys is  excellent,  the  rainfall  sufficient,  and  the  crops  satisfactory.  Land  is 
cheap  here,  but  the  settler,  though  nearer  the  great  markets  than  at  the  West, 
is  very  much  isolated. 

NORTH  CAROLINA, 

In  her  mountainous  region,  in  the  west  of  the  State,  has  veins  of  gold 
and  silver,  which,  though  not  very  rich,  yield  a  fair  competence  to  the  in- 
dustrious miner.  She  has  also  mountains  of  mica,  from  which  the  best  large 
sheets  are  procured ;  and  some  iron  and  lead.  The  soil  is  not  very  rich,  and 
the  method  of  tilling  it  is  primitive.  There  is  much  timber  in  the  moun- 
tains. The  climate  is  agreeable,  and  there  are  valuable  mineral  springs  at 
several  points.  Land  is  held  at  low  prices,  but  its  quality  is  not  such  as  to 
make  it  very  desirable. 

EAST  TENNESSEE. 

East  Tennessee  has  valuable  iron  mines,  copper  mines,  and  coal-beds, 
and  at  several  points  is  largely  engaged  in  the  production  of  iron  which  is  of 
excellent  quality.  There  is  also  gold,  salt,  and  some  petroleum  in  her  hills. 
Much  of  her  land  is  covered  with  heavy  timber.  Land  is  cheap,  but  the  soil 


WHO    SHOULD    MIGRATE   THITHER.  145 

is  poor,  and  requires  fertilizers  to  enable  the  settler  to  procure  good  crops. 
But  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  region  -will  eventually  enrich  it.  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama  have  considerable  quantities  of  gold  and  silver,  but  the 
ores  are  poor,  or  the  precious  metals  have  not  been  thoroughly  extracted. 
These  regions  are  not  very  attractive  to  the  emigrant. 

FLORIDA. 

Florida  offers  many  advantages  to  the  settler  in  her  fine  climate,  her 
generally  fertile  soil,  and  her  early  seasons.  The  cultivation  of  the  orange 
has  been  greatly  developed  there,  and  is  profitable  to  those  who  can  wait  for 
the  maturity  of  the  orange  groves.  This  takes  about  ten  years,  and  then 
the  income  is  permanent  and  constantly  increasing.  Some  parts  of  the  pen- 
insula are  subject  to  malarial  diseases. 

THE   MORAL. 

The  moral  of  our  long  dissertation  is,  that  with  health,  industry,  enter- 
prise, and  economy  a  man  can  achieve  a  competence  almost  anywhere ;  with- 
out them,  he  will  not  succeed,  even  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances. 


146 


ONE    HUKDEED    TEABS    AGO." 


HISTORICAL  CHEONOLOGY  O7  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1761. 

Excitement  in  the  colonies  against  the  British  Govern 
Bient,  caused  by  enforcement  of  Navigation  Act  against  Steuben 
illegal  traders. 

1765. 

Protests  against  Stamp  Act  (passed  March  22t  by  the 
colonists,  who  object  to  taxation  without  representation 
— Oct  /—First  Colonial  Congress  met  in  New  York. 

1766. 
Stamp  Act  repealed. 

1767. 

New  duties  levied  on.  glass,  paper,  printers'  colors  and 
tea,  and  against  which  the  colonial  assemblies  protest 

1768. 
Gen.  Gates  sent  to  Boston  to  overawe  the  colonists. 

1770. 

March  5— Boston  Massacre,  when  the  first  blood  was 
si* It  in  the  dispute  with  England.... Daniel  Boone  ex- 
plores Kentucky. 

1771. 

Armed  protest  against  taxation  in  the  Carolinas,  and 
Governor  Tyron  suppresses  the  rebellion. 

1773. 
British  Parliament  repeals  the  duties,  except  three- 

} pence  a  pound  on  tea — Dec.  lli — Dutiable  tea  emptied 
nto  Boston  Harbor  by  men  in  disguise. 
1774. 


Rights  issued  ____  April  —  Tea  thrown  overboard  in  New 
York  Harbor  —  Dec.  25  —  British  tea  ship  forbidden  to 
hind  at  1'hiladclphia. 

1775. 

April  19—  Battle  of  Lexington,  Mass.,  and  beginning  o: 
the  War  of  Independence  —  May  10—  Fort  Tieonderoga 
captured  l.yCol.Ethan  Allen...  .Crown  Point  and  White- 
hall taken  —  June  17—  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  death 
of  General  Warren  ____  90—  George  Washington  commis- 
tione.U  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
Colonies  —  Bills  ot  credit,  known  as  Continental  money, 
»-i»iu'd  by  Congress....  Americans  invade  Canada  —  Sur- 
render of  Montreal  —  Death  of  General  Montgomery 
before  Quebec  —  Kentucky  first  settled  by  whites,  near 
Lexiagvon. 

1776. 

March  17—  The  British  evacuate  Boston  —  Americans 
driven  out  of  Canada  ____  July  4  —  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. Aug.  2—  Signed  by  the  representatives  of  the 
thirteen  States  —  July  8  —  Read  to  the  people  by  John 
Mxon  from  the  Observatory,  State-house  yard.  Phila- 
delphia —  Aug.  27  —  Americans  defeated  on  Long  Island 
....  Sept.  9—  Title  of  '  United  States"  adopted  by  Congress 
..  ..Sept  15—  New  York  City  taken  by  the  B-itist  ...Oct. 
11,  12—  Battle  on  LakeChamplain....Retreatot  Washing- 
ton over  the  Hudson  ana  across  th  Jerseys  to  Penn- 
sylvania —  Oct.  18  —  Kosciusko  commissioned  an  officer 
in  IJ.  S.  army....  Oct.  29—  Battle  of  White  Plains,  N.  Y.... 
Dec.  —  Congress  adjourns  to  Baltimore.  ...25  —  Washington 
crosses  the  Delaware;  26—  Captures  1.000  Hessians  at 
Fronton,  and  recrosses  the  Delaware  ____  Dec.  —  Benjamin 
franklin  and  Arthur  Lee,  V.  S.  Embassy  to  solicit  aid 
trotn  France,  arrive  in  Paris. 

1777. 

Jan.  3—  Battle  of  Princeton  —  Washington  in  Winter 
quarters  at  Morristown,  receives  24,000  muskets  trpm 
France....  Congress  returns  to  Philadelphia....  April  — 
British  burn  Danbury,  Ct  —  May  —  Americans  destroy 
Hriti»h  stores  at  Sag  Harbor,  L.  I  ____  June  30  —  Britisli 
ii  rmy  crosses  from  Jersey  to  Staten  Island.  .  .  .July  10— 
Seizure  of  British  Gen.  Presrott  in  Ivhode  Island  by  Col 
Win.  Barton.  .  .  .July  5—  Burgoyne  takes  Crown  Point  an 
Ticonderoga  ____  31  —  Lafayette  commissioned  a  major- 
general,  and  introduced  to  V  ashington  li:  Philadelphia. 
Aug.  3.  ...Aug.  16—  Battle  of  Bennington  —  Sept  11— 
1'altle  of  Brandywine  and  retreat  ol  Americans  to 
l  liester,  and  to  Philadelphia  12  —  Sept  18—  Congress  re- 
tires to  Lancaster,  and  then  to  York  —  26  —  British  Gen. 
Howe  marches  to  Philadelphia,  and  encamps  at  German- 
lown....Oct  4  —  Washington  attacks  the  enemy  at  Gcr- 
iii  tn'own  —  Burgoyne  advances  to  Saratoga  —  17—  Sur- 
rcndor  ot'Burgoyiie  and  his  whole  army  to  Gen.  Gates, 
ut  Saratoga,  N.  Y  ____  22—  Battle  of  Red  Bank,  on  Delaware 
1'ivcr.  and  death  of  Count  Donop  —  Howe's  army  goes 
»  iio  winter  qulirtcrs  in  Philadelphia,  and  Wasliiugum's 
A.  Valley  Forge. 


1778. 


Feb.  6-  Treaty  of  alliance  with  France ....  May  5— V  aroa 

teuben  crsated  a  major-general  in  American  army 

June  18 — Howe's  army  evacuates  Philadelphia,  and  re- 
treats towards  New  V  ork. . .  28— Attacked  by  American* 

on  the  plains  of  Monmouth, and  retreats  again  2s» July 

8— A  French  fleet  arrives  in  the  Delaware 30— Con- 
gress meets  in  Philadelphia Shoes  worth  $700  a  pair 

in  the  Carolinas — Aug.  12— French  and  English  fleets 

disabled  in  a  storm  off  Rhode  Island 29— Battle  of 

Rhode  Island — Wyoming  Valley  pillaged  by  Tories  and). 

Indians Nov.  3— French  fleet  sails  for  West  Indies 

11, 12— Cherry  Valley  attacked  by  Indians  and  Tories 

Dec.  29— The  British  capture  Savannah,  Ga. 
1779 

March— Major-general  Israel  Putnam's  famous  ride 

down  HorsenecK   Hill May  11 — British   advance   to 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  but  retreat  at  the  approach  of  Gen. 
Lincoln — June  6— Patrick  Henry  dies — June — Norfolk. 

Va.,  burnt  by  the  British June  2J — Americans repulsi  d. 

at  Stone  Ferry — July — New  Haven,  Ot,  plundered,  anil 
East  Haven,  Fairfleld  and  Norvfalk  turned...  Stony 
Point,  on  the  Hudson,  captured  by  the  Americans — 
Sept  22— Paul  Jones,  in  the  Bon  Honune  Richard,  cap- 
tures the  British  ship  Serapis — Oct  9— Repulse  of 
French  and  Americans,  and  death  ol  Count  Pulaski. . . . 
25— Withdrawal  of  British  troops  from  Rhode  .'stand  — 
Gen.  Sullivan  chastises  the  Six  Nations  —  Dec.  25 — Kit- 
Henry  Clinton,  with  his  forces,  sails  for  the  South  — 
Washington  in  Winter  quartersat  ilorristown,  N  J. 
1780, 

Washington  sends  Baron  DeKalb  to  aid  the  Patriots  in 
the  Carolinas — Feb.  11 — Clinton's  troops  land  below 

Charleston. ...May  12— Surrender  of  Charleston Sub- 

fjjugution  of  South  Carolina Gen.  Gates  marches  South 

ind  isdefeated  by  the  British  at  Camden,  S.  C..  Aug.  J6; 
Baron  DeKalb  killed  —  British  again  laud  in  Jersey .  and 
attempt  to  capture  Washington's  stores  at  Morristowiv 
but  are  repulsed  at  Springfield,  June  23 — July  10— Ar- 
rival of  a  French  fleet  ami  6,OuO  troops,  under  the  Count 
de  Rochambeau,  at  Newport,  B.  I — Sept  22— ArnoFd 
meets  Andre  at  Haverstru  w  to  arrange  for  the  surrende-j 
of  West  Point — 23— Capture  of  Major  Andre  and  dis- 
covery of  Benedict  Arnold's  treason Oct— Andre 

langed  as  a  spy American  Academy  of  Arts  aud 

Sciences  at  Boston  founded. 

1781. 

Continemtal  money  almost  worthless — Jan.  17— Defeat 
of  the  British  at  Cowpens  by  Gen.  Morgan,  and  retreat 
ot  the  Americans  into  Virginia....  March  15— Battle  cif 
jiuillord. ..  .Retreat  ot  the  British  to  Wilmington..  .May 
26 — Act  of  Congress  authorizing  Bank  of  North  America. 

n  be  established  at  Philadelphia Battle  ot  Eutaw 

Springs,  South  Carolina — New  London.  Ct,  burnt  by 
the  British...  Arnold,  in  the  British  service,  commitH 
depredations  in  Virginia — Aug.— Cornwallis  fortifies 
limseli  at  Yorktown — Arnold  devastates  the  New 

England  coast Sept  28— Washington  and  Rochambeau 

arrive  be  I  ore  Yorktown Oct  19— Surrender  ot  Corn- 
wallis at  Yorktown,  which  secures  the  ultimate  triumpit 

of  the  United  States Rochambeau  remains  in  Virginia. 

and  Washington  marches  North,  and  goes  into  Winter 
quarters  on  the  Hudson. 

1782. 

British  flee  from  Wilmington,  S.  C.,  at  the  approach  of 

Sen.  St  Clair Clinton  and  his  army  blockaded  in  Ne  w 

York  by  Washington March  4 — British  House  of  Coni- 

nons  resolves  to  end  the  war  ...May  5 — Arrival  of  Sir 

Guy  Carleton  to   treat  for   peace July   11— British 

evacuate  Savannah  . .  .First  war  sh.'p  cons  ructed  in  UK? 
Jnited  States  at P9rtsmouth,  N  H. ..  .John  Adams,  Jolm 
Fay.  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin.  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
Henry  Laurens  appointed  by  the  United  States,  Commis- 
sioners to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain. 
...Four  of  them  meet  English  commissioners  in  Paris, 
and  sign  preliminary  treaty  Nov.  30 — Dec.  14— British 
evacuate  Charleston,  and  Gen.  Francis  Marion  ("  The 
Swamp  Fox")  disbands  his  brigade. 
1783. 

Jan— Bank  of  North  America  opened  in  Philadelphia 
. .  .Jan.  20— French  and  English  commissioners  sign 

reaty  of  peace A  cessation  of  hostilities  proclaimed 

n  the  army Feb.  5— American  Independence  ac- 
knowledged by  Sweden;  Feb.  25,  acknowledged  by  Den- 


. 
d  J 


irk;  March  24,  by  Spain;  July,  by  Russia Sept.  3— 

:iiuite  treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Pa. is.  and  America's 


CHRONOLOGY. 


147 


Independence  acknowledged  by  Great  Britain.... June 
\y— Society  of  the  Cincinnati  formed  by  officers  of  the 


1801. 
March  4 — Thomas  Jefferson  inaugurated  President.... 


W— Society  ot  the  Cincinnati  formed  by  officers  ot  the     March  4 — Thomas  Jenersoii  inaugurated  rresiaent. ... 
hrmj  -it  Newburg.  ...Nov.  3 — United  States  army  form-  Tripoli  declares  war  against  the  United  States.... U.  3. 
ally  disbanded  . .  .25 — New  York  City  evacuated  by  the  Navy  Yard  at  Philadelphia  established. 
Hntis,!),  and  General  Washington  at  head  ol  American  1802. 

wrmy.  filtered  the   city — 2(5— Congress  assembles  at!    April— Ohio  admitted  as  a  tiuite..  .Yellow  Fever  ravage* 
.Dec.  4— Washington  takes  leave  of  nis  Philadelphia. 


Annapolis.  Md 

coiuraiies-m-arms.  New  York  City — Dec.  23— Washing- 
ion  resigns    his  commission    to   Congress Slavery 

abolished   in   Massachusetts The   parties  known  as 

i'cdeialists  and  Anti-Federalists  originated. 
1784. 

First  voyage  of  an  American  ship  to  China  from  New 
¥o  k.  ...New  York  Chamber  ot  Commerce  founded  — 
Jan.  4  -Treaty  01  Paris  ratified  by  Congress. 
1785. 

John  Adams,  first  American  ambassador  to  England, 
has  an  audience  with  the  King — First  Federal  Congress 


organised  in  New  York. 


1786. 


Shay's  insurrection  in  Massachusetts. 
1787. 

May  23 — A  convention  to  amend  articles  of  Confedera- 
•  ion  composed  ot  delegates  from  all  the  States  except 
•ilioUe  Island,  met  in  Philadelphia.  Federal  constitution 
formed  and  submitted  to  Congress  Sept.  28..  . July- 
North -.vestern  Tei  ritory.  embracing  the  present  Statesot 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  estab- 


1788. 


their  slaves. 


1803. 

April— Louisiana  purchased  from  the  French,  and  divi- 
ded into  Territory  of  New  Orleans  uiid  Districtof  Loui- 
siana..  .Alien  and  sedition  laws  passed  —  Amendment!* 
to  the  constitution  adopted....  Com.  Prebie  sails  for 
Tripoli — U.  S.  frigate  Philadelphia  captured  by  the 


Tripoli  tans. 


1804. 


Lewis  and  Clarke  start  on  an  exploring  expedition  up 
the  Missouri  and  down  the  Columbia  Kiver  to  the  1'acitie- 

Ocean Feb.  15—  Lieut  Decatur  burns  the  Philadelphia 

iu  the  harbor  of  Tripoli — Middlesex  canul,  first  in  the 

United  States,  completed July  12— Alex.  Hamilton 

killed  ii    a  duel  by  Aaron  Burr.... Aug. —Com.  Prebie 
bombards  Tripoli. 

1805 

Michigan  created  into  a  Territory June  3— The  Pasha 

of  Tripoli  makes  terms  of  peace.... Yellow-fever  pesti- 


lence in  New  York. 


1807. 


May  22 — Beginning  of  trial  of  Aaron  Burr  on  a  charge 
f  treason,  Richmond.  Va. ;  Sept  15.  acquitted .  recom- 
mitted, but  nevtr  tried — Robert  Fulton  navigates  the 

Hudson  in  a  steamboat June  22 — The  Chesapeake  flied 

upon  by  the  British  ship  Leopard  ..Retaliatory  meas- 
ures between  England  and  France  cripple  the  American 
shipping  trade  abroad. .  .Congress  decrees  a*i  embargo, 
which  detains  all  vessels,  both  American  and  foreign,  in 
port 

1809. 

March  1 — Congress  repeals  the  embargo  on  shipping, 
and  at  the  same  time  passes  a  law  forbidding  an  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  Englan  i  or  France  until  their 
obnoxious  restrictions  on  commerce  shall  be  removed. 
. .  .March  4 — James  Madison  inaugui  atcd  President. 

1811. 

Congress  refuses  to  recharter  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States Nov.  5— Battle  of  Tippeeanoe,— General  Harri- 
son defeats  the  Indians. 

1812. 
June  19— The  President  formally  declares  war  against 


yuaxers  of  Philadelphia  emancipate 

March  4 — Federal  Constitution  ratified  by  the  requisite 
number  of  States,  and  becomes  the  organic  law  of  the 
Kepubiic...  .March  11— Philadelphia  incorporated  as  a 
city  . . .  April  6—  Washington  chosen  the  flrst  Presidentol 

lilt:  United  .Stafcs,  and  John  Adams  Vice-Pre.-ident 30 

—Washington  inaugurated  at  the  City  Hall,  Wall  Street, 
New  York Department*  ot  Treasury,  War  and  For- 
eign Aftairs  created,  and  a  national  judiciary  established 

Nov.  21— North  Carolina  adopts  the  Constitution. 

1790. 

District  ot   Columbia  ei»lcd  to  the  United  States  by 

Marvland  and  Virginia \pril  17— Death  of  Benjamin 

Kraiikliu May  29— Khode  Island  adopts  the  Constitu- 
tion, Using  the  last  of  the  original  thirteen  States  to  do  so 
AUK  i2--Congress  adjourns  in  New  York,  and,  Dec.  6, 
meets  in  Philadelphia  —  First  census  of  fhe  United 

States;  population  3,929,326 — Territory   South-west  of  Great   Britain General   Dearborn   appointed    Com- 

th.?  .Miio  established.    A  United  States  ship  circumnavi-  mander-in-chiel. .   .New  England  States  threaten  to  IK- 

gates  the  globe T'-oubleswith  the  Indians,  which  con- cede — July  12— Gen.  I- ull  crosses  the  Detroit  Kiver  to 

tiiuie  until  '94.   .  .The  Anti-Federalists  become  known  as  attack  Fort  Maiden.  Canada. ..  17— Fort  Mackinaw  cap- 

the  Republican  party.  Itured  by  British  and  Indians  ..  .Aug.  7— Hull  retires  Irom 

1791.  (Canada    ..13— The  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  captures  the 

Feb.  18— Vermont  admitted  as'a  State — City  of  Wash-1  Alert— flrst  vessel  taken  from   the  British  in  that  war 


ington  founded First  bale  of  cotton  exported  to  Eng- 
land since  the  war. 

1792. 
April  2— Act  past  establishing  United  States  Mint  at 


16— Surrender  ot  Detroit  to  British Several  skirm- 
ishes on  the  frontiei...  19— U  S.  I'rigate  Constitution. 
Commodore  Isaac  Hull,  capture*  and  burnsthe  Guerriere. 
.....Oct  18 — U  S.  sloop  Wasp.  Capt  Jones,  captures  the 

Philadelphia June  1— Kentucky  admitted  as  a  State; Frolic,  and  both  are  taken  by  the  British  ship  Poictiers 

. .  V,  UMiington  and  Adams  re-elected June  21 25—  C  S.  frigate  United  States,  Com.  Decatu'-,  captures 

Philadelphia  and  Lancashire  Turnpike  Company  Char-jthe   Macedonian Dec.   28^-The   Constitution,   Com. 

tercd,    Icoad  opened  in  1795— the  first  turnpike  in  the  Bainbridge,  makes  a  prize  of  the  British  frigate  Java 

United  Mates.  I.... April 8 — Louisiana  admitted  as  a  State. 


1793. 
Cotton-gin  invented  by  Eli  Whitney. 

1794. 

Congress  appropriates  $700.000  to  establish  a  navy.    III-I*MV.BUMM»BW.  ...MUMIMM*  W«*M*«MM  Mv.-lt.Vo  am^t 
surreotion  among  the  Dutch  in  Western  Pennsylvania  on  [the  Delaware  and   -avages  the  Southern  coast. .   .New 
account  of   duties  on  distilled  liquor — John  Jay  ap-  England  coast  blockaded    by  Com.  Hardy       Feb.  21  — 


Jan.  22— British  Gen.   Proctor  defeats  the  Americans 
•t  French  town,  prisoners  and  wounded  massacred  by 
.Admiral  Cockburn  destroys  shipping  ut 


pointed  Envoy  Extraordinary  to  England  to  settle  dis- 
putes between  the  two  Governments. 
1795. 


Treaty  with  Western  Indians...  Yellow-fever  pestilence  York  (now  Toronto).      May— Fort  George  tai;cu.   .  June 


in  New  York Oct.— Treaty  with  Spain. 

1796. 

June — Tennessee  admitted  as  a  State  —  Credit  of  th 
Government  re-established,  and  all  disputes  with  foreign 
towers,  except  France,  adjusted Sept — Washington! 


issues  a  farewell  address. 


1797. 


John  A4ar»s  inaugurated  President;  Thomas  Jefferson 

Vice-President Envoys  appointed  toadjustdithculties 

with  France  are  refused  an  audience  with  the  French 
Directory. 

1798. 


Preparations    for    hostilities    with   France — July— 
Washington  again  appointed  Commander-in-chief  ol  the 

Army Navy    Department    created,   with    Benjamin 

Stoddart  ot  Maryland,  as  Secretary French  Directory 

make  overtures  for  peace 


1799. 

Jan.— Lafayette  returns  to  France Feb.  26 — Three 

Envoys   proceed  to  France  to  negotiate  lor  peace 

i»ec.    14 — Washington   dies   at   Mount  Vernon,  aged  68 
years. 

1800. 

Removal  of  the  Capital  from  Philadelphia  to  Washing- 
ton  May—  Formation  of  Mississippi  Territory s>ppt. 

Si)— American  Envoys  to  France  conclude  a  treaty  with 
Napoleon  Bonaparte. 


Battle  ot  Ogdensburg,  N  Y    . .  .March  4— Second  inaugu- 
ration ot  President   Madison Successful  defense  of 

Forts  Meigs  and  Sandusky. ..  .April— Americans  capture 


-U.  S.  frigate  Chesapeake  sui renders  to  the  Shannon 
British;.  Capt.  James  Lawrence— ("Don't give  up  the 

.ship I"; — mortally  wounded  and  dies  June  6 General 

Dearborn  succeeded  by  Gen.  Wilkinson...  Aug. 30 — Mas- 
sacre by  Creek  Indians  at  Fort  Minims,  Alabama  River 
...  Generals  Andrew  Jackson  and  Coffee  prosecute  the 
war  against  the  Indians  . .  .Sept.  10— Battle  of  Lake  Erie 

— Com.  Perry  defeats  and  captures  the  British  Fleet 

28  or  29 — Americans  take  |  ossession  of  Detroit Oct.  5 

—Battle  of  the  Thames.  Americans,  under  Gen.  Harri- 
son almost  annihilate  the  British,  under  Proctor.  Te- 
cumseh  killed  .  Termination  01  the  war  en  the  North- 
west boundary — 12— Americans  compelled  to  abandon 
Fort  George.  British  and  Indians  surprise  and  capture 


Fort  Niagara  and  burn  Buffalo  and  several 


e  and  c»p 
other  >rilli 


II  Age  » 


and  towns...  .Power  loom  introduced  in  Uie    t:  filled 


March — The  Essex  taken  bv  British  ships  PI  ou-e  and 

Cherub Gen.  Wilkinson  repulsed  on  Canadian  :ro;ilier 

and  superseded  by  Gen  Izard  May  5— British  attactc 
Oswego  and  withdraw  7  .  July  3— Kort  Erie  captured 
—  4— Battle  of  Chipnewa  :  British  defeated  .  25— But- 
tle ot  Niagara ; British  againdeieated  .  .Aug.  9-12 — Com. 
Hardy  makes  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Stonirigton. 
Aug.  15 — llepulse  ol  assault  on  Kort  Erie..  .24 — Uas-  de- 
feats the  Americans  ut  iiladtiisburg,  and  on  the  a_u.t  . 


143 


'CHRONOLOGY: 


day  cap'.ure.s  the  City  of  Washington,  burtfvng  the  Capi- 
tol, White  House  and  other  buildings — 25— British  re- 
treat to  tneir  ships Sept.i2-14 — Unsuccessful  attack  on 

Baltimore;  Gen.  Ross  killed Sept,  13— Key  composes 

"The  Star-Spangled  Banner." Sept.  15— British  at- 
tack on  Mobile  repulsf-d —  Sept.— Com.  McDonough's 
victory  on  Lake  Champlain.  The  British  land  forces, 

.under  Prevost,  are  defeated  at  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y 

Americans  destroy  Fort  Erie,  and  Nov.  5  go  into  Winter 

quarters  at  Buffalo Nov.  7 — Gen.  Jackson  storms  and 

captures  Pensacola,  Fla.,  and  leaves  for  Mobile  9 — 15— 
Hartford  Convention — Federalists  oppose  the  war,  and 
tnreaten  a  secession  of  the  New  England  States — Dec. 
2— Gen  Jackson  arrives  at  New  Orleans — 24 — Treaty  of 
peace  with  Great  Britain  signed  at  Ghent 
1815. 

Jan.  8— Battle  of  New  Orleans — 15— U.  S.  ship  Presi 
dent  captured  by  the  Endymion — Feb.  17— Treaty  01 
Ghent  ratified  and  peace  proclaimed — March  23— The 
Hornet  captures  the  Penguin — War  with  Algiers  ... 
Com.  Decatur  humbles  the  Mediteranean  pirates — 
April  6— Massacre  of  American  prisoners  at  Dartmoor, 
.England. 

1816. 

Congress  charters  a  new  United  States  Bank — Indi- 
ana admitted  as  a  State The  Republican  party  in  N.  Y. 

•City  adopt,  for  the  first  time,  the  title  of  Democrats. 
1817. 

James  Monroe  inaugurated  President — The  United 
States  suppresses  piratical  establishments  in  Florida 

and  Texas Trouble  with  the  Seminole  and  Creek  luol- 

4i na Dec.— Mississippi  admitted  as  a  State. . .  .July  4.— 

Erie  Canal  begun. 

1818. 

Gen.  Jackson  pursues  the  Indians  into  Florida,  takes 
Pensacola  and  banishes  the  Spanish  authorities  and 

iroops Aug.  24— Centre  foundation  of  present  Capitol 

laid  at  Washington,  D.  C Doc. — Illinois  admitted  as  a 


1819. 


Steam- 


'oe 1 


Florida  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States Stea 

or,  named  the  Savannah,  first  crossed  the  Atlantic. 
Kint  lodge  of  Oddfellows  opened  in  the  States — Terri 
lory  of  Arkansas  formed — Dec.— Alabama  admitted  as 

1820. 

March— Maine  admitted  as  a  State — James  Mbrr< 
r«'-elected  President 

1821. 

Aupt.  21— Missouri  admitted  as  a  State,  with  the  famous 
"  Compromise,"  under  which  it  was  resolved  that  in  fu- 
ture no  slave  State  should  be  erected  north  of  northern 
boundary  of  Arkansas... .Streets  of  Baltimore  lighted 

1822. 
Piracy  in  the  West  Indies  suppressed  by  the  United 

.States Boston,  Mass.,  incorporated  as  a  city — March 

H— United  States  acknowledge  independence  of  South 

America Oct.  3— Treaty  with  Colombia. 

1823. 

President  Monroe  promulgates  the  doctrine  that  the 
United  States  ought  to  resist  the  extension  of  foreign 
dominion  or  influence  upon  ttie  American  continent 

182*. 
Aug.  15— Lafayette  revisits  the  United  States. 

1825. 

March  4 — John  Quincy  Adams  inaugurated  President. 
Corner-stone  of  Bunker  Hill  Monumentlaid  by  Lafay- 
ette  Lafayette  leaves  for  France  in  frigate  Brandy- 
wine Erie  canal  completed Contest  between  the 

Federal  government  and  Georgia  concerning  Indian 


10— President  Jackson  issues  a  proclamation,  denying 
the  right  of  any  State  to  nullify  any  act  of  the  Federal 
Government — The  Morse  system  of  electro-magnetic 
telegraphy  invented. 

1833. 
Tariff  dispute  settled  by  the  passage  of  Henry  Clay's 

bill March  4 — President  Jackson   inaugurated  for  a 

second  term — He  rmovcs  the  public  funds  from  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States  . .  .Widespread  commercial 
distress Opponents  of  Andrew  Jackson  first  call  them- 
selves the  Whig  Party. . .  .Oct  14— Political  riots  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

1834. 
Chclera  again  rages  in  New  York. 

1835. 
War  with  Seminole  Indians,  led  by  Osceola,  in  Florida 

...Texas  declared  independent Nov.  15— Great  fire  iq 

t  New  York  —  Democrats  first  called  "  The  Locotbco  Pai'- 
ty." — July  12— Negro  riots  in  Philadelphia. 

1836. 

The  Creeks  aid  the  Seminoles  in  their  war Arkansas 

admitted  as  a  State  —  National  debt  paid  off — March 
29 — Pennsylvania  newly  incorporates  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States. 

1837, 

Jan.  25— Michigan  admitted  as  a  State.... March  4 — 
Martin  Van  Buren  inaugurated  President — The  banks 

suspend  specie  payment;  panic  in  business  circles 

Many  Americans  as>ist  the  Canadian  insurgents — The 
steamboat  Caroline  burnt  by  the  British,  near  Schlosser, 
east  of  Niagara,  on  United  States  Territory. 

1838. 

Proclamation  by  the  President  against  American  citi- 
zens aiding  the  Canadians. . .  .The  steamship  Sirius,  the 
first  to  make  the  Western  transatlantic  passage,  arrives 
at  New  York  from  Cork, Ireland,  and  is  followed  on  the 

same  day  by  the  Great  Western  from  Bristol,  Eng 

The  Wilkes  exploring  expedition  to  South  Seas  sailed. 

1839. 

Another  financial  panic,  and,  in  October,  banks  sus- 
pend specie  payment. 

July  4— Sub-Treasury  bill  becomes  a  law Railroad 

riots  in  Philadelphia. 

1841. 

March  4— William  H.  Harrison  inaugurated  President; 

ied  April  4 Aug.  9— Sub-Treasury  act  repealed  ana  a 

^eneral  bankruptcy  bill  passed — Alex.  MacLeod,  inv 
jlicated  in  the  burning  of  the  Caroline,  tried  for  arson 


d 


l  li 


July  4 — Death  of  ex-Presidents  John  Adams  and  Thom- 

A»  Jefferson Morgan  excitement  and  formation  of 

Anti-Masonry  Party. 

1828. 

May—Congress  passes  a  tariff  bill  imposing  heavy 
<luiies  on  British  goods.  Denounced  by  the  Southern 

people  as  oppressive  and  unconstitutional Title   of 

"Democrats"  adopted  generally  by  Republican  Party. 

March  4— Inauguration  of  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson  as 

President July  4— Corner-Stone  laid  of  U.  S.  Mint, 

Philadelphia. 

1830. 

Treaty  with  the  Ottoman  Porte Workingtoan's  Par- 
ty originated  in  New  York  City. 
1831 . 

Jan.  10--King  of  the  Netherlands  renders  his  decision 
on  the  boundary  question  between  Maine  and  the  British 
possessions.  Rejected  by  both  parties  and  question  set- 
tled in  1842  by  the  Treaty  of  Washington — July  4— 
James  Monroe  dies. 

1832. 

Black  Hawk  Indian  War  commenced June27— Chol- 
era breaks  out  in  New  York — Aug.— Indians  driven 
6uyond  the  Mississippi— capture  of  Black  Hawk  and  end^ 
<n' the  war — South  Carolina  declares  the  tariff  acts 
mill  and  void  and  threatens  to  withdraw  from  the  Union 
n  tiie  Government  attempts  to  collect  the  duties.,. 


and  murder  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  acquitted,  Oct  12 
Feb.  4— United  States  Bank  failed  and  other  banks  sus- 
>endcd  specie  payment 

Aug.— Treaty,  defining  the  boundaries  between  the 
United  States  and  the  British  American  Possessions  and 
or  suppressing  the  slave  trade,  and  for  giving  np  fugitive 
criminals,  signed  at  Washington — Aug.  1— "Abolition 
".iots,"  in  Philadelphia.  Churches  burned. 
1843. 

Suppression  of  a  threatened  insurrection  in  Rhode 
Island,  caused  by  the  adoption  of  a  new  constitution, 
known  as  the  Dorr  Rebellion — Jan.  11— "Weaver's 


Riots,"  Philadelphia. 


1844. 


Treaty  of  commerce  with  China...  May  and  July— 
Jiots,  and  Catholic  churches  burned  in  Philadelphia. . . . 

May  27— Anti-rent  riots  in  New  York    State Tele- 

gra'phic  communication  established  between  Washing- 
,011  and  Baltimore. 

1845. 

March  1— The  Republic   of  Texas  received  into  the 

Union 3— Florida  and  Iowa  admitted  as  States — 4— 

James  K  Polk  inaugurated  President. . .  June  8 — Death 

of  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson Treaty  with  Great  Britain 

1xing  Northwestern  boundary — Gen.  Zachary  Taylor 
ordered  to  defend  the  Texan  border  against  a  threatened 
invasion  by  Mexico. 

1846 

War  with  Mexico May  8— Battle  of  Palo  Alto 9— 

Battle  of  Reseca  de  la  Palma.    Mexicans  beaten  in  both 

...July  6 — Com.  Sloat  takes  possession  of  Monterey...- 
Aug. — Gen.  Kearney  takes  possession  of  New  Mexico — 

3ol.    Fremont  occupies  California Aug.    19— Com. 

Stockton  blockades  Mexican  ports Dec. — Iowa  minut- 
ed as  a  State. .  .Oct.  25.— Com.  Perry  bombards  Tobasco, 

Mexico Nov.  14— Com.  Connor  occupies  Tampico. 

1847. 

Feb.  8— Kearney  proclaims  the  annexation  of  Califor- 
nia to  the  United  States Col.  Doniphan  defeats  Mexi. 

cans  in  Chihuahua  and  takes  possession  of  that  province 
. .  .Feb.  23—  Battle  of  Bnena  vista ,  Taylor  defeats  Santa 

Anna March  27— Surrender  of  Vera  Cruz  and  castle  to 

Gen.  Scott  and  Com.   Perry — Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo 

April  18 Aug.  20— Battles  of  Contreras  and  Cherubus- 

co. . .  .Sept.  8— Battle  of  Meliiio  del  Rey. . .  .13— Battle  at 
Chepultepec. . ,  .14— American  army  enters  City  of  Mex- 
',co. 

1848. 

Feb.  18 — Gen.  Scott  superseded  in  Mexico  by  Gen.  Win. 

O.  Butler Treaty  of  Guadaloupc  HMn'go  whi,-.h  stipn- 

,lati-d  for  the  evacuation  of  Mexico  by  the  American  Ar. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


my  -wlthinthrec  months;  the  payment  of  $15,000,000  byjafid  subsequently  goes  to  Philadelphia,  Jfi  u  York  and 


United  States  and  Great  Britain — Mny  29— Wisconsin 
admitted  as  a  State July  4 — Peace  with  Mexico  for- 
mally proclaimed — News* of  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
California  reached  the  States — Mormons  (founded  bj 
Joseph  Smith  1827)  settled  near  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utal 
. . .  .Dec.  8— First  deposit  of  California  gold  in  Mint. 
1849. 


promise."  —  Dec.  20— Carolina  secedes  from  the  Union. 
— Dec  26— (Jen.  Anderson  evacuates  Fort  Moultru-, 
Ohar.eston,  and  occupies  Kort  8unuer...Dec.  30— resi- 
dent Buchanan  declines  to  receive  delegates  fruiu  South 


Carolina. 


1861. 


Jan.  9— Mississippi  secedes.  Confederates  at  Charleston 

Great  exodus  of  gold-seekers  to  California — March  4  flre  into  reinforcement  steamer  Star  at  the  West 10— 

—The  "  Wilmot  Proviso  "  passed  by  Congress March  5  Alabama  and  Florida  recede 11— Major  Anderson  re- 

— Gen.  Zachary  Tnylor  inaugurated  President — June  15  fuses  to  surrender  Fort  Sumter  .  ..12— Conlederatestortily 
— James  K.  Polk  dies — The  people   of  California  vote  Vicksburgh,  Miss.,  and  seize  Navy  Yard  at  Pensacola. 

against  slavery  in  that  territory Cholera  in  NewYo-k  Fla..  .18— Georgia  secedes — Jan.  26— Louisiana  secedes 

'....29— Secretary -of-Treasury,  John  A.  Dix,  issues  his 
thrilling  order,  addressed  "  VV.  Hemphill  Jones,  New  Or- 
leans :"  "  If  any  one  attempts  to  haul  down  the  American 
Hag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot!1'  —  Feb.  5— Texas  secedes 


.May  30  to  sept.  8—  Philadelphia  depleted  by  cholera 
— Treaty  with  England  for  a  transit  way  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama. 

1850. 

March  31-^John  C.  Calhoun  dies. . 
expedition,  in  search  of  Sir  John  Fra 
York — July  9 — President  Taylor  dies — Great  fire  in 


.May— The  Grinnell  by  legislative  act — Peace   conlereuce  assembles  nt 
anklin.  leaves  New  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  first  congress  of  the  seven  seceded 


Philadelph 


10— Vice-President  Millard  Fillmore  as- 


the  Presidency Violent  debates  between  the 

Pro-slavery  and  Free-soil  parties  in  Congress  Over  the 
proposed  admission  of  California — Sept.  9 — Passage  ol 
Henry  Clay's  "Omnibus  Bill,"  relative  to  slavery... 
Territory  of  Utah  organized, 
1851. 

Letter  postage  reduced  to  three  cents Lopez's  expe 

dition  landed  in  Cuba — Lopez  captured,  and  executed 
in  Havana,  Sept.  1  —  Minnesota  purchased  from  the 
Sioux  Indians Dec. — Louis  Kossuth  arrives  in  New 


York Dec.  24j— Capitol  at  Washington  partly  destroyed  beating,  bringing  away  company  and  private  properly. 

by  flre.  <nd  saluting  his  ling  with  fiftv  gun.1'  — 15—  Pre*idei)t 


1852. 

United  States  expedition  to  Japan,  under  command  of 
Com.  Perry,  a  brother  of  the  hero  of  Lake  Erie — June 
29— Henry  Clay  dies — Oct-  24— Daniel  Webster  dies. 
1853. 

Washington  Territory  created  out  of  the  northern  part 
of  Oregon — 4— Franklin  Pierce  inaugurated  Presiuent 
May— Four  vessels,  underCapt.  Ringgold,  leave  on  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  to  the  North  Pacific  Ocean Expedi- 
tions start  to  explore  routes  for  a  railway  to  the  Pacific 
coast — Second  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin leaves,  under  command  of  Doctor  Kane. . .  .Capt.  In- 
graliam  upholds  the  rights  of  American  citizenship  ii; 
the  affair  of  Martin  Koszta,  at  Smyrna. 

1854.  s_ 

May— Passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  which  cre- 
ated those  two  Territories,  and  left  the  people  of  every 
territory,  on  becoming  a  State,  free  to  adopt  or  exclude 
the  institution  ot  slavery — Feb.  28— Seizure  of  the 


States  assembles  at  Montgomery,  Ala — Jefferson  Davi. 
chosen   President  of  Conlederate    States,   and   A.    11 

Stephens,  Vice-President 18— Davis  inaugurated   a« 

Montgomery,  Ala.  Gen.  Twiggs  surrenders  to  the  Con- 
federates in  Texas,  and  March  1  is  dismissed  from  U.  S 
Army  in  disgrace — 22— President-elect  Lincoln,  with 
his  own  hands,  raises  the  American  flag  at  the  State 
House,  Philadelphia — March  4— He  is  inaugurated  at 
"~:~r  Anderson  again  relusts 

-_, 'ate  batteries  open  fire  on 

FortSumter.    The  North  aroused...  14—  Major  Ahdcrsoit 
vacnates  Fort  Sumter  "wi.h  colors  flying  and  drums 


Lincoln  calls  lor  75,000  troops — 17— President 
issues  letters  of  marque,  and  President  Lincoln  blockades 
Southern  ports — Virginia  passes  oidinance  of  secession* 
— 18 — U.  s.  Arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry  destroyed  by 
Federal  authorities First  troops  arrhed  at  Washing- 
Ion,  via  Harri»burgu,  Pa 19— Sixth  Massachusetts 

Kegiment  attacked  while  passing  through  Baltimore. 
Seventh  Regiment  of  New  York  leaves  that  city  for 
Washington — 21— Norfolk  (Va.)  Navy  Yard  burnt  by 

Federal  authorities May  6— Arkansas  formally  secedes 

. .  9-11— Tennessee  secedes. .  .20—  North  Carolina  secede* 
— 'A — Col.  E.  E.  Ellsworth  murdered  at  Alexandria,  Va. 
...JuneS— Stephen  A.  Douglasdies. . .  July21— Battle  ot 
Bull  Run — Aug.  10— Battle  ef  Wilson's  Creek,  Missouri 
—Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon  killed. . .  .20— Gen.  G.  B.  McClellan 


it   slavery — rep.   28— Seizure   ot   the 
hip  Black  Warrior  in  harbor  of  Hav- 


assumes  command  of  Army  of  Potomac — Sept.  20— Col. 

Mulligan  forced  to  surrender  at  Lexington,  Ky — Oct. 

21— Battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Va.— Gen.  E.  D.  Baker  killed. 

—  31— Gen.   \\inficld  Scott  resigns,  and  McClellan  is 

made  commander-in-chief. . .  .Nov. 8—  Capt.  Wilkes  ot  the 
ana — June  7 — Reciprocity  treaty  between  Great  Brit-  San  J..cimo  captures  M;ison  and  Slidell  on  board  ot  the 

«in   and  the    United  States,   respecting  international  (Trent    War  with    England   imminent 30— Jefferson, 

trade,  fisheries,  etc July  13^-Capt.   Hollins  of  sloop  Davis  elected  President  of  Confederate  States  lor  six 

years — Dec.  2— Congress  votes  thanks  19  Capt.  Wilkes. 

....30 — Ranks  in  New  York  suspend  specie  payment.... 

Mason  end  Slidell  surrendered,  and  oil  Jan.  1, 1862  they 

sail  for  Europe. 

1862. 
Jan.  17— Ex-President  John  Tyler  dies Feb.  6— Cten. 

Grant  captures  Fort  Henry 7-8 — Gen.  Burnsidu  cap- 


Cyane  bombards  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua — March  31— 
Commercial  treaty  with  Japan  concluded  by  Com.  Perry 

Oct  9 — Ostend  Conference. 

1855. 

Serious  trouble  in  Kansas  over  the  slavery  question — 
William  Walker  takes  possession  ot  Nicaragua  and  es- 
tablishes a  government  there June  28 — Railroad  from 


Charles  Sum"~r,  iu  Senate 

1857. 

Jan.  4— Kansas  rejects  the  Lecompton  Constitution 

Disturbances  in    Utah..   .March — The   Supreme    Court 

givesjudgnient  in  the  Dred  Seott  case Aug.  24— Be. 

ginning  ot  financial  panic,  which  culminates  in  an  a), 
most  general  suspension  of  banks. 
1858. 

Mny— Minnesota  admitted  as  a  State. . .  .Aug.  3— Kansas 

again  rejects  Lecompton  Constitution Aug.— Atlantic 

telegraph  cable  laid.    President  s  message  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria sent  16,  but  cable  proved  a  failure. 
18i9. 

Oregon  admitted  as  a  State June  25— Commodore 

Tatnall  of  U.  S.  Navy,  in  Chinese  waters,  makes  his 

famous  utterance:  "Biood  is  thicker  than  water!" 

July  4— A.  H.  Stephens  ot  Georgia  advocates  the  forma- 
tion of  a  Southern  Confederacy Oct.  10— John  Hrowif  s 

raid  on  Harper's  Ferry  — 18— Brown  and  his  companions 


captured — Dec.  2— 


ry....li 
Brown 


hung Nov.— Gen.   Scott 


*eiit  to  protect  American  intei  ests  in  San  Juan. 
1860. 

March— John  Brown's  companions  hung March  27— 

Japanese  Embassy,  first  to  leave  Japan,  arrive  at  San 
Francisco.  Received  at  Washington.!).  C.,  by  President 
Buchanan,  and  afterward*  have  public  receptions  in 
Baltimore,  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  departing  from 
the  latter  city  in  frigate  Niagara  June  29...  May  17— 

Abraham  Lincoln  nominated  at  Chicago Sept- 21— 

i'riiiceof  Wales  arrives  at  Detroit,  -visiting  United  Status, 


Panama  to  Aspinwall  opened  —  Dispute  with  England  tures  Rounoke,  N.  C  ____  13-16—  Assault  nnd  capture,  by 
ever  enlistment  of  soUliers  for  Crimean  War  .....  Gen.  Gen.  Grant,  of  Fort  Donelson,  Tenn  —  27—  Government 
Harney  chastises  the  Sioux  Indians.  enjoins  newspapers  from  giving  publicity  10  important 

1856.  military  movements  —  March   2—  Gen.   K.    W     Lander 

May  22—  Preston  S.  Brooks  of  South  Carolina,  assaults  dies  at  Camp  Chase,  Va  —  6-8—  Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark. 

—  8—  Rebel  ram  Virginia  (formerly  Merrimac)  sinks  the 
Cumberland   and   the   Congress...  .9—  Naval   battle  be- 
tween the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac  —  11  —  McClellait 
assumes  personal  command  of  the  Army  of  Potomoc.  .  .. 
14—  Burnside  captures  Newburn,  N.  C....  18—  Gen.  W.  H. 
Keim  dies  —  April  1—  Slavery  abolished  in  District  of 
Columbia  —  5—  McClellan  begins  siege  of  Yorktown,  Va. 

—  6-7  —  Battle  of  Shiloh  or  Pittsburgh  Landing—  death 
of  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston;  Gen.  C.  F.  Smith  dies  25,  and 
Gen.  W.  H.  L.  Lawrence  10  —  25  —  New  Orleans  surrend- 
ers to  Farragut  —  May  1—  Gen.  Butler  formally  take* 
possession  ot  New  Orleans  ____  5  —  Battle  of  Williamsbtirg, 
Va  —  3l-June  1—  Battles  of  Fair  Oaks  aud  Seven  Pines, 
Va  —  27-July  1—  Seven  Days'  Fight,  Va  ____  12—  Pre-ident 
Lincoln  appeals  to  theBorder  Sta  tes  in  behalf  ot  emanci- 
pat 


tion  —  14—  Gen.  Pope  assumes  command  in  Virginia 
18-19  —  New  York  and  Philadelphia  begin  using  car 
tickets  and  postage  stamps  as  currency  —  23—  Halleck 
made  General-in-chief  of  U.  S.  army  —  Aug.—  Admiral 
George  C.  Reid  dies  ____  5  —  Battle  of  Baton  Rouge,  La,— 
Gen.  Thomas  Williamskilled....6-Gen.  Robt.  L.  McCo»k 
hot  by  guerillas.  ..  9—  Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Va  — 
"Uollan 


16— McCl 


ictreats  from  Harrison's  Landing,  Va — 


23— Gen.  Henry  Bohlen  killed — 29— Battle  of  Groveton 

or  Manassas,  Va 30— Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va. — 

Gen.  George  B.  Taylor  dies  Sept.  1 Sept.  1— Battle  01 

Chantilly, Va.— Gens.  PhilipKeanieyandlsaacJ  Steven.- 
killed  —  President  Lincoln  issues  proclamation  as  a  pre 
limiiiHry  to  emancipating  slaves. . .  McClellan  placed  in 
vytbinand  of  lortiucatious  01  Wuiliaujttu... .14— Batt* 


150 


CHRONOLOGY. 


of 


of  Sonth    Monntnin,    Md.—  Gen.    Reno   killed  —  13-15—  (A.Stedman  killed  —  8—  Fort  Gaines  captured  —  16—  Gen. 
Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  surrendered...  17—  Battle  ot   An-iD.  P.  Woodbury  dies  ____  Sept.  l-*Sboinaan  occupies  At- 


lietam,  Md.— Gen.  Mansfield  killed;  Gen.  I.  P.  Rodmar 

<ties  Sept.  29,  and  Gen.   I.  B.  Richardson  Nov.  4 24— 

President  Lincoln  provisionally  suspends  habeas  corpus 
....Oct.  1 — Internal-revenue  Stamp  Law  goes  into  etlect 
. . .  .3-4-6— Battle  of  Corinth,  Miss.— Gen.  P.  A.  Hackelmai: 
killed. .  ..8-Battle  of  IVrry ville,  Ky.— Gens.  R.  J.  Oglesby 
Win.  R.  Terrill  and  J.  S.  Jackson  killed. ..  .10-13— Con 

federates,  under  Stuart,  enter  Pennsylvania 30— Gen 

Rosencrans  supersedes  Gen.  Buell  at  the  West.... Gen 
O.  M.  Mitchell  killed  at  Beauiort,  S.  C.... Nov.  5— Gen. 
McClellan  superseded  by  Gen.  Burnside  as  commandei 
of  Army  of  Potomac. ..  .Nov.  6 — Gen.  C.  I).  Jameson  dies 

7— Com.    Garrett  J.    Pendergast  dies 10— Rear 

Admiral  K.  A.  F.  Lavalette  dies 22— Gen.  F.  E.  Patter- 
son killed  at  Fairfax.  Va.  ...Dec.  10-15— Gen.  Burnside 
attacks  and  retreats  from  Frederickshurg,  Va.— Battle 
of  Fredericksburg — Dec  13— Gens.  G.  D.  Bayard  and 
O.  F.  Jackson  killed — 31— F ^ttle  ot  Mnrfrcesboro,  Tenn., 
begun,  and  Bragg  is  defeated. 

1863. 

Jan.— Gen.  E.  N.  Kirk,  wounded  at  Murfreesborc,  dies. 
. .  .I—President  Lincoln  emancipates  slaves.  ...9 — French 
Government  offers  mediation  declined  Feb.  6. .  .26— Gen. 
Hooker  supersedes  Gen.  Hum*. Je — 25— Congress  passes 

the   Consi-ription   or    Draft  bill Uarch  3 — Congress 

authorizes  suspension  ot  habeas  corpus 6— Clement  L. 

\allandinghain  serenaded  in  Philadelphia— great  excite- 
ment there  — 18— Bread  riot  of  Conledeiale  soldiers' 
wives,  Salisbury,  N.  C — 21— Gen.  E.  V.  Sumner  dies — 
28— (Jen.  James  Cooper  dies. ..  April  7— Federals  attack 
Charleston.  S.  C..  k6 — Gen',  liurn.-ideassunieseommand 
•of  DcpartmentofOhio. ..  May  \-i— Battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville,  Va.— Stonewall  Jackson  is  wo'.uided,  and  dies  May 


lanta,  Ga — 7— He  orders  its  depopulation 14— Gen.  J. 

B.  Howell  killed 19— Sheridan  deieats  Early  at  Win. 

Chester.  Va.— Gen.  D.  A.  Russell  killed. . .  .24— Com.  T  A. 

Conover  dies 29— Gen.  H.  Burnham  dies Oct.  19— 

Rebel  raid  on  St.  Albans,  Vt 19— Battle  of  Cedar  Creek, 

Va.— Gen.  D.  D.  Bid  well  killed...  .29— Gen.  T.  E.  G.  Ran- 
som dies Nov.  8 — McClellan  resigns  trotn  U.  S.  arm}'. 

— 13— Sherman  destroys  Atlanta 30 — Gen.   Thomas 

repulses  Hood  at  Franklin,  Tenn.— Rebel  Maj.-Gen.  P.  R. 

Cleburne  killed Dec.  14-16 — Thomasdefeats  Hood  near 

Nashville,  Tenn 21— Sherman  enters  Savannah,  Ga 

24-25— Admiral  Porter  and  Gen.  Butler  assault  Wilminj- 


ton,  N.  C. 


1865. 


Jan.  13-15— Att*  ,,Kon  and  capture  of  Fore  $risher,  N.  C. 

...16 — Monitor  Patapsco  sinks,  Charleston  Harbor 

Feb.  1— Congress  abolishes  slavcrv  in  the  United  States. 

...  6— Battle  of  Hatcher's  Run,  Va 17— Columbia,  S. 

C.,  captured  — 18 — Charleston,  S.  C.,  surrendered...  18 
—Gen.  Lee  assumes  su;  reme  command  of  Conlederate 
armies,  and  recommends  arming  of  the  blacks...  22— 
Conledera  e  Congress  decree  that  the  slaves  shall  be 
irmed.  Schofield  captures  Wilmington,  N.  C — 27-March 

6— General  Sheridan's  raid  into  Virginia March  4— 

Secont  inauguration  of  President  Lincoln 14-April  13 

— Stoneman's  raid  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina 

March  10-11— Battle  ofKinston,  N.  C. . .  .20— Mobile,  Ala., 

>esieged 29-April  3— Battles  of  Hatcher's  Rur  and 

<"ive  Forks,  Va April  2— Assault  on  Petersburg,  Va 

1-3 — Grant  occupies  Richmond  and  Petersburg,  Va. . .  .6— 
Battle  otDeatonville,  Va — 9— General  T.  A  Smyth  dies. 
Surrender  of  Gen  Lee,  Appomattox  Court-house,  Va — 
2— The  Union  flag  hoisted  atFortSumter.  Mobile,  Ala., 


10;  Gen.  H.  G    Berry  dies  May  3;  Gen.  A.  W.  Whipple,  captured 13—  Drafting  and  recmi;ing  stopped 14 — 

Mav5-.  and  Gen.  Ed.  Kirby.Junel May  4 — Gen.  Joseph  i  President  Lincoln  assassinated  by  John  Wilkes  Booth... 

B.  Plummer  dies..  .  .14— Grancdefcats  Gen.  Joe  Johnston  15— Prcsi 
Jit  Jackson,  Miss...  16 — Grant  defeats  Gen.  Pembertonat 

Champion    Hills,  Miss 18 — Grant  invests  Vicksburg, 

...June  14— Battle  of  Winchester,  Va.  ..Gen.  Lee 


sident  Lincoln  dies,  and  And  rew  Johnson  becomes 

President 22— Com.   W.    W.    McKean   dies 26— ,1. 

Wilkes  Booth  shot May  4-9—  Surrender  of  Gen.  Taylor 

and  rebel  fleet. .  .10 — Capture  of  Jefferson  DavlsatJrwin 


invades  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania 16 — May  or  Henry  ville,  Ga — 26— Surrender  of  General  Kirby  Smith — End 

ol  Philadelphia  calls  upon  citizens  to  close  their  places  of  the  Rebellion 22— President  Johnson  rescinds  order 

of  business  and  prepare  to  defend  the  State...  .27— Gen.  requiring  passports  from  all  travelers  entering  t  lie  United 

Oo.  II.  Meadc  supersedes  Gen.  Hooker 28— Theatres,  States^nd  opens  Southern  ports 26— He  proclaims  a 

libraries  and  places  ut  business  doted  in  Philadelphia,  conditional  amnesty June  1— Solemn  fast  for  death  ot 


ireat  rejoicing  at  the  North  over  the  surrender. . .  .State-  giving  lor  peace 6— ('apt.  Waddell  surrender*  cruiser 

,iouse  and  tire-bells rnng  in  Philadelphia 8— Port  Hud-'shennandoah  to  British  Government 10 — ('apt.  Wirz 

son.  Miss.,  surrenders 15 — President  Lincoln  nnmesiof  Amlersonvillc  prison  executed 22— Ccm.J.  II.  Miss* 

Aug.  6  as  a  day  of  National  Thanksgiving...  .13-16 — Dralt  roon  dies — Dec.  1 — Habeas  corpus  restored  at  the  North,' 
riots  in  New  York  City ;  also  that  week  in  Boston,  Mass.,  1866.  » 

and    Portsmouth,    N.    H 30— Gen.    Geo.    C.   Strong,     Jan.  28— Hon.  Thomas  Chandler  dies. ..  .Feb.  19— Pre>i. 

wounded  at  storming  of  Fort  Wagner,  Charleston  (July  dentvctocs  Freedmen's  Bureau  bill — March  14 — dared 

W-18  dies — Aug.  14— (Jen.  Benj.  Walsh  dies. ..  il— Law- Sparks,  historian,  dies 27— President  Johnson  vetoes 

rcnce,  Kas.,  sacked  and  burned 25-30— (Jen.  Averill's  Civil-rights  bill...  April  9— Civil  rights  bill  passed  over 

calvary  raid  into  Virginia.  .Sept.  6— Women's  bread  the  President's  veto..  .12 — Hon.  Daniel  8.  Dickinson  dies. 
riotin  Mobile,  Ala.  During  the  year  there  was  also  one  ...  May  16— President  Johnson  vetoes  the  admission  of 

in  Richmond,  Va.,five  thousand  'women  taking  part Colorado  as  a  State.   .29—  Gen.  Winfield  Scott  dies...  J  line 

6— Fort  Wagner,  Cnarlefrton-evacua ted 8 — Boatattack  7— Fenians  from  the  United  States  make  a  raid    into 

on  FortSumtcr — 10—  Gen.  Burnside  occupies  Knoxvule,  Canada  ..17— Hon.  Lewis  Cass  dies — July  16— Fretd- 
T(  nn...  19-20—  Battle  of  Chickamauga,  Ga.— Gen.  W.  H.  mens' Bureau  bill  become  a  law... 27— Atlantic  telegraph 
I.ytle  killed — Oct.  10— Quantrell's  attack  on  Fort  Scott,  —the  sucoessiul  one— completed — 30— Maj  Gen.  Lysan- 

Kiingaa — 21-22—  Battle  ot  Philadelphia,  Tenn Nov.  12drr  Cutler  dies Aug.  14— National  Union  Convention 

—Meeting  held  to  restore  Arkansas  to  the  Union 14-17  assembles  in  Philadelphia— wigwam  —  Sept.  1— South- 

— Gen.  Longstrcet  deieats  Burnside 23-25— Grant  and  ern  Unionist  Convention  assembles  in  Philadelphia. . .  .7 

Sherman  defeat  Brngat  Chattanooga,  Tenn 25— Gen. —Matthias  W.. Baldwin  pioneer  in  American  locomotives 

Win.  P.  Sanders  dies. ..  .26-27— Battles  oi  Locust  Grove  dies Oct.  13 — 'Prince"  John  Van  Buren,  son  ol  Hon. 

;"  :l  Mine  Run,  Ya — Dec  4— President  Lincoln  offers  Martin: dies Dec.  13— Congress  passes  bill  giving  ne- 

amnesty  to  all  but  the  rebel  leaders.  ..16-^Gen.  John  groes  the  right  to  vote  in  District  ot  Columbia.-    2O— 
J.uford  dies  ...22—  Cooper's  Shop  Soldiers'  Home.  Plain-  Muj.-Gen  Samuel  R.  Curtis  dies, 
lelphia,  dedicated..  ..30— The  Monitor  founders  off  >pe  1867. 

Jatteras.  Jan.  9— Virginia  rejects  Fourteenth  Amendment  —  w 

1864.  —Congress  passes  bill  providing  for"  universal  siif.rage" 

Jan.  8—  Res-- Adimra/ George  H.   Storer  dies....Feo.  11  in  the  "territories. ..  SB— President  Johnson  vetoes  biii  t« 

—Com.  Win.  o.  McCluney  dies 20— Battle  of  Olustee,  admit  Colorado  ..  29— He  vetoes  bill  to  admit  Nebraska  ' 

Jf\n Fi-b  27-March  4— Kilpatrick  and    Dahlgreen  re- ...  .Feb  6— Delaware  and  Louisiana  reject  Constitutional 

•nilsed  at  Richmond,  Va...  .March  12 — D    S.  Grant  snc-  Amendment 8— Nebraska  admitted  as  a   State.. 

nerds  Halleck  as  commander-in-chief April  8—  Battle  March  2— President  Johnson  vetoes  Reconstiuction  bill 

of  Sabine  Cross  Roads.La 9— Battle  of  Pleasant  Hill,  ..  25— Teiiure-olofllcc  bill  passed  over  President's  veto' 

La — 12— Massacre  at  Fort  Pillow. Tenn. 


<}.  Stevenson  killed 


.   .  .H—  Stuart,  "Confederate  "cavalry  eniir.ent  ~W  post-office  in  New    Stork  City.  .  -May  3—. 
leader,^  killed  —  18-25  —  Battles  of  Spottsvlvania  Court-  tight-hour    riots  in   Chicago  .....  9—  General    strike   ot 


Samuel  A.  Rice  dies.     .20-22-28-Sherman> three  battles  structien  bill..    21-Rioi  in  Hnoxville.  Tenn.     New  York 

in  ar  Atlanta,  Ga—" The  March  to  the  Sea." 30 — Con-  State  Constitutional  Convention  rejects  woman- suffrage 

j-.-derates  again  invade  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  an(J|pioposition 30— Gen.    Sheridan    remove-.   Governor 

burn  Chambenbtirg  —  Ang,  6— Confederate  floti'lnncr.r iThrockmorton  of  Texas — Aug  5—  Si  cretnry  Stanton  is 
MnUle.  AIa..d«»troyedby  VarmgW....*— UeueraiGnflUilrenuestei  by  the  1'resident  to  resign, but  rofnsc*  •    ^a_ 


151 


Stanton  suspended,  and  Gen.  Grant  appointed  Secretary  (President  Grant  issnes  a  proclamation  enlqiningneutral 

^'t'  War  ad  interim 17— Gen.  Sheridan  relieved  at  New jity  as  to  war  between  France  and  Prussia 23 — Irish 

Orleans — 19— National  Labor  Congress  meets  at  Chica-  National   Congress  convenes,   Cincinnati Oct,   4  — 

\:a  —  Sept  8— President  issues  amnesty   proclamation  Seepnd_Southern  Commercial  Convention,   Cincinnati 

. . .  S)— Negro  riots  in  Savannah,  Ga Oct.  3— Whiskey 

riot  in  Philadelphia Nov.  2— Gen.  Sherman  announces 

Indian  war  at  an  end  ...8 — Formal  transfer  of  Alaska 

t  )  Geu.  Rosseau.  at  New  Archangel 14— Denmark  con- 

i  ludes  treaty,  ceding  and  selling  the  islands  of  St.  Thom- 


..12— Death  of  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee — 25 — Convention  in 
Cincinnati  for  purpose  of  removing  National  Capital 
from  Washington  to  some  point  West 

1871. 

_  .    .  „  Jan.  1— Cabral,  the  Dominican  Chief,  denounces  Presi. 

JM,  San  Juan  and  Santa  Cruz,  to  United  States.... 22 — dent  Grant,  and  opposes  sale  and  annexation  of  St  Do- 


J^fTerson  Davis  returns  to  Richmond.... Dec.  7 — Resolu- 
tion of  Judiciary  Committee  to  impeach  President  John- 


son voted  down  in  the  House— 108  to  57. 
1868. 


Hon.   John   Covode   dies 29 — O'Donovan   Rossa   ana 

other  Fenian  exiles  arrive  in  New  York 30 — House  <>( 

Jan.  6— House  of  Representatives  passes  bill  making  Representatives  pass  resolution  of  welcome  to  Irish  ex- 
iles—  Feb.  9— New  Jersey  recommends  Philadelphia  as 
the  place  to  hold  Centennial  celebration,  1876 — 18- -Ca- 


.•iu'li  t  hours  a  day's  work  for  Government  laborers. . .  .13 

—The  Senate  reinstates  Stanton — 14— Gen.  Grant  va-  ...   

rates  War  office  in  favor  of  Secretary  Stanton. ..  .Feb.  13  bral,  in  a  letter  to  Vice-President  Coll'ax,  denounces  the 
—Another  attempt  to  impeach  President  Johnson — 20 — union  of  Dominica  and  Hayti 19— Helena,  Ark.,  Hi- 
New  Jersey  Legislature  withdraws  ratification  of  pro-  most  destroyed  by  a  tornado  ...22 — British  members  of 

posed   Fourteenth   Constitutional  Amendment 21— Joint  High  Commission  arrive  in  New  York 27— Com- 

Stanton  again  removed,  and  General  Thomas  appointed  mission  begins  its  sessions  in  Washington,  D.  C. . .  .March 
Secrtary  of  War  ail  interim 22— Stanton  adheres  loe  3— Kiots  in  Pennsylvania  coal  mines 5 — Chinamen's 


the  office — 2t— HOUM  votes  (126  to  27)  to  impeach  th 
President — 25 — Gov.  Ward  of  New  Jersey  vetoes  reso 
lution  of  Legislature  withdrawing  ratification  of  Four- 


teenth Amendment. ..  March  2 


ing  n 
—Hou 


se  adopts  impeach- 


mcift  articles. . .  A — They  are  presented  to  the  Senate. . . 
6 — NewJerseySe.nate  passes  over  Gov.  Ward's  veto  as  to 


organizes  a   Court  of   Impeachment 7— President 

Jonnson  summoned  to  appear  before  it. . .  .13— Impeach- 
ment Court  sits 23 — President's  counsel  answer  im- 
peachment articles,  and  Courtadjourns  to  30. . .  .26 — Sen- 
ate ratifies  North  German  treaty — 28— U.  S.  Grand  Jury 


mingo  to  the   United  States — 10-11— U.  S.   House  and 
Senate  appoint  committee  to  vi^it St.  Domingo.... II— 


riotin  San  Francisco  Cal — 27— Senator  Sumner  denoiin 
ces  Santo  Domingo  scheme. . .  30— Colored  parade  in  New 
York  in  honor  ot  Fifteenth  Amendment  . .  .April  7— Coal 
riots  in  Scranton,  Pa.. .  10 — Celebration  in  New  York  of 
(ierman  Unity  and  end  of  war  between  Pru  sia  uiul 
France — May  1— U.  S.  Supreme  Court  sustains  consii- 


amendment;  lower  House  does  the  same,  25 — 6— Senate  tutionality  of  Legal-tender  act  ..  .3— President  Grant  is- 

'  sues  proclamation  for  suppression  of  Ku-Klux  Klan 6 

—Joint  High  Commission  concludes  Washington  Treaty 

15-16— German  peace  celebration  in  Philadelphia 

24— Treaty  of  Washington  ratified  by  Senate. .  29— Natu- 
ralization Treaty  between  Austria  and  United  States 
ratified  by  the  Reichsrath..  .30— Deroration  Da 


at  Richmond,  Va.,  finds  new  bill  of  indictment  against' 

Jefferson  Davis April  2— North  German  Parliament  June  1 — American  naval  force,  making  a  survey  of  th^ 

passes  the  Naturalization  treaty  with  the  United  States,  coast  of  Corea,  Asia,  fired  on  from  masked  batteries.  ? 
— 6— Michigan  votes  against  negro  suffrage — 24 — Pres- —Minister  Low  demands  an  apology,  and  i.s  answered 
ident  nominates  Gen.  Schofleld  to  be  Secretary  of  War  that  "the  Corean  civilization  ot'4.0UO  years  brooks  no 

May  21— Grant  and  Colfax  nominated  at  Chicago interference   from   outside   barbarians."     10,  II— U.    S. 

The  Burlingame  Chinese  Embassy  arrive  at  New  York  naval  forces  land  on  the  island  of  Kang  Noe.  Corea,  ami 

26 — Impeachment  C'>urt  declares  the  President  not  destroy  a  fort  and  the  Citadel. ..  .17— Hon.  Clement  L. 

cuilty.  Secretary  Stanton  resigns — 30 — Senate  con- Vallandlngham  dies.  ..38— President  Grant  appohrtsCivil 
Jlrms  Gen.  Schofield  as  Stanton's  successor — June  1—  service -re-form  Commission.  ...July  3 — Naval  forces,  hav- 

Ex-Prssident  James  Buchanan  die* 5— Chinese  Em- ing  attained  their  object,  retire  from  coast  ot  Corea  — 

'fcassy  received  bv  President  Johnson 22 — King  of  Bel- 4 — President  Grant  proclaims  complete  ratification  of 

gium  reviews  United  State"  squadron  under  Farragut  Treaty  of  Washington 12— Orange  parade  and  riot  in 

off  Ostend — 24— Senate  passes  eight-hour  law — 25— Xew  York.  .  .Ill— Massachusetts' Centennial  Committee 
President  vetoes  "Omnibus  bill... 20— President  vetoes  arrive  in  Philadelphia — Sept.  24— Chief- Justice  McKeon 
Electoral  College  bill.  Sc-oretary  Seward  announces  of  Utah  decides  against  Mormons  serving  as  grand  ju  - 
ratification  of  the  Fourteenth  Amendment 24— :Presi- ors  in  Federal  courts Oot  2— Postal  money -order  ar- 
dent orders  Secretary  of  War  to  withdraw  military  rangement  between  United  States  and  Gieat  Britain 

forces  from  Southern  States  represented  in  Congress,  goesinto effect Brigham  Young  arrested  for  Mormon 

Senate  ratifies  treaty  with  China 25 — Senate  ratifies  proclivities 7 — Firstgreat  fire  in  Chicago  breaks  out 

treaty  with  Mexico 27— Jefferson  Davis  and  family  ..  .8-!)— Second  and  greatest  fire  in  Chicago.  ..10— Election 

sail  from  Quebec  for  England 30— Gen.  Meade  declares  riotin  Philadelphia  between  white  rough  sand  negroes, 

civil  government  restored  in  Florida,  Georgia  and  Ala- and  attempts  to  destroy  the  office  of  The  1'reas — 26— 
bama  —  Aug.  11 — Hon.  Thadeus  Stevens  dies— Washing-  Gen.  Robert  Ander.sor.  dies,  Nice,  France ;  Hon.  Thomas 

ton,  D.  C 22 — President  declaros  Sitka  a  port  of  entry  Ewing,  Lancastar,  O 27— Arrest  of  William  M.  Tweed, 

26— Oregon  withdraws  ratification  ot   Fourteenth  New  York  City Dec. .17 — Internationalist  funeral  pro- 
Amendment — Nov.  3 — Iowa  and  Minnesota  vote  in  fa-  cession  in  New  York  City. 
••for  ot  negro  suffrage,  and  Missouri  against  it.  1872. 

1869.                                                 Jan.  10— National  Woman-suffrage  Convention,  Wash- 
Jan.  1— Gen.  Grant  holds  a  public  reception  in  Inde- ington Feb.  28— Congress  sets  apart  Yellowstone  Val- 

pendence  Hall,  Philadelphia Feb.  20— Martial  lawde-  ley  as  a  national  park April  2 — Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Mor.-e 

elared  in  Tennessee 22-26— Congress  passes  Fifteenth  dies— New  York  City 16 — Prof.  Morse  memorial  servi- 

Amondment.    Kansas  is  the  first  State  (Feb.  27),  to  rati-  ces  in  various  cities  and  also  in  Hall  of  United  State* 

(V   it,  though  imperfectly,  and  Delaware   Uie   first,  to  House  of  Representatives May   10— Woman-suffrage 

reject  it.  ..March  4— Uen.  Grantinaugurated  as  President  Convention  in  New  York  nominates  Mrs.  Woodhull  for 
25— Pennsylvania  ratifies  Fifteenth,  Amendment —  President  and  Frederick  Douglass  for  Vicc-President... 


ahall  be  no  reduction  in  Government  Laborer's  wage __    

because  of  reduction  of  hours June  18— lion.  Henry  Treaty  of  Washington,  meet  at  Geneva,  Switzerland... . 

J.  Raymond.  JT.  I'.  Times,  dies July  IS—  Completion  of  17— Monster  Peace  Jubilee,  Boston July  9— Democratic 

Atlantic  cable  from  Bre 


Win.  Pitt  Fessenden  dies 10— Hon.  John  Belldies 

Jfi— Hon.  John  Minor  Bolts  dies Oct.  8— Virginia  r  .__ 

fies  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Amendments...  Ex-Presi- 


IK—Hon.  John  Minor  Bolts  dies Oct.  8— Virginia  rati-     Jan.  6 — McEnery  inaugurated  Governor  of  Louisiana; 

'  also,  Kellogg.... Jan.   20— Sanguinary   defeat  of  United 


dent  Franklin  Pu-rce  aies Nov.  4— Geo.  Peabody  dies  States  troops  by  the  Modocs — 27— Congress  abolishes 

6— Admiral   Charles   Stuart  dies 24— National  the  franking  privilege Feb.  26— Alexander  II.  Steph 

Woman-suffrage  Convention.  Cleveland,  O..  and  Henry  ens  elected  to  Congress  from  Eighth  District  ot  Georgia 

Ward  Beecher  chosen    President Dec.  10 — National March  4 — Second  inaugurationofU.  S.  Grant  as  Pres- 

Colored  Labor  Convention,  Washington 24— Hou.  Ed-  ident April  11— General  CanbyandDr.  Thomas  miir- 

win  M.  Stanton  dies.  dered  by  Capt  Jack  and  the  Modocs — 26—  United  States 

1870.  troops  surprised  and  slaughtered  by  the  Modocs  in  the 

Jan.  26— Virginia  readmitted  into  the  Union Feb.  9  lava  beds Maya— Hon.  James  L.  Orr,  United  States 

-U.  8.  Signal  Bureau  established  by  Act  of  Congress. . . .  Minister  to  Russia  dies— St.  Petersburg. . .  .7— Chiet  .)  n> 

17— Mississippi  re-admitted  into  the   Union 23— Hon.  .ice  Salmon  P.  Chase  dies  . .  .June  1—  Captir  e  ot  *  aptain 

Anson  Burlingame  dies — March28— Mai -Gen.  George  H.  Jack  and  the  last  ot  the  Modocs....  10— The  American 
Thomas  dies — 29— Texas  re-admitted  to  representation  Department  in  the  Vienna  Exposition  formally  opened 
In  Congress  ,  thus  completing  the  work  of  reconstruction  . . .  27— Completion  of  the  new  Atlantic  cable. . .  July^  M 
— 30— 'President  Grant  announces  the  adoption  ot  the  —Capt.  Buddington  and  party  rescued  in  the  Artie  MM 

Fifteenth    Amendment July   12— Admiral  John  A  hv  the  whaler  Ravenscraig 25— Great  fire  in  Baltimore 

Dahlgren  Jies Aug.  14— Admiral  David   G.  KarrasutiMd.     .  20— Destructive  fire  in  Norfolk,  Va Aug.  2— 

4te«..,,U_Mational  Labor  Congress,  Cincinnati.... 23~Jui cut  we  in  Portland,  Oregon  "  9— Disastrous  Conlla 


152 


CHRONOLOGY. 


eration  In  Portland.  Me Sept.  18— Suspension  of  Jn 

Cooke  &  Co.,  and  beginning  ot  a  financial  panic — 30- 

Grand  Masonic  parade  in  Philadelphia Oct.  3 — Cap. 

.lack  and  three  accomplices  hanged.  First  session  > 
Evangelical  Alliance,  N.  Y.  City — 31— Spanish  guiibpu 
Tornado  seizes  American  steamer  Virginius  on  the  hig. 
seas... 4 — Gcn.Burriel  of  Santiago  do  Cuba  shoots  (Jen.  K\ 
an  and  others. ..7— He  butchersCapt.  Fryol  the  Virginia 
:md  his  crew — 23 — A  protocol,  arranging  the  difference 
between  the  United  States  and  Spain,  agreed  upon.. . 

Dec.  24— Death  of  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz 1C — Celcbratioi 

in  Boston  ol  the  centennial  of  the  "tea-party  "in  th 
harbor  of  that  city  .  .Spain  lortnally  surrenders  th 
Virginius  to  the  United.  States — 26— The  Vinrinius,  ii 
tow  of  United  States  steamer  Ossipee,  sinks  off  Frying 
pan  Shoals, 

1874. 

Jan.  8— Repeal  of  the  Salary  Act,  save  -with  respect  t 
President  Grant  . .  .9—  Board  of  Centennial  Supervisor: 
Philadelphia,  adopt  plans  and  •pecincatiuna  lor  perma 
neat  exhibition  building — 21— President  Grant  sign 
new  salary  bill. . .  .  Heb  24 — Women's  movement  again* 
liquor  selling  begins  in  Ohio  and  spreads  to  other  States 
....26-^  Defeat  in  the  House  of  iiic  bill  reviving  the  (rank 
ing  privilege...  April  3—  A  cremation  society  formed  ii 

New  Yoric 14— Congress  passes  the  inri.itatiou  or  cur 

rency  bill March  8—  Death  of  ex-President  Millard 

Fillmorc  — 11— Death  of  Hon.  Charles  Stunner 22— 

President  Grant  vetoes  inflation ...  .May  13 — The  Brook: 
forces  surrender  tn  Arkansas,  and  quiet  is  restored.... 2. 
—Senate  passes  Supplementary  Civil-rights  bill.... 26— 
Scnaio  passes  bill  inviting  loreign  nations  to  take  partii 
the  Centennial  ut  Philadelphia  ...Juno  8 — U  S.  Steamei 


Swatara,  with  party  of  scientists,  sailed  Iroir  New  Yorl 


1876.  t  ,f  .-[-ivJk 

Jan.  1  —  Centennial  year  ushered  in  with  rejoicings 
..,(v—  Defeat  of  lierzegoviniun  insurgentsby  Turks, 
600  killed  —  7—  A  second  dcleat  of  the  Heneaovini- 
ans,  many  lives  lost  —  Ships  Harvest  Queen  and 
Cupe  Comorin  collided  off  the  British  Coast,  all  on 
board  lost  —  8—68  military  recruits  burned  to  death. 
in  Russia  by  burning  of  railroad  cars  ____  11—  Over 
300  Soldiers  frozen  to  death  in  Douza,  Turkey  ____  14 
—Defeat  of  Amnesty  Billin  U.  S.  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. ...15—  Earthquake  in  Maine  ____  17—  T  rede- 
gar  Iron  Works,  Richmond,  Va.,  failed,  liabilities. 
$1,300,000  ----  18  —  Herzegoviniansrout  6battnlinns  of 
Turks,  300  Turks  killed....  22—  Two  days  fighting  be- 
tween Herzegoviniaiis  and  Turks;  450  Turks  killed 
—  25—  E.  D.  Winslow,  Boston  journalist,  Ae.,fled. 
having  committed  forgeries  to  amouii  tot  $250,000.  .  . 
25  —  The  Centennia 
of  Representatives.... 

Northampton  (Mass.)  National  Bank  of  $070,000  ____ 
26—  Postage  on  third-class  matter  reduced  to  on« 
cent  for  two  ounces.  .  .Writsserved  on  Gen.  Schenck, 
Am.  Minister  to  England,  on  account  of  his  connec. 
tion  with  the  Emma  Min  •  Matter  ____  29—  Destructive 
overflow  of  the  Ohio  River  ____  Feb.  2-  Portuguese 
House  of  Peers  voted  the  Abolition  of  Slavery  in  St. 
Thomas,  Africa,  and  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ____  4—  Fire 
in  a  Colliery  in  St.  EtiL-nne,  Belgium,  158  men  killed 
.  .  .  .8—  Large  lire  in  New  York,  $3,000,000  property 
destroyed;  4  firemen  killed.  ..11  —  Centennial  appro- 
priation )  assed  the  Senate  —  15—  Winslow,  the  Bos- 


ton forger,  arrested  in  London — 17— Gen.  Schenck, 
U.  S.  Minister  to  England,  resigned 18— Maine 


legislature  abolished  Capital  Punishment 23 — 


,.  . 

nial  appropriation  passed  the  Hous 
ives....  Masked  burglars  robbed  th 


eminent,  in  oue-Uence  to  a  proclamation  from  P.     

Grant,  surrenders  to  the  United  States  Army 1'J—  K<-l 

logg  government  reinstated 26 — Victory  of  the  .Ameri 

canltitlc-tcain  in  tho  i -to-national  match  at  Creed  moor 

li.l Oct.  1 6-Nation.il  monument  to  Abraham  Lincoli 

dedicated  at  Springfield,  III. 

1875. 

Jan.  8— Beginning  of  the  civil  suit  of  Theodore  Tilton 
M.  Henry  Ward  Beechcr...  .7— House  of  Representative: 

residen 
ccs  the 


passes  Sherman's  Specie-resumption  bill.  .  .14  —  Pr 
Grant  signs  it....  Feb.  8—  President  Graut  duuoun... 

Garland    government    in    Arkansas,  and    recognizer 
Brooks  as  Governor  —  18  —  He  issuesa  proclamation  con 
veiling  the  Senate  in  extraordinary  session  March  6  ____ 

March  1—  President  Grant  approves  the  Civil-rights  biil 
....2—  Franking  privilege  partially  restored....  12—  an- 

nouncement from  Rome  that  Aid.  bishop  McCloskey  ol 
New  York,  had  been  created  a  Cardinal  ____  24—  Extraor- 

dinary session  of  Senate  terminate!.    President  Grant 

orders  all  available  cavalry  into  the  Black  Hills  coun-   . 

try,  to  remove  trespassers,  etc  .....  April  18—  Centennial  fractional  currency  passes  both  Houses  of  Congress- 

ol  the  Battles  of  Concord  and  Lexington.   Mas;.,  celc  .....  13—  Turks  successful  in  a-  battle  near  Kievais;  SOP 

bratcd  in  those  places...  24-Spain  pays$45.(XH)  of  the  '  -------  '"  " 

880,000  agreed  upon  as  the  Virgiuius  indemnity....  27— 

Cardinal  Mccloskcy  receives  the   beretta  ____  May  11— 


____ 

First  international  btmday-school  Convention  assembles 
In  Baltimore,  Md.  .  .  .17—  Ex-Vice-presidentJohn  C.  Breck- 

enridge   dies  ......  June    17—  Celebration    at  Boston   o( 

the  Bunkerllill  Centennial...  William  M.Tweed  released 
from   Blackwell's  Island,  rcarresttd,  and  coii-igntd  to 
Ludlow-strcct  jail  on  a  civil  suit  ____  29—  The  American 

Team  \vin  the  international  rifle-match  nt  Dollymount, 
Ireland-  -..July  2—  Jury  in  Tilton-Boechcr  case  fail  to 
agree  .   ,.9—  Gen.  Francis  P,  Blair  dies  ____  27—  Duncan. 

Sherman  &  Co.,K.  Y.  Bankers,  suspend,  and  the  failure 
is  followed  by  others  —  SI—  Ex-  President  Andrew  John- 
ton  dies  ----  .Nov.  22—  Vice-President  Henry  Wilson  dies 

—  Dec.   7—  President  Grant,  in   his  annual   message, 
recommends  free  and  non-sectarian  schools,  separation 
of  Church  from  State,  taxation  of  church  property,  and 
a  sound  currency  —  8—  Congress  is  memorialized  toap- 
urooriate  $1.600,000  for  the  Centennial  Exhibition. 
4—  Escape  ot  William  M.  Tweed  —  11—  Dvnamite  explo- 
sion at  Kremcr-h-ivcn,  CO  persons  killed  .....  12—  Sarah 

Alexander,  a  Jewess,  brutally  murdered  at  East  New 
York,  King's  Co.,  N.  Y....  16—  Explosion  in  a  coalmine 

!n  Belgium,  110  persons  killed  —  17—  Wcston.  Thompson 
and  Ellis  executed  in  the  Tombs  for  the  murder  ot  the 
pedlar   Wcisbcrg  .....  25—80  persons  killed  at  Helekon, 

Switzerland,  at  a  Christmas  festival  .....  28—  Destruc- 

live  hurricane  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  £50  lives 


the  $C.UUO,u<*>  Tweed  suit  found  a  verdict  lor  the  (too 
pie  of  $6,537,117.38  .....  Japan  declared  war  against 
Cores  .....  A  great  battle  between  Egyptians  ai.'d 
Abvssinlans;  5,OiJO  Abyssinians  killed  .....  11—  Daniel 
Drew  failed  ----  13—  Ldeut.-Gov.  Davis,  of  Mississippi 
impeached  and  found  guilty  of  high  crimes  ami 
misdemeanors,  and  on  the  23d  removc.1  Irom  office 
...16  —  Terrible  inundations  in  France,  Belgium  and 
Germany  —  21  —  Great  battle  between  Mexican  Gov 
eminent  troops  and  Revolutionists;  Government 
defeated;  1500  killed  —  25—  The  dykes  nt  Herzogen- 
bosch,  Holland,  give  way,  flooding  tho  town,  hun- 
dreds of  horses  swept  a  way  and  0,000  persons  made 
homeless  —  28  —  500  Persians  lost  by  a  shipwreck  ir- 
the  Arabian  Sea  ____  29—  Gov.  Adelbert  Ames,  ot  Miss- 
issippi, resigns,  and  J.  M.  Stone,  President  of  Senate, 
succeeds  him  ____  April  4—  Successful  and  bloodies." 
revolution  in  Ilayti  ____  5—  U.  S.  Senate  organized  nt 
a  High  Court  of  Impeachment  in  the  Bclkiiap  case 
----  10-12—  Tho  bill  to  issue  silver  coin  injilace  ot 


rgents  killed  —  15—  Dom  Pedro  II,  Emperor  of 
Br;i/il,  arrived  in  New  York  ____  17—  Issue  of  silver 
currency  began  ----  27—  Belknap's  trial  began  ----  28— 
Queen  Victoria  assumed  the  additional  title  of  "Em- 
press of  India."  ____  May  6—  20,000  charees  of  "rend 
rock  powder"  exploded  on  Jersey  City  Heights,  do- 
ing immense  damage....  8  —  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives passed  the  Hawaiian  Treaty  Bill  ____  9—  Grand 
Jury  or  Criminal  Court  of  District  of  Columbia. 
bund  a  true  bill  against  Ex-Secretary  Belkuap.... 
P.  N.  Rubenstein,  the  condemned  murderer  of  Sarah 
Alexander,  died  in  prison  —  l:.'—  A  battle  between 
furksand  Herzegovinians  this  day  and  another  on, 
the  25th;  Turks  defeated  in  both,  losing  700  in  tho 
first  and  500  in  the  second  ____  16—  Green  Clay  Bmith 
lominatcd  for  Presidency  by  Prohibitionists  —  18— 
rYter  Cooper  nominated  Tor  Presidency  by  Infla  tion- 
sts.  ..20—  Sir  Edmund  Brickley,  Bart.,  manufacturer, 
declared  bankrupt,  liabilities  $2,500,000  .....  22—  Ed- 
wards Picrrepont  appointed  Minister  to  England; 
Alfonso  Talt,  Attorney-General  ;  J.  Donald  Cameron, 
Secretary  of  War.  .  ..'29—  Abdul  Aziz,  Sultan  of  Tur- 
cey,  deposed  nnd  Murad  ElTendi  declared  hissucces- 
sor  —  June—  The  Turks  wcredefeatcdinencountera 
with  the  Hcrzegoviiuiin  insurgents  on  the  1st,  3d, 
4th,  18th  and  20th,  losing  in  all  3,480  men.  .  .  .3—44,000 
>:irrcls  of  crude-petroleum  oil  were  struck  by  light- 
ling  ond  burned  at  Oil  City,  Penn  ____  4—  Abdul  Azia 
committed  suicide  in  Constantinople  —  A  special 
rain  MU  1'rom  Jersey  City.  N.  J.,  to  San  I  raneiscu. 


CRUONOLOUY. 


In  SShonro,  S4  minnte.«.  .  .  .10-15—  ripflstror?  innnda-, 
tioiisiii  China,  many  thousandsot  Chinese  c.  •owned' 
„  ____  12—  Destructive  inundations  in  SvyiUiTland, 
many  lives  lost  ____  14-46—  .Republican  National  Con- 
tention in  Cincinnati,  Rutherioul  15.  Hayes  nomiUr 
ated  tor  President,  Wat.  A.  VV  heeler,  Vice-President 
jj—  Turkish  Ministers  of  War  and  Foreign  Attuirs, 
and  otner  persons,  killed  and  some  others  wounded 
l>y  an  assassin  named  Hassin....l7—  i.eni-H.  Bris- 
tow,  Secretary  ol  Treasury,  resigned  —  Hassin,  the 
assassin,  hanged  .....  20—  U.  S.  Treasurer  New,  and 
Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  Bluford  Wilson,  resigned 

...21—  Lot  M.Morrill.  of  Maine,  appointed  Secretary 
of  Treasury  .....  23-Turkish  atrocities  in  Bulgaria; 

within  three  months  reported  irom  18,000  to  30,000 
•persons  murdered,  women  ravished,  and  37  towns 
end  villages  plundered  and  destroyed  —  25—  Gen. 
(Jeorge  A.  Custer,  his  two  brothers  and  250  soldiers 
Killed  in  a  fight  with  the  Sioux  on  the  Little  Horn 
Jtiver,  Montana!...  27-29—  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention met  at  St.  Louis  and  nominated  Samuel  J. 
3  ilden  for  President,  and  Thomas  A,  llcndricks  for 
Vice-President  ____  2'J—  Albert  M.  Wyman  appointed 

1T.  8.  Treasurer  ......  July  1—  Servia  declared   wur 

figainst  Turkey,  and  on  the  3d,  her  army  wasde- 
Jtitted  near  Luicar.  losing  2,000  men,  and  again,  on 
the  6th,  experienced  another  severe  defeat,  lo-iug 
3,300men  ____  4  —  CentennialAnniversa  ryot'  American 

Independence  :  a  vast  concourse  of  people  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  a  universal  observance  of  the  day 
throughout  the  United  States  —  TerriNe  tornado  in 
4'entral  Iowa,  60to80  persons  killed  J1—  Hon.  D. 
D.  Pratt,  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  re- 
signed ...  Hon.  M  arsha  I  Uewel  1,  Post  master-General, 

>  signed  nnd  pave  place  to  James  M.  Tyuer,  of  Ind., 
ppointed  oil  the  12th  —  19—  At  the  College 


— 

reg«t<a,,at  Saratoga,  Cornell  University  won  all 
three  or  the  races  ____  26—  The  F 

I 


a 
t  C 


d801i 


...v..  «.  ,.,^i...  ,0 — .»—..__  French  Government's 

Jiowder  magazine  atTotiiouse  exploded,  with  great 
oss  of  lile 29— The  Ex-Queen,  Isabella,  returned 

to  Spain... 30 — The  Turks  were  guiliy  of  greatatroei- 
lies  in  Bosnia,  3,000  Christians  were  massacred  and 
aill  manner  of  outrages  committed ;  their  troops 
Tvere  defeated  by  the  Servians  and  Montenegrins.. . 
Aug.  1— Colorado  declared  a  State  of  the  Union  by 
President  Grant — Gen.  Belknnp  acquitted  on  the 

impeachment  trial 7— Servians  defeated  by  the  ia 

Turks,  losingfl.ooo  men. . .  .14-15 — Tho  Turks  were  dc-  c< 
leatedbytheMontrncgrins,]osing8,t;COmen,andthe  p 


daring  a  Cyclone  In  Tndia  !  SfiVef  nl  thousand  houses 
demolished  .....  Nov.  1—  Armistice   sinned   between 

Turkey  and  Servia  ____  5—  4(H)  Cheyenne  lodges  snr- 

render   to  Gen.   Wiles  .....  7—  Day   of  Presidential 

Election;  result  uncertain.'  '.Lerdo  do  -Tejado  re- 
elected  President  of  Mexico.     .10—  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition formally  closed  ____  12—  Gold  discoveries  in  the 

Black   Hills.  ..  .lli  —  European   1  owers  preparing  for 

war...  Gi  •ruiMiy  rouses  totaku  part  in  the  Paris 
Imposition   ot    1878  ____  20—  The    Joungcr  Brothers 

plead  guilty  to  the  murder  ot  Haywood,  Cashier  of 
Northucid  (Maine)  Bank...  21'—  Chiel-Justiee  Jgiesius 
revolts  from  President  Lerdo,  and  declares  himself 
Provisional  President  of  Mexico  —  23—  The  Sultan 
al>uli-hes  Slavery  in  the  Turkish  Empire  ____  Tweed 

arrives  in  New  \  erk  Irom  Vigo,  and  is  imprisoned  in 
Lndlow  Street  Jail  —  26—  Russian  loan  of  $73,000,000 
subscribed...  South  Carolina  Canvassers  imprisoned 
for  contempt  ----  Webster  Statue    unveih  d  in  New 

York...  .28—  Gen.  Crook  captures  100  Indian  lodges 

.....  i9—  Great  lire   in   Tokio,  Japan;  6,WX)  houses 

destroyed;  60  lives  lost  ____  Dec.  1—  Sale  of  the  Cen- 

teniiial  Buildings  ____  2—  Resignation  of  the  French 

Ministry.  .  .4—  Greeley  monument  unveiled  in  Green- 
wood  Cemcterv  ......  5  —  Burning   of  the   Brooklyn 

Theatre,  a  bout  300  lives  lost.  ..  New  Anglo-American 
Extradition  Treaty   negotiated  ......  0—  Remains  of 

Baron  de  Palm  cremated  at  Washington,  Pa  .....  7— 

Lerdo  tiers  Irom  the  Mexican  Capital  nnd  General 
I'o  nris  Itiaz  proclaims  himself  Provisional  Presi- 
dent —  8—  Severe  gale  and  snowstorm,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  —  13  —  Ice  gorge  in 
the  Mississippi,  at  St  Louis;  many  steainerscrushed 
.....  15  —  Centennial  congratulations  received  from 

the  Mikado  of  Jap:,  n  —  19—  MidhatPasIia  appointed 
Grand  Vizier  —  25  —  120  vessels  lost  on  the  Coast  of 
Scotland  by  a  gale  ____  -6—  The  Isthmus  Canal  Com- 

mission  report  in  favor  of  the  Nicaragua  route  — 
Continence  of  European  Powers  at  Constantinople 
____  29—  Terrible  railroad  disaster  at  As-htabula,  O.  : 

Train  breaks  through  a  budge,  cars  taku  tire,  about 
- 


. . . 
by  G 


rextday  by  the  Servians,  with  grent  slaughter 

17— Greatfamino  in  the  northern  proviiu-esof  China,  T 

thousands  dying  daily Great  outrages  by  the  lr._ 

Turks  in  Bulgaria. ...14— On  this  date  and  the  19th  th 
and  39d,  the  Turks  were  repulsed  nnd  defeated  by 
the  Servians — 21— the  great  Coal  Combination  was   . 

l>roken 23— N.  Y.  State  Republican  Convention  C 

licld  at  Saratoga,  E.  D.  Morgan  nominated  for  Gor- 
rrnor,  Sherimin  S.  Rogers  Lieutcnant-Governor. ... 
**•  vcre  light  between  the  Sioux  and  Gens.  Terry  and 
<:rook,  Indians  defeated,  but  losses  heavy — 30— If. 
If.  State  Democratic  Convention  nominated  Horatio 
Seymour  for  Governor,  but  ho  would  not  accept.... 

lie ut -Governor  Dorsheimcr  renominated 31— 

Jlurad  Eflendi,  Sultan  of  Turkey,  deposed,  and  Ab- 
dul llamed  proclaimed  his  successor Sept.  4— _ 

Servians  defeated  by  tho  Turks — 6— \Vn..  M.  Tweed  a  _ 
arrested  at  Vigo,  Spain....  Turkslo  tl,8oo  men  in  a  bet 
fight  with  the  Montenegrins.       .7—1,500  Egyptian 
troops  massacred  in  Abyssinia..    9— Indian  village 

raptured  and  destroyed  by  Gen.  Crook's  troops 

13— N.  Y.  Democratic  Convention  reconvened  and 
nominate  Lucius  Robinson  for  Governor — U— Inter- 
national Rifle  Match  atCrcedmoor,  American  Team 

victorious 15— Yellow  fever  raging  at  Savannah 

.16— Gen.  Crook  destroys  another  Indian  village 
....17— Fight  between  whites  and  blacks  at  Aiken, 
fc.  C.  ,24— Hell  Gate  reef,  in  N.  Y.  harbor,  success- 


lully  blown  up;  60,000  pound  3  of  dynamite  and  pow- 
der Used 21— Statue  of  Sewiird  in  Mudisou  1'ark, 

N.  Y.,  unveiled 28-30— The  Servians  were  twice 

and  the  Turks  once  defeated — 30— Great  hurricane 
in  Porto  Rico,  many  lives  and  mui  h  property  lost 


Oct  3— Cyoicne  passed  over  central  America; 

many  liveslost;  $5,000,OOOpropcrtyUcstroycd.     .5 — 


Ul  n.9  n.i.yu..  ..1U I3MIIV  A-n  U11UI13  IICU1    «l  I   J11UJUL11I, 

West  Virginia  nnd  Ohio;  Democrats  successful  in 
first  two  and  Republicans  in  the  last 12— Monu- 
ment to  Christopher  Columbus  unveilcdiii  Philad.  1- 
puia — 10,000  Egyptians  massacred  by  Abyssininns 

Montenegrins  defeat  Turks  and  kill  1,5OO  ot  them 

17— Snirh  Carolina  declared  in  a  state  of  insur- 
rection. .21— Turks  evacuate  Montenegro.'  ..24— 
Cen.  Crook  captured  4SO  lodges  of  Indians..  .25 — 
Continental  Lile  Insurance  Company  su.-pei.tled. .. 
28— British  Arctic  Expedition, Cn pt.  N  ares,  returned ; 
they  had  penetrated  to  within  400  miles  of  the  Pole 
.  ..29— The  Servian  General.  Tcbernayeff,  defeated 
lijr  the  XurJsj.  *U— About  215,000  people  perished 


25-23. 


Jan.  1.  Orders  gent  to  U.  8.  troops  on  the  Rio 
rande  to  protect  American  citizens  against  Mexi- 
can outrag'  s.. Two  Legislatures  organized  in  Louis- 
iana.. Terrific  gale  and  many  ship  wrecks  on  the  8. 
const  of  England..  Quron  Victoria  p'oclaimed  Em- 
press of  India  at  Delhi.. .Rev.  Dr.  W.  L.  Brecken- 

riilj.'o,  Presbyterian.  73,  died  at  Raymond,  Mo 2. 

Turks  attack  Ncgotin  in  Servia;  are  repulsed  with 

lossof  146  soldiers 3.    Centennial  celebration  of 

the  battle  of  Princeton.. Terrible  hurricane  in  Gul- 
puzooa,  Spain.  ..Gen.  Diaz  attacks  and  defeats  Ig- 
lesias  at  Gunnajuata.. Railroad  accident  near 

Copenhagen,  Denmark;  9  kiliod,  37  injured 4. 

vOrneliusVanderbiltdied.agcd  S5,  N.Y.  .Extradition 
ifftaty  signed  between  U.  S.  and  Spain;  applies  to 
nd  all  criminal  offenses  except  political..  Spnin  severs 
relations  with  Chinese  government — 5.  Active 
warpreparationsinRussin.  Active  German  officers 
forbidden  to  enter  the  Russian  army.. Steamship 
G(  orgc  Cromwell  wrecked  off  Cnpc  St.  Mary,  N.  F.  ; 
all  on  board  lost. . .  .6.  Rev.  Richard  Cobbold,  Eng. 
author,  died  in  London,  80 — 7.  S.s.  L'Amerique 
shore  atSeabright.  N.  J. ;  3  of  the  crew  lost..  Duel 
etween Bennett  nnd  May  in  Delaware;  nobody 
hurt.  >tr.  Montgomery  sunk  by  a  collision  off  ('ape 

May;   13   |  ersons  drowned Gen.    Miles  defeats 

Crazy  Horse's  band  at  Wolf  Mountain.. Hermann 
Brockhaus,  German  Orientalist,  died  at  Leipsic, 

Ger 9.    The  Russian  fleet,  with  the  Grand  Dukes 

Alexisand  Constantine,  nnives  off  Charleston 

12.  Fall  ofSOOIeetof  the  glassroot  of  Grand  Central 
Depot,  N'.Y.,  Irom  the  weight  of  the  snow. .Earth- 
quake in  California 13.  Ice  gorge  on  Ohio  River; 

rreat  loss  of  life  and  property;  $2,0(JO,000  each  at 

Pittsburgh  nnd  Cincinnati 14.    Battle  with  the 

Indians  near  Elkhorn 15.  The  Ore  at  Powers  sub- 
mit their  modified  ultimatum  to  Turkey.  .American 
ship  George  Green  lost  with  all  on  board,  on  the 
BnglUhroaM  — 17.  Roar  Admiral  Joseph  Smith, 
U.S.N.,  83,  died  at  Washington,  DC.  .Shower  of  ser- 
pents at  Memphis,  Tenn.  .Election  riot  at  Montreal ; 
lackingOfTown  Hall.  .Newsof  dreadful  famine  in 
India;  British  Government  estimate  cost  ol  relief  at 

$32,51)0.000 18.    Crazy    Ilor.-e   captures  a  wugoii 

train  and  kills  20men  west  of  the  Missouri.. Turkish 
Porte  unanimously  reject  the  ultimatum.... 2n.  Str. 


I   1! 


Porte  unanimously  reject  the  ultimatum  —  2n.  St 
George  Washington,  N.  Y.  for  St.  Johns,  N.F.,  lo 


st 


, 

near  Cape  Race;  U)  persons  drowned  —  21.  Capt. 
Richard  R.  Locke,  one  of  the  Dartmoor  prisoners 
and  a  veteran  of  1812.  died  at  Rye  Heach,  N.H.  .Jno. 
C.  Lord,  D.D.,  Presbylerinn.  71,  died  i:t  Buffalo  ---- 


,     ..,  .     , 

Fire  in  Bolton,  Kng.,  colli-  ry  ;  15  lives  lost  ---- 
people,  massacred  in  Call,  U.S.  of  Colombia, 


24.    300  people, 

B.A  .....  25.  Memorial  Rtatue  of  Robert  Burns  un- 
veiled at  Glasgow..  Guerillas  attack  Gen.  Welshes, 
of  Santa  nder,  Spain,  and  are  defeated  with  400  killed 
and  61)0  wounded  and  prisoners  —  27.  Memorial  of 


CHROXOLOG*. 


l.SOO  bankers  and  brokers,  asking  for  repeal  of  all  clared  by  coroner's  jury  to  have  been  unsafe,  and 

LakohoreRR.  Co.  censured.... 8.    Explosion  in 
Worcester,  Eng.,  coal  mine  and  death  of  a  large 

i, umber  of  miners 9.    Montenegro  and  Turkey 

cannot  agree  uron  a  peace  basis 10.    Tenement 

house  in  Mew  York  burned  with  three  inmates 


special  taxes  on  National  banks,  presented  to  Con  - 

eress 28.    Moody  and  Sank  ey  nieetingscommence 

ii\  Boston... Signor  Blitz,  p  eslidigituteur,  dies  at 

Philadelphia,  67 29.    First  meeting  of  National 

Sunday  School  Congressin  Chicago 31.  Electoral 

Commission  (bill  signed  28th)  organi/id  vrith  five  [Cabinet  nominations  confirmed...  Senator  Simon 
Senators.flve  Representatives,  and  live  SupremeiCameron  resigned. .Rev.  E.  O.  Hovey,  Professor  of 
Court  Judges.. First  Mexican  installment  ($300,U)0)|Chemistry  and  Geology,  76,  died  at  Crawfordsville. 

paid Feb.  1.    Keeper  Porter,   of  Auburn   State  Ind — 11.    250  Communists  ^convicts)  pardoned  in 

Y\  ' 


rison,  murdered  by  Wm.B.irr, a  convict.. Servia 


*nd  Turkey  agree   upon  a   preliminary   treaty  of  died  atGenoa,  Ita.y.. Mine.  Octavia  Le  Vert,  auih- 

peace 5.    A  Spanish  vessel  board,  d  by  pirates  off 

North  Guinea..  Midhat  Piisha  deposed  from  Grand 
Viziersliip  of  Turkey  ;  Edhem  Pasha  his  successor 


.6.  Burning  of  S.S.  Bavaria,  en  route  from  N.O. 
to  Limerick..  Rev.  W.  M.  Daily.  D.D.,  LL.D.,  form- 
erly President  Louisiana  State  University,  Method- 
ist. 65,  died  at  N.  Orleans.  .Outbreak  among  Apache 
Indians  in  Arizona.  .Rear  Admiral  James  Alden,  U. 
B.  N.,died  at  San  Francisco.. Col.  J.  O'Mahoney, 
Fcniattleadtr.57,N.Y.City..Bri  ishStr.Kthelashore 
on  Lundy  Island,  Wales,  and  tenpersonsdrowned. . 
The  Electoral  Commission  by  a  vote  of  8  to  7  decides 
n  t  to  go  behind  the  returns.. Crazy  Horse's  band 

defeated  by  Gen.    Miles,  near   Tongue  Kiver 

8.  Henry  B.  Smith,  D.  D..  LL.  D.,  Professor 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  Presbyterian,  61,  died 
in  N.  Y...  Rear  Admiral  Chas.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N.,76, 
died  Washington,  D.C...  Opening  of  English  House  ot 

Parliament 10.    Gunpowder  explosion  at  Adher- 

nahed,  India,  kills  50  and  wound s  1,000  persons.  .R'r 
Admiral Theodorus  Bailey,  U.S.N., 74, died  at  Wash- 


oress, 67, died  at  Augusta,  Ga.. Henry  M.  Stanley 

announced  the  survey  ot  Lake  Tanganyika 14. 

Six  Chinamt  n  murdered  in  Chico,  Batter  t  o.,  Cal., 

Cleopatra 


;  resents 
ouglass 


by  a  gang  of  white  rumans.  .The  Khedive 
Cleopatra's  needle  to  Great  Britain ..  Fred. ; 
appointed  United  States  Marshal  lor  the  District  of 
Columbia  — 15.    Diaz  recognized  as  President  of 
Mexico  by  U.  S. ..Stephen  S.  Jones, editor, Chicago, 

hotdeadin  his  office  by  Dr.  W.  C.  Drake 17.    U. 

S.  Senate  adjourns.. Six  hours  fight  between  Bos- 
nians and  Turks  near  Orezgonia 18.  Str.  Russ- 

land  from  Antwerp  lor  New  Yoik,  went  a  hore  at 
Long  Branch.. Iglesias,  late  President  of  Mexico, 
but  deposed  by  the  Diaz  revolution,  issued  a  pio- 
clamation  from  New  Orleans.  .Englunddemanded  a 
modification  of  the  Russian  protocol..  Sir  Ed  ward 
Belcher,  Rear  Admiral,  commander  of  an  expedition 
insearcn  ot  Sir  John  Franklin,  78,  died  in  London 

19.    Ex-Goy.   Emory  Washburne,  of  Mass.,  77, 

Jied  at  Cambridge,  Mass. .  J.  Donald  Cameron,  late 
secretary  of  Treasury,  elected  U.  S.  Senator  Irom 


ington,  D.C 11.    Sir  Win.  Ferguson.  President  of  Penn.  .Saigo  begins  a  formidable  n  hellion  in  Japan 


Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  69,  died  in  London — 12 
Rinderpest  spreading  throughout  Germany. .New 

insurrection  in  Bosnia 13.    New  Stock  Exchange 

organized  in  New  York  — 14.  Receiver  appointed 
tor  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad..  Aime  de  Pichot, 
French  writer,  died  in  Lonnon..Gen.  Changarnier. 
84,diedin  Paris.France 15.  Attempt  to  assassin- 
ate Gov.  Packard,  in  New  Orleans.  .Col. Gordon,  Af- 
rican explorer,  appointed  governor  ot  the  Province 
ot  Soudan,  Africa..  Coal  mine  exp  osion  atGraisses- 
FOC,  France,  and  65  miners  killed  — 16.  L.  D.  Pils- 
hurv  confirmed  as  Supt.  of  N.  V.  SJate  prisons.. 

Midiiat  Pasha  arrives  at  Naples 17.    Gen.  Diaz 

dlecieit  P  es.xandlgnacio  Vallaste,  Chief  Justice  of 

Mexico 18.   Attempted  assassination  of  the  Arch- 

liishop  of  Mexico.  .Rear  Admiral  Chas.  H.  Davis,  I". 
S.N.,70,Uicd  at  Washington,  D.C.  ...19.  Judge  H. 
W.  Williams,  a  justice  ot  the  Supreme  Court,  died  at 
Pittsburgh.  Pa.... 20.  Rear  Admiral  Louis  Golds- 
borou.h,  U.  S.  N.,  72.  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.. 
Rinderpest  at  l:ull,  Eng...  21.  British  bark  Marie 
wrecked  off  west  coast  of  Africa;  12  men  lost.  .Boiler 
*xplosi  nat  Mi >dlcion, Ohio,  killing 4 and  injuring 


near  Lowell,  Mum.,  by  train  wreckers..  Sir.  Fran 
conia  wrecked  off  Point  San  Bias.  .Maj.  Gen.  Amos 
B.  Eaton,  Commissary  Gen.  U.  S.  A.,  died  at  New 
Haven,  Conn. .  ..24.  submarine  volcanic  eruption  at 

Kiilakauii   Bay,  Hawaiian    Islands 25.     Furious 

storm  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island;  several  vessels 
and  crews  lo-t — 26.  229  Sioux  Indians  surrender 

at  the  Chevenne  Agency 27.    Whaling  Str.  Spitz- 

toergen,  with  20  persons,  lost  nearBergen,  Norway. . 
Ex-Go  v.  Joseph  Johnston,  92,  died  at  Bridgeport,  Va. 
...The  Electoral  Commission  decide  all  the  doubtful 
States  for  Hayes  and  Wheeler  by  a  vote  of  8  to  7  — 
March  I.  Formidable  mob  dispersed  in  Charleston, 
S  C...GOV.  Unycsleaves  Columbus,  Ohio,  for  Wash- 
ineton.  .The  Miridites  take  up  arms  against  Turkey, 
and  besiege  the  1'uka  fortress.  .The  British  Mediter- 
ranean squadron  order*  d  to  concentrate  at  Malta. . 
.  .2.  The  electoral  count  completed,  and  Messrs. 
Hayes  and  Wheeler  declared  duly  elected  President 

and  Vice-Pres.dentof  the  U.  S 3.    Joel  T.  Hart, 

sculptor, 67,  died  at  Florence.  Italy.. Chief  Justice 
Waite  administers  the  oath  of  ofli -e  to  Pres.  Hayes 
.  .Diplomatic  relations  between  Turkey  and  Servia 


l«?«tored 5.    Bateman    House 


urkey  at 
at   Kan 


sas,   Pa.. 


turned;  6  persons  perish..  XLIVth   Congress   ad 


Senate  opened.  .Hftrqnisde  Compiegne,  distinguish- 
ed African  traveler,  killed  in  a  duel  at  Cairo,  Egypt 
..Austria  concentrates  troops  on  the  frontiers  ol 
Dalmatia  and  Croatia.. C.  D.  Compton,  Marquis  ot 
Northampton,  61,  died  in  London — 6.  Franklin  J, 
Moses,  Sr.,  Ch.  Jus.  Supreme  Court  of  S.  Carolina. 
72,  died  in  Columbia, S.  C..  .Destructive  fire  in  Bond 
street,  N.  Y.  (Robhins  A  Appleton  building) ;  1  ss, 
$1,661,000.  .Joe  Coburn,  notorious  pugilist,  sent  to 
Sing  Sing  for  ten  years — 7.  The  President  nomin- 
ates his  cabinet.. Matilda  A.  Heron,  actress,  47,  died 
in  N.  Y.  .Panic  in  the  St.  Francis  Xavier  Church,  N. 


France 13.    Chas.  Cowden Clark,  Eng.  author,91, 


20.  Congress  appropriates  §200,01X1  to  complete 
the  Washington  Monument — 21.  Leipsic  fixed  upon 
as  the  seat  of  the  Imperial  Court  ot  Germany..  Deat  h 
of  Prince  Charles  of  Hesse  Darmstadt..  President 
Haves'  cabinetdecide  uponaLoui-ianaConimission 

....22.    Labor  crisis  in  Gern. any 23.   Jno.  D.  Lee, 

one  of  the  Mormon  murderers  at  the  Mountain 
Meadow  massacre,  was  executed  there;  his  confes- 
sion implicates  many  leading  Mormons — 24.  Vil- 
lage of  Madrid,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  almost  des- 
troyed by  fire 26.  Waller  Ba;.  ehot,  publicist,  died 

in  London.. Prof.  Jno.  S.  Hart,  teacher  iind  author, 
67,  died  in  Phila — 27.  Dam  of  the  Slaffordsville, 
Conn.,  rcse  voir  gives  wa\  ;  t>\o  persons  drowned; 
$1,000,000  loss.. One  editor  kills  another  in  Topeka. 
Kansas.. Sir  J.  F.Fitzgerald  Field  Marshal  British 
Arm}-,  91.  died  in  Tours,  Frai.ce.  ..28.  1  rineeAmoine 
Bonaparte,  nephew  ot  Napoleon  I,  die-din  Florence, 

Italy 29.    Mexican  aunoritiea  imprison  U.  s. 

Consul  Sutton — 30.  Eevoltin  Pashalik  of  Diarbe- 
kir,  Armenia.. General  Chare,  te  presents  Cardinal 
Simeoni  with  an  album  containing  the  signatures 
of  over  30.<uOvolunte>  rs,  who  are  ready  to  fight  lor 


12 persons 22.    Train  thrown  from  railroad  track  the  teni]  oral  power  olthe  Pope — 31.    The  Cabinet 


decides  to  withdraw  the  U.  S.  troops  from  South 
Carolina.. Russia  amended  protocol,  incorporating 

England's  suggestions,  accepted  by  the  powers 

April  2.  First  telephone  concertat  Stemway  Hall, 
N.  Y.  City.. Bismarck  tenders  his  resignation  as 
Chancellor  of  Germany — 3.  Capt.  Frcd'k  Lahr- 
bush,  formerly  ot  British  Army,  in,  died  in  N.  Y. 

City 4.     Prospects  of  war  in  the  Eastincreasing; 

Russia  determined  to  fight —  5.  Orville  D.  Jewett 
kills  his  uncle  and  himself  by  exploding  a  hand- 
grenade  in  his  store  in  Front  st.,N.  Y. . .  .6.  The 
Louisiana  Commission  commences  its  session  at 
New  Orleans.. Insurgent  Gen.  TrutiUo  defeats  con- 
servative forces  in  U.  S  of  Colombia,  S.  A.,  and  the 
State  of  Antiorjuia  is  surrendered  to  him — 8.  Rev. 
Krederick  A.  Muhl«  nberg,  D.D.  an  eminent  philan- 
thropist and  founder  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital, and  St. 
Johhland.  80.  died  in  New  York ;  and  John  Conant, 

also  a  philanthropist,  87,  died  at  JalTray,  N.H 

10.  U.  S.  troops  withdrawn  from  the  State  House 
in  Columbia,  B.C. ;  Gov.  Chamberlin  gives  up  the 
contest.  ...ii.  Southern  Hotel  in  St.  Louis  burned, 
and  10  lives  lost.  .Prof.  Smith,  ot  Rochester, discov- 
ers a  new  comet  near  Cassiopeia..  Ross  Winans,  sn 
eminent  inventor,  80,  died  at  Baltimore,  Md. ...  12. 


journs*me  <?<>..  President  Hayes  and  Vice-President  Joseph,  chief  of  Ni  z  Perces,  in  .Oregon,  declines  to 
wheeler  publicly  inaugurated.. Special  session  of  goon  the  Lapwaireservation..  Russian  troopsmove 


toward    the   Roumanian  frontier 13.    S.S.  Leo, 

Savannah  to  Nassau,  burned  at  sea;  3  passengers 
and  18  of  crew  lost..  Darien  exploring  expedition 

returns  to  Panama ij.     Lorenzo  Sabine,ex-M.C. 

and  author,  75,  died  at  Boston,  Mass.  .1,000  Indians, 
Roman  Nose's  band,  with  their  chief,  surrender  to 
Gen.  Crook  at  Spotted  Tail  Agency.. Turkey  rejects 
the  terms  of  the  protocol  of  the  Great  Powers:  panic 
on  theVienna.Bour.se  — 15.  Grand  Duke  Nicholas 
reviews  Russian  army  of  the  Pruth 17.  Japan- 
ese insurgents  defei  ted  and  putto flight.  .50,000  peo- 
ple in  London  make  a  demonstration  in  favor  ot 
Tii 


tevcrai  persons  killed... Ashtabula  bridge  dc-jTichborne  claimant.. Russia  and  Turkey  making 


CHRONOLOGY. 


•energetic  preparations  for  war.  .Twee  1  delivers  a 
statement,  to  the  Attorney  General  — 18.  The  Mur- 
phy temperance  movement  spreading  throughout 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.. An  insurrection  breaks 
cutin  Spain  — 19.  The  Louisiana  Commission  re- 
eorts  in  favor  of  Nicholls  for  Governor,  and  his 
Legislature — 20.  Twelve  oil  wells  and  tanks  des- 
troyed by  lightning  in  Butler  Co.,  Pa... The  Roman 
government  determines  to  dissolve  all  Republican 
and  International  Associations  in  Italy  —  21.  Eight 
lodges  of  Cbeyennes,  comprising  550  persons— 85 
fighting  men,  surrender  to  Gen.  Crook.  .Brig  Roan- 


France  —  21.  Roumania  declares  herindependence 
and  proclaims  war  a  gainst  Turkey — 22.  Accident 
at  launch  of  S.S.  Saratoga,  at  Chester.  Pa. ;  -  men 
crushed  to  death  and  2  injured.. Sir  M.  D.  Wyatt, 
architect,  died  in  London. .  .Ghivet  burned  bv  Rus- 
sians: Adler  bombarded  by  Turks;  Forts  Tahmaz 

-„      . „  and  Kara  Dagh,  outworks  of  Kars,  bombarded  by 

oke,  Wylie,  Philadelphia  jo  Porto  Cabello.lost  at  Russians — 23.    W.  H.  Hosmer,  poet,  died  in  Avon, 

N.  Y. .  .Don  Carlos  leaves  France  for  Linz,  Aus 


sea;  n  persons  drowned.. Emperor  of  Russia  arrives 
at  Kiscneneff. .  Revolt  in  Paraguay ;  a  brother  of 
the  President  assassinated,  but  the  conspirators 
Touted — 23.  Russia  declares  war  against  Turkey 
. .Jassyfin  Koumania)  occupied  by  Russian  troops: 
the  Montenegrins  orcupy  Kistar.  Russians  cross  the 

Pruth  at  three  points 24.    Withdrawal  of  U.S. 

troops  from   Louisiana   State    House.    End  of  the 


Packard  government 26.    Atrocious  murder  of  Cheyennes  and   Arapahoes...The  Russians 

Judge  Chisholm,  his  son  and  daughter  and  Mr<.  Gil-  " 
iner,  by  a  mob  in  De  Kalb,  Kemper  Co.,  Miss. . . 
Pirstbtttleofthe  war  near  Batourn,  on  the  Black 
Sea;  Russians loseSoo — 20.  Str.  Sidonian.  Glasgow 
to  N.Y., explodes  aboiler,  7  killed..  Montreal  Novelty 
Worksburned;  9  killed,  10  iniured.. Battle  before 
Kars.  Russians  under  MelikofF  defeat  Moukhtar 
Pasha'.. Ex-Senator  and  Gov.  Wm.  G.  Brownlow 

<Parson  Brownlow),  72,  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn 

i.  Roumanians,  Montenegrins  and  Herzegovinian? 
'-  lia  against  Turkey Mayi.    Queen  Vie- 


31.  Roum; 
foin  Rn<s 
toriaissut 


wood,  Dakota,  t«  take  steps  for  organizing  the  new 
territory  of  Lincoln.. Prince  Cassan,  the  Khedive's 


Russiansrepulsed  atBatoum  .....  24. 


istria... 
Religious  war 


.....    . 

proclaimed   in   Bosnia..  Ten  Broeck,  at  Louisville 
races,  makes  the  fastest  one  mile  on  record  —  time, 
1.39%  .....  26.    Gen.  and  Mrs.  Grantarrive  at  Queens- 

town..  The  Russians  blow  up  a  large  monitor  on  the 
Danube  with  torpedoes  —  28.  Lieut.  I.awton  leaves 
Red  Cloud  Agency  for  the  Indian  territory  with  972 


Sameba  Heights 29.  The  Turks  defeat  the  Rus- 
sians near  Kutari — 29.  Fletcher  Harper,  last  sur- 
vivor of  the  original  Harper  Brothers,  71,  died  in  N. 
Y. ..John  Lothrop  Motley, historian  and  diplomat- 
ist, 63,  died  in  London 31.  Moukhtar  Pasha  dis- 
missed and  disgraced June  i.  Gen.  Ord instructed 

to  follow  marauding  parties  of  Mexicans  across  the 
Rio  Grande.. .Gen.  Grant  given  a  reception  by  the 

Prince  of  Wales  at  Marlboro  House,  London a. 

Fire  caused  by  lightning  near  Millerstown,  Pa. ; 

.  ...  .„  _.  „ __  $85,000  worth  of  petroleum  destroyed — 3.  Fiftieth 

ssues  a  pro -lamation  of  neutrality  in  the  East- anniversary  of  the  consecration  of  Piua  IXasa 

«rn  war. .  Part  of  the  roof  of  the  N.  Y.  post-office  f~ " 

killing 3  men 2.    Diaz dec'ared  elected  Prcsii 

by  the  Mexican  Congress..  .Russian  troops  capture!  Mrs.  Elizabeth  F.  EHet,  authoress,  59,  died  in  N.  Y. 

Bayazid  in  Armenia.    Montenegrins  hold  theDugal 4.    Tornado  visits  Mt.  Cannel,  111. ;  n  persons 

Pass,  blockading  Goransko  and  Nicsics.    the  Pressikilled  and  many  injured...  Waterspout  does  great 


law  of  1865  suspended  at  Constantinople,.. Col.  John 

Forsythe,editort66,  died  atMobile 3.    Great  land 

slide  in  Canada  on  banks  of  river  Voill«-tt;  5  per- 
sons killed .  .The  Porte  issues  a  circular  denouncing 
Roumania's  treachery 4.  Rev.  Mr.  Miiler  sus- 
pended for  heresy  by  New  Jersey  S.vnod.. Turkish 
monitors  bombard  Reni.  .President  Hayes  calls  an 
extra  Congressional  session  for  Oct.  15. .".  .5.  Spani-ih 
government  offer  amnesty  and  pardon  to  all  Cuban 

insurgents  who  'will   lay  down  their  arms 6. 

Crazy  Horse  and  his  band  of  goo  Sioux  surrender. . 
Russians  bombard  Kars  —  7.  King  of  Abyssinia  de- 
clares war  againstthe  Khedive  oWsgypt.  .'Transvaal 
Republic,  South  Africa,  aii nexed  to  British  Empire 
8.  Expiration  of  sewing  machine  patents..  Pos- 
tal convention  with  Italy  signed  by  President.. 

.Turki-h.  monitors  bombard   Kussian   batteries   at  the  Postal  Union 12.     

Ibrail,  and  with  the  fortressatWidin.bombnrdKala-  R.R.  near  Point  of  Rocks;  6  personskilled 13. 

fat  also..  Cossacks  cross  the  Danube....  9.  Explosion  " 
in  Wadesville   mine,   St.   Clair,   Pa.,  killing  7  and 


damage  in  Iowa,  N.  w.  of  Burlington 5.    Over 

15,000  million  feet  of  standing  pine  timberdestroyed 
by  forest  firesin  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  .A  Greek 
patriarch,  in  a  pastoral  letter,  counsels  loyalty  to 

Turkey... The  Czar  arrives  at  the   front 6.    A 

bridge  falls  at  Bath,  England  nearly  200  persons 

thrown  into  the  Avon ;  12  killed  and  50  injured 

jr.    Cleopatra's  needle,  destined  for  England,  ex- 

liumed 8.    A  hat  shop   burned   at  Bridgeport. 

Conn.;  n  men  killed  by  falling  walls...  Destructi\e 
fire  in  Galyeston,  Texas;  $1,500,000  of  property  des- 
troyi  d.  .New  levy  of  218,000  men  ordered  in  Russia 
. .  .The  Turks  try  to  force  the  Duga  Puss  in  Montene- 
gro and  lose  4,000  men 9.  Fastpassenger  traffic 

inaugurated  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  connecting 
Western  roads... Persia  applies  for  admission  into 
Collision  on  Bait.  &  Ohio 


in  Wadesville  mine,  St.  Clair,  Pa.,  killing  7  and 
•wounding 2.  .A  fanatical  outbreak  in  the  Tcnelo- 
hantse  country,  in  consequence  of  the  Turkish  war. 


R.R.  near  Point  of  Rocks;  6  personskilled 13. 

Corner  stone  of  a  Soldier's  Home  laid  at  Bath,  N.Y. 
.  .Mustapha  Tewflc  Pasha  appointed  commander  at 
Kars.  .Suleiman  Pasha,  after  a  bloody  battle,  forces 
the  Duga  Pass  and  advances  on  Nicsics...  Ludwig 


put  down  by  the  Russians;  100  killed,  250  wounded  III,  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  dies  at  Darm" 

..  Commodore  B.  S.  Totten,  U.  S.  N.,7i,  died  at  New 'stunt 14.    Prince  Louis  of  Hesse,  under  the  title 

Bedford,  Mass  — 10.     Opening  of  permanent  exhi-'of  Ludwig  IV,  becomes  Grand  Duke. .Russians re- 


founder  of  the  Redemptionist  order  in  America,  68, 
died  in  Baltimore n.    Prof.Taylor  Lewis,  LL.D., 


75,  died  atSchenectady,  N.Y 


.Taylor 
Wallso 


fan  unfinished 


court-house  at  Rocklord,  111.,  fell,  killing  10  work- 
men. .Turkish  iron-clad  sunk  by  Russian  masked 
butteries  near  Ibrail  .  .Russians  defeated  at  Batoum 
with  heavy  loss,  in  an  8  hours  battle  ____  12.  Japanese 
Empire  admitted  to  Postal  Union  from  June  i  —  13. 
Diaz  recognized  by  Germany.  .L.J.E.Picard,  French 
statesman,  56,  died  in  Paris  —  14.  Poisoning  of 
miners  at  Strcator,  111.  .Burning  of  villages  of  Clin- 
ton Mills,  Edinburgh  and  Forest  in  northern  N.  Y. 
.  .Six  Turkish  iron-clads  bombard  Sukum  Kaleh,  but 
are  defeated.  .  President  Hayes  attends  the  banquet 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  ____  15.  Unveiling  of 
statue  of  Fitz  Greene  Ilallock  at  Central  Park,  N.Y. 
..Five  foot  tidal  wave  in  Lake  Erie..  The  Mindites 
drive  the  Turksfrom  Oroschi.  .Mexican  authorities 
sit  Acapulco  apologise  for  imprisoning  Consul  Sat- 


flag..  A  dam  bursts  near  Belvidere,  N.  J.,  killing  6 
persons...  Gen.  C.  F.  Henningson,62,  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C.  .  .Bancroft  Davis  resigns  as  minister  to 
Germany  .....  15.  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  George  Mellish,  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal,  died  in  London.  .Mary  Carpenter, 
authoress,  died  in  Bristol.  .Lady  Maxwell  (Hon.  Mrs. 
Norton),  70,  London  .....  16.  Severe  battle  between 
Turks  and  Montenegrins  nt  Rasiiogli.vika;  Turks 
defeated  with  a  loss  of  2,000  dead  and  wounded.  .  . 
James  Russell  Lowell  accepts  the  mission  to  Spain 
.....  17.  Str.  Lizzie  burned  in  the  Gulf  of  Mcxi  o,  3 


Illinois  attempts  to  make  silver  coin  a  legal  tender 
for  all  debts  in  the  State.. Commodore  E.  W.  Car- 
icnter,  U.S.N.,  ;o,  died  at  Shrewsbury,  N.  J. .. Crisis 


M 

in 


_  -the  French  cabinet.. Destructive  forest  fires  in 
Michigan.  .TornadoatFul  ton.  Mo., destroys  10  bnild- 


y,  N 
fore 


Str.  Indiana.  .Ardahan  with  22  cannon  captured  by 
the  Russians... Terrible  famine  in  Shnn-tungaml 
Chin-li  provinces, China — 19.  Convention  at  Dead- 


17. 
lo 


o,  3 
ied 


lives  lost..  Rev.  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  author,  71,  di 
in  New  Haven,  Conn  .....  19.  Moukhtar  Pasha's  right 
ing  defeated  .....  20.    Three-fourths  of  St.  John's 


15.     Unveiling  of  New  Brunswick,  destroyed  by  fire  ;  30  persons  killed 
•ntrnl  Park,  N.Y.  ..Chas.  F  Briggs,  author  and  journalist, 67,  died  in 


...  ,  , , 

broi  klyn.  N.  Y. .  .Admiral  Rons,  82,  died  in  London 
.  .C.  H.  Upton,  U.  S.  Consul  nt  Geneva,  Switz.,  died 
there 21.  Ten  "Mollie  Magnires"  hung — six  at 


_______ 

ton,  and  salute  his  flag  .....  16.    Thj  Legislature  of  Pottsville  and  four  at  Manch  Chunk..  Judge  Hilton 


excludes  Jews  from  the  Grand  Union  Hotel,  Sara- 
toga  22.  President  Hayes  issues  anorderpr*- 

hibiting  office-holders  from  taking  an  active  part  in 
jolitics..lowa  Republican  Convention  refuses  to 
ndorse  the  President's  Southern  policy.. Commo- 


'ngs  and  part  of  railroad  depot 17.    Dedication  of  dore  John  W.  Goldsborough,  U.  S.  N.,  69,  died  in 

revolutionary  monument  on   Dorchester  Heights,  Philadelphia,  Pa 23.    The  Turin  march  on  Cet- 

Mass.  ..Ex-President  Grant  sails  for  Europeintho  tinje,  capital  ot  Montenegro,  having  effected  a  junc- 


tion after  six  days  fighting  .....  25.    La 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  72  buildings  destroyed..  .Pr 
dent  McMahon  pardoned  844  Communists.  ..Qu 


e  fire  at 
esi- 
een. 


15G 


CBXOXOLOGY. 


r* 


i  j 


6  pi 


Victoria  received  Gen.  Grant  nt  Windsor  Castle... 
Robert  Dale  Owen,  author,  died  at  .Peerless  Point,  j 

Luke  George 20.    Harv:,  rd  defeats  Columbia  in 

an  eight-oar  boat  race  at  Springtleld,  Mass 28. 

Monument  in  honor  of  the  defenders  ol  Fort  Moul- 
trie  in  1776,  unveiled  in  Charleston.  S.  ("  . .  A  re  volu- 
tion breaks  out  at  Puerto  Plata,  San  Domingo... 
C.iovanniSantini,  Italian  professor  of  Astronomy, 
died  at  Padua, )  taly  — July  i.  Tlin  celebrated  trot- 
ling  mare,  Lady  Thome,  dted..Gencralreductdonof 
wages  on  railroads;  lears  of  strikers... Battle  at 

Sistovn.  The  Turks  victorious 2.   Fight  between 

Col.  Whippie'scommand  and  Indians  on  Cjiearwater 
River,  Idaho..  The  Pan-Presbyterian  Council  began 
its.sessionin Edinburgh, Scotland. .President  Mac- 
Mahon  called  on  the  army  to  sustain  him  through 

the  crisis 3.     The  British  Mediterancan   licet 

arrived  in  Besika  Bay..  Inundations  in  tlio  province 

of  Murica,  Spain  ;  22  persons  drowned 4.    Capt. 

J.  A.  Webster,  senior  officer  in  U.S.  Revenue  Service, 

died  in  Baltimore,  Md 5.    The  Turks  driven  out 

of  Montenegro... Louisiana  Returning  lluardincin- 

.bers  tried  on  charge  of  forgery 6.    Gen.  Gram 

arrives  nt  Brussels.. po.ooo  Russians  cross  the  Dan- 
ube.. Russian  campaign  in  Armenia  a  1  ail  lire..  F.  W. 
llacklandcr,  traveler  nnd  author,  died  in  Munich. 

7.     U.  8.  troops  cross  the  Rio  Gran  ic  in  pursuit 

of  Mexican  marauders  .  .Destructive  storm  in  Fen- 
saukee,  \\'is. :  almost  the  whole  town  levelled;  6 
persons  killed.  .Russians  rapture  Tirnovft.  capital  of 
Bulgaria..  .Khedive  of  Egypt  offers  a  licet  lothe 
Porte — 8.  Russians  forced  to  withdraw  from  Kara. 

•with  heavy  loss 9.    Hurricane   at  Springfield, 

Mass. .  .Export  of  liorses  from  Germany  prohibited. 
..Prof.SanbornTenuey,  of  Williams  College,  50,  died 

in  Buchanan,  () 10.    Chief  Joseph's  Nez  1'crccs 

kill 31  Chinamen  in  Idaho n.    Six  miners  killed 

in  a  mine  explosion  at  Wheatland,  Pa. ..Fight 
between  U.S.  troops  and  NezPercesutCottonwood; 
Oapt,  Lieut,  and  n  men  killed;  13  Indianskilled.. 
Meeting  ol  Georgia  Const.  Convention. . .  12.  Attack 

on  Orangemen  in  Montreal,  i  killed,  4  wounded 

Russians  routed  nnd  driven  from  Plevna (Jen. 

Grant  in  Germany .  .Gen.  Sir  Geo.  Bell,  K.C.B.,  died 

in  London 13.    Baron  W.  E.  von  Ketteler,  i;ishop 

of  Hayence,  died  there 14.    Boiler  explosion  at 

Mflcnrgy.  Pa..  3  men  killed  — 15.  British  Sir.  Eton 
•wrecked  otl'the  coast  of  Chili,  and  ovi  rioolivcslost 
— 16.  Great  railro  <1  strike  on  Halt.  &  OhioR.R. 
.  .$68,000,000  subscribed  to  date  ol  the  U.S.  4 jicrci-m. 
loan.  .The  Russismscapture  Nlkopolisonthe  Dauube 

17.    Strike  continues  on  Bait.  A  Ohio  R.R.    The 

whole  line  blocked... EX-<JOV.  Tilden   and  Hon.  J. 

Bigelow,  Sec.  oi  S  ate  of  N.  Y.,sail  lor  Europe 18. 

Gov.  Matthews,  of  W.  Virginia,  calls  lor  government 

aid  to  suppress  the   riot;   250  regulars  sent ix 

The  strikes  become  general  over  all  the  road-- 
managed by  the  Bait.  &  Oido  and  Penn.  Central 
..Suleiman  Pasha  appointed  commander  of  the 
army  ol  Roumelia.  .Hon.  1).  A.  Lapham,  author  and 

scientist,  68,  died  at   Milwaukie,   Wis 20  to  26 

The  strikes  become  general  on  most  of  the  trunk 

roads,  though  very  slight  on  New  York  Central 

ai.  Terribleriot  and  Conflagration  nt  Pittsburgh, 
Fa.,  more  than  $3,WK),ruO  of  property  destroyed.. 
Collision  between  State  troops  and  rioters;  ninny 
killed  and  wound  ed..Pittsbuigh  rioters  surrender 
on  23d..  Uiotous  demonstrations  against  Chine.-ein 
San  Francisco.  .On  the  251)1  riots  in  i  hicngo,  Louis- 
ville and. St  Louis:  ma  y  killed  and  wounded 

26.    Another  riot  in  Chicago;  21  killed,  and  many 

wounded. .Bloody  rintin  Keading,  Pa 27.  Affair 

quiclingin  ull quarters...}?.  Y.  militia  ordered  to 
their  homes — 29.  All  trunk  roads  open  again,  but 

.great  disorder  in  the  coal  regions Foreign,  20  to 

29.  Russians  attack  Osman  Pasha,  but  are,  repaired 
with  heavy  loss.. Suleiman  Pasha  is  defeated  bv 
Russians  at  Karabunar.. The  Russians  ilestroy  six 
railroad  bridges  on  the  Danube..  Montenegrins  bom- 
bard Medics.. On  t  c  29  h  the  Czarowitch'a  forces 
defeated  the  Turks  near  Rustchuk,  taking  8,000 
prisoner.",  31  guns  and  10  s-tandaids.. On  the  241)1 
scobedo,  the  Mexican  insurgent  general,  was  ar- 


rested..On  the  26ih  eigi.t  men  were  killed  by  a 
boiler  ex  plosion  near  Tunstall,  Eng..3o.  Centennial 
anniversary  ol  the  adoption  of  the  l^ew  York  con- 
stitution celebrated  at  Kingston... The  Russians 
•were defeated  near  Plevna..  .Gen.  Gliourka  woiia 

victory  over  the  Turks  at  Yeni  Sagra,  Roumelia 

On  the  25th  George  W.  Matsell,  ex-polico superin- 
tendent and  commissioner,  died  in  New  York On  Alb 

the  28th  Prof.  Isaac  W.  Jackson,  M.D.,  of  Union  Col- 
lege,72,  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y Ontheaoth 

George  Ward  Hunt,  1st  Lord   of  the   Admiralty  ol 

Great  Britain,  died   in   Hamburg On   the  soth 

Commodore  J.  W.  Swilt,  U.S.N.,  died  at  Geneva,  N. 
Y.,  and  same  day  Samuel  Warren,  an  eminent 

English  nuthor,  died  in  London 31.  W  II. Vnnder- 

bilt  ordered  $100,000  to  be  distributed  ratably  among 


the  employees  of  the  N.  T.   Central  who  had  nor 

"oined  in  the  strike August  i.    Gov.  Robiasoifc 

pardons  young  Walworth,  the  parricide  ...Riot  at 
Scranton  Pa.  .Schr.  Florence,  of  Howgate'sexpedi- 
tion,  sailed  for  the  North  Pole".  ...2.  The  town  o( 

Conejo,  Panama,  burned 3.    Win.  B.  Ogdcn,  first 

mayor  ol  Chicago,  71,  died  atFnrdham  Heights,  N. 
Y. .  .Box  factory  in  Cincinnati  burned  ;  several  girls 


burntto  dealh". Great  fire  at  EastSaginaw,  Mich. ; 

Jaoo.oco  destroyed 4.    Poorhouse  atSancoc  burn-- 

ed,  I7imnatcs  perished.. Fi<  Id  Marshal  Von  t-tcin- 

metz,  71,  died  at  Land tck,  Silesia 5.  Eaton,  Wis., 

burned ;  several  lives  lost.  .Russians  defeated  south 
•f  the  Balkans — 6.  Centennial  celebration  ol  bat- 
tle ol  Oriskany 7.  General  order  prohibiting  the 

sale  of  arms  and  ammunition  to  Indians..  Repulse 

ot  Russians  at  Lovau 8.  Kiotsat  Belfast, Ireland 

..Gen.  Grant  in  Switzerland. ...9.  Gen.  Gibbon 
nghtsthe  Nc  7.  Percesin  Montana,  a  drawn  battle. .-v 
A  train  fell  through  a  drawbridge  at  Ocean;,  ort,  N. 
J. ;  60 persons  injured.. Dr.  A.  B.  Crosby,  professor 
in  P>elle\  ue  Mcd.  College,  45,  died  in  Hanover,  N  H. 
...  10  Political  troubles  increasing  in  France; 

many  Republican   papers  there   suspended 13. 

Mexic.'Ui  outrages  on  the  Rio  Grande :  Mexicans 
cross  the  river,  murder  J  i  dge  Cox  and  another  man., 
release  Mexican  murderers  from  jail  aude-cap« 
across  the  river.  ...Chaunccy  Rose,  nu  eminent 
philanthropist,  died  in  Terre  Haute,  Ind  — 15.  The 
.-.l  ugglu  between  the  Russians  and  Suleiman  Pasha. 
lor  bnlpka  Pats  commenced.  .Win.  Longman-,  Lon- 
don publisher,  78,  died  in  London 16.  Rev.  Asa 

D.  Smith,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  presidentol  Dartmouth  Col- 


D.  Smith.  U.D.,  LL.U.,j)residentot  Dartmouih  Col 
tege,  died  at  Hanover,  N. II...  Prof.  Asaph  li.iildis 
covers  two  satellites  ol  Mar-.  .Centennial  celebra- 
tion oi  the  battle  of  lleiiningion  attended  by  more 
than 60,000  people...  .18.  Gayvi.le,  Dakota,  almost 
en  irely  destioycd  by  lire,  2-0  buildings  Consumed, 
lossfcfo.ooo 19.  JJoukhtar  Pasba  repulse s a  Rus- 
sia i  attack 20.  Consolidation  of  Western  Union 

and  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Telegraph  Com]  anies.. 
Great  slrike  in  Pennsylvania  coal  regions,  50,000* 
men  out  . .  .21.  Meeting  ol  National  Board  of  Trade 
at  Mi  \vaukee,  ^  is...  22.  Insurrection  in  Crete., 
Ano.her  revolt  in  Bosnia — 24  and  25.  Sharp  and 
continuous  fighting  in  Sliipka  Pass.. The  Ru.~-siun.-i 
gain  and  hold  some  important  positions.  .The  'lurks 
capture  Kizil tope,  but  are  defeated  at  KurukDara 
...26.  Dr.  11.  Diaper  and  Pi  of  C.  S.  Holden  dis- 
cover a  third  sat.  llite  ol  Mars. .  .Hon.  E.  P.  Noyes^ 
Minister  to  France,  reaches  Paris. .  .27.  The  Knight* 
leinplarsol  the  l).S.  houl  their  2j'.h  triennial  con- 
clave at  Cleveland,  Ohio.. .Strike  ended  in  th» 
Lehigh  Valley  coal  repio  s..Senor  CostelloandhU 
son,  leading  Cuban  insurgents,  surrender  to  Iho 

Spanish  authorities 18.  ^  onlercnee  ot  State  Gov- 

'.•nioisat  Philadelphia.  .Ben  De  l:ar,  actor,  61,  iticd 
at  st.  Louis,  Mo. ..  .29.  Railroad  accident  near  DCS 
M nines,  20  persons  Killed.  .Urighani  Young,  the  Mor- 
mon piophut  and  chiel,  76,  died  ui.  S  It  i.aky  lily. 
Utah...  30.  Monument  to  Jolm  Brown, of  O.-sa- 
waiomie,  Kansas,  tledicaicd  in  presence  of  10,000 
people.. Raphael  Scmines,  ex-couimauder  of  tho 
Comederate  cruiser  Alabama,  6«,  died  at  Point 
Ckar,  Ala.  .The  village  ol  Karahassenlarcaplured 
by  the  'l  urk.s  inter  a  severe  buttle.  Turkish  loss  3,000 
killed  and  Wounded,  Rus.-ian  lo-s  4.ooo...lius^iam* 
ileiciiledon  the.  Lorn,  Popkoi  abandoned,  uijil  Iho 

Russian  position  completely  tinned 31.    Fire  at 

1'aris,  Texas,  10  business  blocksdestroyed,  loss  8250,- 
ooo.  .Usutan  Pusiut  Bains  a  siynal  vi  lory  at  Plevna 
...  .September  i.  Toriladotti  MaysvilU  ,  l\y.. Meet- 
ing of  Am.  Association  lor  AdvancemcUt  01  Scienc« 

ai    Na-h\ille,   'Jemi Alruii   Adams,   fi,uu  ,er  of 

Adnmsl'.X|,ressCo  ,',  j,  died  at  \Vat,  i  town,  Mass.. 
K.  L.  Uavenporl,  actor, 61,  died  at  Canton,  1'a 

2.  Insurrection  in  china  among  interior  t.ibes 

3.  Louis  Adolpbe  Th.ers,  ex  president  ot  France, 
3o, died  in  Paris,  France.. Hale's  pi.uio  factory,  N. 
Y., liurnt-d and  ,-eveial  persons  killed. .A  house  ill 

eUuiati undermined  and  tails,  killing 4 women 
4.  "Cra/.y  Horse"  arrested  nt  Spoiled  Tail 
Agency  lor  attempting  to  induce  the  Indians  to  go- 
to war  .Russians  capture  Lovatz  alter  12  hours 
lighting.  ...5.  "Crazy  Horse"  iskille  I  while,  trying; 
lo  escape  from  ibc<uard  house  at  Camp  Robinson 

7.  President  Hayes  and  party  leave  Washington) 

for  a  visit  to  Ohio  a'nd  other  States — 8.  Rev.  i  .u«  in 
Hall,  D .D..pniicssor  (,t  Theoio^y  at  Auburn,  uied 
ihere..Tie  Catholic  Kishop,  Amedcus,  died  at  St. 
Albans,  Vt 9.  Nicsies  surrenders  to  the  .Montene- 
grins, .'fl.o  death  .1.  om  lamineln  Madras,  India, rc- 

porUM  to  l.n  aboutqne  million n.    Yellow  lever 

appears  at  l-'eruandina,  Fia 12.    The  i  riiish  ships 


valanche  a  nd  Foster  collide  off  Portland,  i.ng  ,  104. 
ersons  drowned..  Gambetta  sentenced   to  fine  and 


.. 

imprisonment  tor  a  political  speech,  but  thu  ca.-.o 
appi'iiled  and  the  sentence  never  carried  out..'1'lie 
Russian^  ag.iin  repulsed  at  Plevna  with  lerribla 


CHRONOLOGY. 


157 


loss  .TTereulnnode  Oarvu'.ho,  Portuguese  historian, 

57,  died  at  Lisbon 14.    Rev.  Benjamin  Schneider, 

an  eminent  missionary  to  Turkey,  died  in  Boston, 
Mass  — 15.  The  American  ride  team  win  the  inter- 
national  mate):  at  Creedinoor.  .Four  persons mur- 
,<lered  by  Chinamen  near  Rock  ton,  Placer  county, 
Hlalifnrnia.  .Constnntine  Canaris,  prime  minister  ot 
I  he  Kingdom  of  (Greece  ,86,  died  at  Athens,  Greece 
....17.  Tlie  Presidential  party  cordially  received  at 
Louisville,  Ky.. Chinese  quarters  at  Grass  Valley, 
Cal., burned. .Soldiers'  and  Sailors' monument  at 
Boston  dedicated..  Queen  Pomare,  of  the  Society  Is- 
lands, died  there...  .18.  Eastern  bound  express 
train  on  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  robbed  by  thirteen  men 
at  Big  Springs,  Neb. ;  $78,000  taken.  .H.  M.  Stanley, 
the  African  traveller,  reached  St.  Paulde  Loiinda 
(west  coastof  Africa),  havingcrossedthe  Continent 
and  traced  the  Congoor  Livingstone  river  from  its 


celebration  of  surrender  of  Bnrgoyno  atSchnyler- 

dlle,  N.Y 19.    Heavy  fighting  at  Kars — 20.  Fire 

n  Portland,  N.  B. ;  250  buildings  burned;  2,500 per- 
sons homeless.... 22.  Colliery  explosion  at  High 
Blantyre,  Scotland;  200 lives  lost... 23.  Commission 
nterviewed  .Bitting  Bull  at  Fcrt  \Valsh,  Canada,  but 

were  unsuccessful 24.    George  L.  Fox,  pantomim- 

ist,  ?2,  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass..  Prof.  Jas.  Orton, 
of  Vassar  College,  scientist,  47,  died  in  Bolivia.'S. 

America 25.    The  Turks  repulse  the  Russiansat 

Phrygos 26.  Ismail  Pasha  effects  a  junction  with 

Mouklitar  Pasha.. KuKlux  outrages  in  ClarK  Co, 
Ohio.  .91  deathsfrom  yellow  fever  in  Fernandina  to 
date 28.  Edwin  Adams,  actor,  42,  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa... Julia  Kavanagh,  novelist.  53,  died  in 
Sice,  Italy.  .Joseph  Durham,  sculptor,  died  in  Lon- 
lon 29.  N.  B.  Forrest,  ex-Confederate  general 


J;6.died~'in  "Memphis,  Tenn..  Meeting  of  National 
source  to  the  sea..  ..19.    Centennial  celebrat;on  of  Liberal   League    at   Rochester.,  t.    W.  _Stoughton 


the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights. . .  20.  Louis  V.  Bogy,  U. 
S.  Senator  from  Missouri,  64,  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

21.    Collision  on  N.  Y.  Central  R.R.  near  Rome, 

N.  Y.,  three  killed  and  several  wounded.. Str.  Olga 
sails  from  Alexandria,  Egypt,  towing  the  caisson 
containing  the  obelisk.. Great  battle  of  Bi<-la,in 
which  the  Russiansare  defeated,  losing 4,000  killed, 
3,000  wounded — 22.  W.  H.  Fox  Talbot,  the  father 
of  photography,  77,  died  in  London,  Eng....  23.  The 
famine  in  India  subsiding,  heavy  rains  having  fallen 


lominated  as  Minister  to  Russia — 30.  John  Walsh 
lominated  Minister  to  England.. Goldsmith  Maid, 
amous  trotting  marc,  21  years  old,  withdrawn  from 

the  turf November  i.  Collision  between  freight 

and  express  trains  on  Philadelphia  and  Erie  R.  R. ; 

5  men  were  killed \Vm.  Gale,  pedestrian,  London, 

ompleted  4,000  quarter  miles  in  4,ocx>  consecutive 
eriods  of  10  minutes  each,  beginning  October  20 — 
ident  McMahon  gives  a  dinner  to  Gen.  Grantat 


in  many  of  the  districts...  Urbaine   J.  J.  Leverrier, 
astronomer,  66,  died  in  Paris  ..  24.    I'atentOfliceat  di 
Washington  partially  burned.  .President  Hayes  in 
Va.  .Japanese  insurgent  leaders  slain  and  rebellion 


illion   of  property  and  many  lives..  Yellow 
racing  at  \  era  Cruz  ;  140  deaihs  in  August  ____ 


ended..  A  hurricane  in  Curagoa,  \V.  I.,  destroyin 
two  million 

fever  racin  ____ 

25.  The  Montenegrins  captu  e  Goransko,  Pina  and 
Fort  Grivica,  and  Vum  Belek  andsurrou  ding  vil- 
lages .  .  .26.  Lieut.  Bullis  crosses  the  Rio  Grande  in 
•pursuit  of  Mexican  raiders  .  Commodore  J.  M.  Frai- 
ley,  U.  S.N..  6x  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa  ...28.  Con- 
ference at  Washington  of  Si  <ux  Indians  with  the 
President  —  29.  Osman  Pasha  again  defeats  the 
Russians  at  Plevna.  .Henry  Meiggs,  the  great  South 
American  railroad  contractor,  66,  died  in  Peru  ____ 
30.  Village  of  Putnam,  Conn.,  nearly  destroyed  by 
1Bre..Wm.  C.  Oilman,  a  well  known  business  in  an  in 
New  York,  detected  in  forgery  and  swindling  to  the 
extent  of  $236,000..  Unsucessful  attempt  at  revolu- 
tion in  Hayii.  .Russians  defeat  4,000  Daghestan  in- 


>eri£ 

^resi 

Ely  see,   Paris Oliver  P.  Morton,  U.  S.  Senator 

from  Indiana,  and  former  Governor,  54,  died  at  In- 
dianapolis   Field  Marshal  Frederick  VonWrangel, 

93,  died  in  Berlin,  Prussia 2— Chief  Justice,  W.  K. 

Draper,  C.  B.  ?7,died  in  Toronto,  Canada. 


•urgent*. 


October  i.    Sioux  delegates  at  Wash- 


ington consent  to  removal  to  the  new  reservation 
recommended  by  the  President..  Heavy  but  inde- 
cisive battle  in  Asia  Minor  between  Russians  and 

the  Tnrksuiider  Mouklitar  Pasha 2.    The  Sultan 

•confers  the  title  of  Ghazi  (conqueror;  u-on  Osman 
Pasha  and  Mouklitar  Pasha . .  Woman  suffrage  prop- 
osition defeated  in  Oolorado.  .Lewis  Lillie,  inventor 
•and  manufacturer  of  sales,  died  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

3.    Carshopsof  New  York  Dry  Dock  R.R.»Co. 

burned,  lossfcoo.ooo.  .Boiler  explosion  at  Shedder 
town,  Ohio,  tnree  men  killed  and  several  others 

fatally  injured.. Spanish   troops  defeat  2,000  insur  „ 

gents  on   the   Looloo   Islands.  ..Railroad  accident  ly,  and  S.  to  Tennessee Army  appropriation  bill 


l>etween  Worensch  and  Norstoff  on  the  Don  -,400 
Abchasian  prisoners  killed..  .J.  R.  Bayley,  D.D., 
Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Baltimore, 63,  died 
inNe wark,N.J...M  me.  Teresa  Titjiens,  prima  donna. 
43, died  in  London  ...4.  Centennial  of  battle  ol 
Germantown,  Pa.  .Severe  cyclone,  doinggreat  dam- 
age, along  the  S.  and  E.  Atlantic  coast. .  Excursion 
train  wrecked  near  Phoenixville,  Pa. ;  12  killed  and 
a  number  injured  —  5.  Col.  Miles  captures  Chief 


4  Earth- 


quake shocks  throughout  northern  New  York,  New 
England,  and  the  Eastern  British  Provinces,at2  A.M. 
.....  5—  Bland  Silver  bill  passed  the  House  ____  6— 
Elections  held  in  12  States  —  Gustav  Brion,  French 
ainter,  died  in  Paris...  Heavy  battle  nearErzerum: 


painter,  ded  in  ars...  eavy  atte  nearrzerum: 
Russians  repulsed  —  7.—  Amelia,  dowager  Queen  or 
Saxony,  died  in  Dresden  —  9—  IiiMirg<  nts  in  San 
Domingo  increasing  in  numbers.  Alarm  a  ttho  Cap- 
itol .....  10—  Schooner  Magellan  wricked  on  Lake 
Michigan  ;  8  lives  lost  ____  Forty  of  Ex-Su'tnn  Murad's 
servants  strang'ed,  lor  aiding  in  a  conspiracy  tore- 
instate  him  ____  Martin  Ptiine.M.D.,  LL.D.,  professor, 
Ac.,  83,  died  in  New  York  City  .....  11—  Rio  tin  El  Paso 
County,  Texas  .....  12—  Suit  commenced  by  Cornelius 
J.  Vanderbilt  and  his  sister  Mrs.  LaBau,  to  break 
his  father's  will  ____  Prof.  Watson1  of  Michigan  Uni- 
ersity  discovers  a  planet  of  the  nth  magnitude  — 
iireat  Storm  on  the  British  Coast;  loss  $1.200,000  — 
F.  Blodgett,  Ex-Governor  of  Georgia,  died  at  Atlanta, 
Ga  ____  Passage  of  the  Army  appropriation  bill  by 
the  House  ____  13—  Henry  Peters  Gray,  urtist,  58,  died 
in  New  York  City  —  14—  Burning  of  Fie  d,  Leiter 
i  Co's  dry  goods  house,  Chicago;  loss,  $250,000  — 
Billiard  match  for  the  world's  championship,  Sax  ton 
beutsCyrille  Dion  —  Trans-Pacific  Cable  Company, 
organized  to  li^  a  Cable  from  California  to  Japan, 
rtVi  Honolulu,  Capital  stock,  810,000,000.  ..  .15  —  Explo- 
sion of  fire-damp,  in  Jermyn  Col!iery,near  Scran- 
ton,  Pa.,  a  number  killed  andinjnred  ____  Earthquake 
shocks  in  Iowa,  Nebraska,  nnd  in  the  N.  W.  general- 


amended  and  passed  by  Senate  — 16— Pierre  Lan- 
frey.  Republican  Senator  of  France,  died  at  Ver- 
sailles  18— Russians  capture  Kars  by  a  brilliant 

nightassanlt 19— Fort  Edward  Institute  burned. 

...20 — Julius  Kircher  of  New  York,  cremates  his 

dead  infant 21— The  Roumanian!  after  a  three 

days   battle,  capture  Rahova John  V.  L.  Pruyn, 

LL.D.,  Chancellor  of  Board  of  Regents  of  Uuivursity 
of  State  of  New  York,  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y 


Joseph  and  the  Nez  Perces  after  a  three  days'  baitle  Steamship  Alabama, lost  on  CoastofS'outh  America; 
6.  Great  number  of  Cuban  insurgents  surrender  70  drowned Diaz  or  " 


..Wm.  Gale  walks  1,500  miles  in  1,000  consecutive 
hours,  beginning  Aug.  26  ...7.  Senator  L.  O.  Bor- 
deau  died  in  Paris,  France — 8.  First  suit  under 
the  timber  depredation  laws,  in  Minnesota,  is  de- 
cided for  the  government... Severe  earthquake  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland  —  1 1 .  Explosion  i  n  a  colliery 
at  Pemberton,  Eng., 4okilled.  .Spanish  government 
pays S5;o,ooo  Indemnity  to  Minister  Lowellforlosses 
by  American  citizens  in  Cuba 12.  Wm.  C.  Gil- 
man  (referred  to  in  Sept.)  surrenders  himself  and  is 
sent  to  State  prison  for  five  y-ars-. ...  14.  The  "Cleo- 
patra's needle"  encounters  a  heavy  storm  en  route 
to  Eng  and,  and  is  abandoned  off  Cape  Finistcrre; 
is  subsequent 'y  picked  up  and  taken  to  Ferrol, 
Spain.  .Republicans gain  an  overwhelming  victory 
in  the  French  elections. . .  .15.  Prof.  Peters,  of  Clin 
ton,  N  Y..  discovers  a  new  planet  of  the  eleventh 
magnitude. .Extra session  of  Congress  opened  at 
Washington;  Samuel  J.  Randa  1  chosen  speaker  ot 
the  Hou-e.. Antonio  S'cialoja,  eminent  Italianlaw- 

ver and  publicist,  dies   at   Rome 16.    4,oooN.  Y. 

-cigar  makers  on  a  strike.. Theodore  Barriere,  dram- 
ntio  author,  died  in  1'aris.  .Geo  Hadley,  M.D.,  Prof, 
-of  CJiemistry,  64,  died  in  Buffalo.... 17.  Centennial 


rders  Tre vino  with  2,500  troops 
;o  the  Uio  Grande,  1q repel  invasion  by  U.  S.  troops 
...Canadian  Fisheries  commissioners,  one  dissent- 
ng,  deci  es  that  the.  U.  S.  shall  pay  Great  Britain 
55.500,000  for  fishing  in  Canadian  waters — 24— The 
-evolution  in  Ecuador  collapses — U.  8.  Steamer 
Huron  wrecked  at  Kitty  Hawk.  N.  C. :  looliveslost 
....26— All  night  session  of  U.  S.  Senate — 27 — 
Steamer  C.  H.  Northam  burned  in  N.  Y.  Harbor, 
three  lives  lost  —  27— Twenty  colored  people  drown- 
ed and  30  horses  swept  a  way  by  a  flood  at  Buckhan- 

non.Va 29— Workingmen'sdenionstrationagainst 

the  Chinese  in  San  Francisco;  Kearney  comes  to.the 
front — The  insurrection  in  San  Domingo  spreads 

over  the  en  tire  country 3o — The  Senate  pass  the 

ParisExposition  bill..  ..Thirty  mile  Oil  Pipe  between 
Great  Beit  and  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  completed Com- 
modore C.  N.  B.  Caldwell.U.  S.  M.,died  ai  Waltham, 
Mass — December 2— Messrs.  Moody  &  Sankey  com- 
mence their  labors  in  Providence,  R.  I The  lead- 
ing merchants  and  manufacturer*  ol  Paris, Appeal 
to  President  WcMnhon  to  yield  to  the  majority, in 
the  interests  of  trmle  and  of  the  International  Ex- 
posit  on...  2— Stcnnihi.ii t  l.otos  burned  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, near  Waterloo,  I.a. ,  n  lives  lost — Extra 


158 


CHRONOLOGY. 


session  in  Congress  closed  and  regular  session 
opened. . .  .Attorney  Gen.  Connor  of  S.  O.,  resigned 


•  4— Turks  capture  Elena Robert  Tyler,  son  of  the  Khedive.  .U.  S.  steamer  Kearsarge driven  ashore 


the  late  Ex-President,died  in  Baltimore. .ConsulGen. 

Murz  ,1  German  philanthropist,  died  in  Berlin, Prus- 

"ta.. ..<;.    Austria  protests  against  Servia's  partioi- 

ation  in  the  Russo-Turkish  war. . .  .6.    Fire  in  Mil- 


ni-Saghra   occ 


ve  days' 
u  pied  bi 


by    the   Russians.. Demetrius 


I'1 

lerstown,  N.  Y.  lossSzoo.ooo.  .French  ministry  tender 
their  resignations*  and  McMahon  accepts  them.  .M- 
uufaure  granted  perfect  liberty  in  forming  a  new 
Cabinet  by  the  President.  .Reportsof  terrible  famine 
in  Bulgaria.... 7.  John  A.  Collins  alias  Thorpe  hum- 
in  Auburn  lor  the  murder  of  a  fellow  convict..  Erie 
Canal  closed..  Wreck  of  the  Steamer  European  in 
the  English  channel.no  lives  lost.  .Rev.  Dr,  A.  T. 
tflcdsoe, editorand  author,  69,died  in  Alexandria, Va. 
•••Active  Temperance  crusade  in  Baltimore,  over 
12,000  sign  the  pledge. .  ..9.  $800,000 fire  in  Louisville, 
Ky.. .Plevna  surrendered  unconditionally  to  the 
Knssians  by  Osman  Pasha,  30,000  prisoners  and  77 
guns  surrendered....  to.  Gen.JohnM.  llarlan,  takes 
the  oath  of  office  as  Associate  Justice  of  the  U.  S 
Bum-erne  Court — 12.  The  Grand  Turkish  Council 
at  Constantinople  resolve  to  carry  on  the  war  to  the 
last  extremity..  The  Czar  visits  Usnian  Pasha,  and 
returns  his  sword.. ..J.  Cogswell  Perkins,  author, 
68,  died  at  Salem,  Mass..  13.  A  new  French  Minis- 
try announced..  Rev.  Samuel  Spring,  D.  D.,  Cong- 
regationalist  author, 85,dicd  in  East  liartford.Conn. 
l*.  Town  of  Osceola,  Mo.  taken  possession  of  by  a 
ffi*S?  .  mob.. Scrvia  declares  war  against  Turkey; 
the  Turks  burn  and  evacuate  Elena.. An  insurrection 

in  the  province  of  Amyre,  Crete 15.    The  Forte 

asks  the  European  powers  to  mediate.. The  Ser- 
vians cross  the  Turkish  frontier  at  Pirot.  and  inarch 
on  Kossovo,  and  on  the  i6thfortity  the  heights  ot'To-  „„ lv, .,.  -..„  „  ... „  , „,„_  .,„,..„ 

Rolnitza  and  Secanika,  comniaiiuing  the  defence  at  resolution  favoring  remonetiza  lion  of  the  silver  dol- 
itzsch . . . .  16.     President.  H&YPB  nominate*  Ax -Qov.  Inrnnri  nnssnirp  nt  the  Bland  hill. .Turks   cvflpuntrt 


sen  — 16.    President  Hayes  nominates  ex -Gov. 
.  JlcCormick,  of  Arizona,  Commissioner  Gene- 


<itzsch 

R.  C.  M ,..,  „ t 

ralto  the  Paris  Exposition... '.17.  Ar'daiutzsch  car- 
ried by  assault  by  the  Russians.  .All  the  powers  ex- 
cept England  refuse  tointerlero  between  Russia  and 
rurkey.. D'Aurellede  Paladines,  corps  commander 
in  i8;o-7r,  and  life  Senator  of  France, died  in  Paris. 
18.  Texas  State  troops  surrender  to  the  inob  at 
San  Elizario.  .Orders  given  in  Russia  for  the  imme- 
diate mobilization  of  oo.oooniore  troops '.9.  Jas. 

Ballantine,  author, 69,  died  in  Edingburgh, Scotland. 
..Reportsof  famine  in  Nothern  China.. Six  person.- 
suffocated  with  coal  gasat  Randolph,  Mass;  twochil- 
dren  burned  to  death  at  Newport,  N.  Y 20.  Ex- 
plosion in  Greenfield  &  Son's  confectionary  factory 
in  New  York,  15  lives  lost..  Cabinet  crisis  in  Ger- 
1118113-.. Russian  lossbythe  war  to  date,  officially 
stated  at  80,412  men.  .Mercy  B.  Jackson,  M.  D.,  Prof, 
of  diseases  of  children,  Boston  University, 78, died 
in  Boston — 21,  The  famous  racing  mare  Flora 
reniple,  died  neflr  Philadelphia,  aged  32  years. .. 
Prince  Charlesof  Roumania.receivesthe  IronCross 
from  the  Emperor  Wil.iam  —  22.  American  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History  at  New  York,  formally 
opened  by  President  Hayes.. Excise  Commissioner 
f  New  York,  absconds  with  $5o,ooo of  the 
ds — 23.  The  Porte  ineffectually  attempts 


Murphy  o! 
public  fun 


to  depose  Prince  Milan  of  Servia 


'ffectnally 
.  .Henry  M 


I.  Stanley 


arrives  at  Aden,  Arabia,  on  his  way  home.  .Terrible 
snow  storm  in  Roumania ;  hundreds  of  Russian  sol- 
diers and  Turkish  prisoners  perish  —  24.  Robert  P. 
Parrott,  (Parrott's  rifled  cannon,)  inventor,  died  at 
Cold  Spring,  N.  Y..  .Mrs  Hatfield  and  three  children 
drowned  through  the  ice  near  Yarmouth,  Nova  Sco- 
tia— The  insurgents  at  Crete  convoke  the  Nation- 
al Assembly  to  establish  a  Provincial  government. 
-.The  Servians  are  repulsed  at  Yatic,  but  capture 
Ak-Palanka  after  eight  hoursfighting — 26.  Thirty 
thousand  Servians  with  120  guns  invest  Nitzsch.. 
Montenegrins  defeat  a  Turkish  force  near  Dulcigno. 
..George  A.  Bailey,  publisher  of  the  Congressional 

Globe,  died  at  Deering,  Me 27.    The  Servians  are 

repulsed  at  Novi  Bazar  andPirot  by  the  Turks 

28.  Explosion  in  the  Stanton  shalt  near  \\ilkes- 
barre — 30.  The  British  Channel  fleet  and  all  com- 
missioned ships  under  repair,  ordered  to  be  ready 


years  superintendent'!1!,  Y.  State  Inebriate  Asylum, 
died  at  Bmghamton,  N.  Y — 31.  Gustave  Courbet, 
artist  ana  communist,  dicd.in  Paris...  President 
Hayes'  silver  wedding  celebrated  in  Washington. 

1878. 
January!.    John  S.Randall, noted  entomologist 


Report  of  the  massacre  of  JS.GCO  people  fn  K.ishgar 
by  the  Chinese.. Stanley  welcomed  nt  the  court  of 


in  Portsmouth  harbor..  John  Orton  Cole,  84,  died  in 
Albany.. Gen.  Alfonso  de  la  Marmora.  Italian  soldier 
and  statesman,  73,  died  in  Florence,  Italy — 8.  Oc- 
cupation of  Stahtza  and  Petrichero  bv  the  Russians. 
..  Retreat  of  Chakir  Pasha.  .Don  Francisco  de  laGn- 
erra,  Mexican  statesman,  died  in  Mexico.  Connt  de 
Palikao,  French  statesman  and  Senator,  81,  died* 
in  Paris. . .  9.  Russians  under  General  Radetsky 
capture  entire  Turkish  army  at  Shipka  Pass.  .Reso- 
lutions introduced  in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
favoring  a  gold  standard, andcimdenving the  Bland? 
SilverBill.  .VictorEmanuel  II,  King  of  Italy,  57,  died 
in  Home  —  n.  Fernando  Wood'sinvestigation res- 
olution passes  the  House ..  Nissa  captured  by  the  Ser- 
vians' alter  a  five  days'  battle.  .Eski-Saghra  and  Ye- 


Bulgiiris,  Greek  Statesman, died  in  Athens r2. 

Great  fire  in  London,  lossover$i,oco,cco 13.  Cen- 
tral Superintendcncy  of  Indian  affairsdiscontinued 
by  order  of  Secretary  Schurz — 14.  Thirteen  lives 
lost  by  the  wreck  of  the  schooner  Little  Kate.  6ft 
Duxbury.  Mass — is  Sixteen  persons  killed  and  a 
large  number  injured  by  a  railroad  accident  near 
Tariffville,  Conn.. $300.000  voted  for  the  new  State 
Capitol  at  Albany .  .General  McCIellan  inaugurated 

Governor  of  New  Jersey 16.  Lead  City,  Dakota, 

cap  ured  by  border  ruffians.. Samuel  Bowies,  jour- 
nalist (Springfield  Republican), 51,  died  at  Spring- 
field.  Mass. ...  17.  Four  negroes  killed  by  a  mob  at 
Lexington,  Kv.  .Treaty  of  commerce  and  friendship 

between  the  United  States  and  Samoa  signed 18, 

Commodore  George  W.  Hollins,  U.  S.  N.,  79,  died  at 

Baltimore 19.    The  Ohio  Senate    passes  a  joint 

resolution  favoring  remonetiza  lion  of  the  silver  dol- 
lar and  passage  of  the  Bland  bill.. Turks  evacuate 
Adrianople..  Banquet  to  Stanley  at  Paris.  .Insurrec- 
tion at  Thessaly  and  Macedonia — 21.  Cleopatra's 
needle  arrives  in  England.. Servian  troops  occupy 
Pristina  and  Kar  Shumli.-Widdin  completely  in- 
vested and  bombardment  commenced.  .E.  K.Col- 
lins, founder  of  Collins'  line  of  Steamships.76.died  in 


New  York  city 


Russians  occupy  Adrianople. 


23.    Marriage  of  Alfonso,  King  of  Spain,  to  the 

Princess  Mercedos  .The  Austrian  Cabinet  resigns. . 
Gen.  Atig  Willich,68,  died  atSt  Mary,  Ohio.... 24. 
Earls  of  Derby  and  Carnarvon,  of  the  British  Min- 
istry, resign 25.  The  U.  S.  Sen  te  passes  Mat. 

thews  Silver  resolution  —  26.  Terrible  famine  re- 
ported in  China;  9,cco,cco people  starving.  .William 
Gale  completes  a  walk  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  every 
ten  minutes  for  thirteen  consecutive  days. .  Dr.  Jno. 
Dornn,  a  noted  English  author,  70,  died  in  London. 

27.    Three  islands  in  Lake  Scutari,  captured  by 

Montenegrins.. George  P.  Gordon,  inventor  of  the 
Gordon  printing  press,  67,  died  in  Norfolk,  Va — 28. 
Defeatofthe  Turkish  army  at  Raschasink  by  the 
Servians.  .Revolt  in  Athens — 29.  Turks  defeated 
by  Thessalian  insurgents  on  Mount  Pelion..  Sir  Ed- 
ward S.  Creasy.  English  historian,  65,  died  in  I.on. 

don 30.  Joseph  Hildebrand,  German  philosopher, 

72,  died  in  Germany.  .  31.  Sir.  Metropolis,  Phila- 
delphia to  Brazii.driven  ashore  on  Currituck  Beach,. 
N.C.,  and  wrecked,  nearly  ico  lives  lost.  .Armistice 

signed  between  Russia  and  Turkey February  i. 

Storm  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  many  vessels  wrecked 
.Panic in  Constantinople.. Russians  occupy  Kazan 
.  .Stranding  of  British  steamer  Astarte  at  Castillos, 
and  30  lives  lost. .  .George  Cruikshank,  English  art- 
ist and  designer,  8s,  died  in  London — 2.  Fostal 
convention  signed  between  the  United  States  and 

Australia 3.    £co  Red  Cloud  Indians  go  upon  the 

war-path... Gov.  Wells, of  Louisiana, surrenders... 
Chas.  Thomas,  brevet  Mai-Gen.  U.  S.  A.,  80,  dies  at 
Washington,  D.C..Erzei-oum  surrenders  to  the  Rus- 
sians .An  asylum  in  Tien-Tsin,  China,  burned  with 

2,oco  persons 5.  Prefect  of  St.  Petersburg  shot  by 

Vera  Sassulitch 6.    Russians  take  posses-ion  ol 

the  fortifications  at  Constantinople..  .7  Ciovanni 
M.  M.  Ferretti,  Pope  Pius IX,  85,  diesat  Borne. .Con- 
clusion of  Louisiana  trial;  Anderson  convicted. . 


tor  sea  by  January  15.  .G.  Dod-:e,  M.  D.,  for  several  8.    Tornadoat  Augusta  Ga 9.    Epirus insurgents 

„• ..._    .  _„, —    proclaim  a  union  withGreece.  .Immense  tidal  wave 


011  the  coastof  Peru.. Evacuation  of  Widdin,  Rust 
chuk,  Silistria,  and  Belgradshvik  by  the  Turks  — 
n.  Ship  British  America  and  brig  Carrie  Winnow 
collide  off  Sandy  Hook;  several  lives  lost...  Gideon 
Wells,  ex-Sec,  of  Navy,  75,  died  in  Hartford,  Conn. 


and  numismatist,  6o,died  atUtica.N.  Y 2.    Alba-  ..  Charles  M.  Conrad,  ex-U.  S.  Senator  andex-Sec. 

nia  invaded  by  the  Montenegrins.  .Turksdefeated  at  of  War,  73,  died  in  Now  Orleans,  La..  .Wm.  Welsh. 


Bogrov.. Seven  men  killed  by  a  nitro-glycerine  ex- 
plosion at  Negaunee,  Mich. .  Emile  Lambinet,  French 
artistic,  died  in  Paris 3.  Russians  capture  So 


philanthropist,  76,  died  in  Philadelphia.  ..12  Recep- 
tion by  Congress  of  Carpenter's  picture  of  Abraham 
Lincoln 13.  The  British  fleet  entered  the  Dar- 


phia  in  Central  Turkey.. Communication  between  danclles.. Rev.  Dr.  Alexander  Duff,  missionary,  71. 
Servians  and   the  Russian  army  of  the  Vid..Re-!dicd  atLidmouth.Eng.  ..Mother 'leresa  (MissMui.v 

treat  of  Suleiman  Pasha  on  Stalitza 4.    Marquis  Hannah  Sewell), founder  ol  areligiousorder,87,dieil 

Wilopolski,  Polish  statesman,  died  in  London.  ...5.  in  Baltimore 14.    Turkish  Parliament  dissolved 


CHRONOLOGY. 


159 


...  .15.  Opening  of  the  Spanish  Cortes.  .Bayard  Tay- 
lor nominated  Minister  to  Germany 16.  Passage 

of  the  Bland  slver  bill.  .Withdrawal  of  the  British 
fleet  to  Madanca  Bav... Rev.  Win.  Goodell,  pioneer 
abolitionist. 85,  died'at  Janesville.  Wis 17.  Four- 
teen persons  drowned  by  the  sinking  of  the  steamer 
C.  R.  Palmer.  .Disastrous  fire  in  New  York,  two 

churches  and  six  stores  burned;  loss.  $1.000,000 

18.  Russia  persuaded  not  to  occupy  Constantinople 
..20.  End  of  the  ten-years' Cuban  rebellion.. Car- 
dinal Pecci  elected  Pope,  and  takes  the  name  of  Leo 

XIII 21.  Concurrence  of  the  House  in  the  Senate 

amendments  to  the  silver  bill,  and  tiie  measure  sent 
to  the  President...  22.  National  Greenback  party 
organized  at  Toledo,  Ohio. .  I'rof.  Albert Smi  h.M.D., 

LL.D.,  78,  died  at  Peterboro,  N.H 23.  Passage  ot 

imactby  the  Utah  legislature  disfranchising  Gen- 
tiles  24.  Collision  of  a  ferryboat  and  a  schooner 

in  the  Hudson  river;  several  killed...  25.  K.  W. 
Taylor,  first  Comptroller  of  V.  S.  Treasury,  di'-d  in 
Washington . . Hon.  Townsend  Harris.  ex-U.S.  Consii' 
to  Japan,  died  in  N.Y. City. .Gen.  Duplessis.  Frcml 
soldier,  died  in  Paris — 26.  Destructive  floods  in 
California, causing  the  loss  ot"  many  lives.. Father 
AngeloSacchi,  Italian  astronomer,  60,  died  in  Pisa. 

Italy 27.  The  Bland  silver  bill  vetoed  by  the 

President.  .The  Archbishop  of  Rennet  died  there — 
28.  Passage  of  the  Bland  silver  bill  over  the  Presi- 
dent's veto,  .reorganization  of  the  New  York  State 

Military  Association March  i.  Excitement  in 

England,  and  preparations  made  for  a  conflict  with 
Russia. . .  .2.  Duel  between  M.  deCassagnacand  M. 
Thompson,  the  latter  wounded  in  the  throat..  Beni. 
F.  Wade,  ex-Vice-President  of  U.  S.  and  ex-U.S. 

Senator,  77.  died  at  Jefferson,  O 3.  Signing  of  the 

treaty  of6an  Stel'ano  between  Russia  and  Turkey. . 
Coronation  of  Pope  LeoXIII..Greatdemonst  ration 
at  Pottstuwn,  Pa.,  in  opposition  to  the  Tariff  bill — 
4.  Tornado  in  Casey  county,  Ky.,  and  several  per- 
sons killed.. Mr.  Porter, V>f  Indianapolis,  nominated 
tor  first  comptroller  of  the  Treasury..  Confirmation 

of  Bayard  Taylor  as  Minister  to  Germany §.  Hot 

Springs,  Ark.,  nearly  destroyed  by  fire — 6.  Judge 
Asa  l.riggs,  ex-M.C.  and  ex-U.S.  Senator  from  N.  C.. 
68,  died  in  N.Y.  City 7.  Opening  of  Italian  parlia- 
ment. ..Count  Paolo  F.  Pchlopis,  one  of  the  "Ala- 
bama" arbitrators,  an  Italian  slat'  sman,79,  died  in 
Jtaly..The  Archduke  Francis,  uncle  of  Emperor  of 
Austria,  died  in  Vienna. .  .8.  Colliery  explosion  near 

Glasgow,  great  loss  of  life 9.  Printing  ot  one  and 

two  dollar  greenbacks  resumed  by  the  Treasury  de- 
partment..Terrific  wind  and  snow  storm  in  the 
west;  snow  15  feet  deep  in  the  streets  of  Cheyenne, 

Wyo 10.  Outbreak  of  cholera  in  Arabia . .  Burning 

of  the  transport  steamer  Sphinx  near  CapeE  in, 
7  .coo  Circassians  perish... Overthrow  of  President 

Baez  in  San  Domingo 11.  Disgraceful  hazing 

affair  at  Dartmouth  College — 12.  Colliery  explo- 
sion near  Bolton,  Eng.,  40  lives  lost. . .  13.  Jefferson 
county,  \V.  Va.,  swept  by  a  terrific  stonn..A.Viollet 
le  Duc-architect,  landscape  painter  and  author. 

died  in  Paris 14.  Commodore  Robert  F.Pinkn  y, 

U.S.N.,  66,  died  at  Baltimore,  Md 16.  Commodore 

John  H.  Graham,  U.S.N.,84,  died  at  Newbury,  N. 
H. .. England  commencesa  war  with  the  Caffresin 

South  Africa 17.  Treaty  of  peace  ratified  at  St. 

Petersburg.  .Robbery  of  the  Lechmere  bank,  Boston 

...18.  Greatstrike  of  weavers  in  England...  .19. 
O'Donovan  Rossa  riot  in  Toronto,  Can... Anderson 
released  by  order  of  Supreme  Court  of  La..  .20.  End 
of  the  Hayti  rebellion...  Prince  Bismarck's  ultima- 
tum to  Nicaragua. ..Paul  Boy  ton  swims  ihe  Strait 

of  Gibraltar 22.  Five  persons  killed  byab>iler 

explosion  at  Richmond,  Va 23.  Steamer  Magenta 

Imrstsa  steam  pipe  near  SingSin£r,N.Y.,six  persons 
killed.. O'Leary  wins  the  international  walking 
match  in  London .  .4  ceo  houses  destroyed  by  fire  in 
Tokio,  Japan... John  Alli.-on,  Register  of  the  Treas- 
ury and  ex-M.  C.,died  in  Washington,  D.  C —  24. 
Sinking  of  the  British  naval  training  ship  Eurydice 
off  the  Isle  ot  Wight,  3coli\es  lost. .  .25.  Amillion- 

dollar  fire  in  Philadelphia 26.  Fire  in  New  York, 

loss$";oo,cco. . .  .27.  Forty  persons  killed  by  a  colliery 
explosion  in  North  Staffordshire,  Eng. ..  28.  Glenni 
W.  Scofield  confirmed  as  Register  of  theTreajury 
.  ...30.  Ex-President  Grant  received  by  the  Pope  — 
April  i.  Opening  ot  the  Mexican  Congress.. Marquis 
ol  Salisbury  becomes  Secretary  of  State  in  English 
Cabinet...  2.  Assassination  of  the  Earl  of  Leitrim, 
clerk  and  driver,  in  Derry,  Ireland  —  f,.  Mob  vio- 
lence in  Rho<le  Island  cotton  mills,  Kent  county.. 20 
persons  killed  and  injured  by  an  oil  explosion  at 

Mauch  Chunk 7.  Burning  of  the  Bath,  N.  Y.. 

poorhottse,  is  inmates  perish  in  the  flames... Boiler 
explosion  in  a  Boston  factory  and  several  persons 

killed 9.  Thirteen  buildings  destroyed  by  fire  in 

(ialveston,  Texas u.  Steenburg.  the  Amsterdam, 

N.Y.,  murderer,  confesses  to  eleven  murders. .  Prince 
Napoleon  Lucicn  C.  J.  F.  Murat  died  in  Paris.  ..E.\. 


Chief  Justice  T.  Bigelow,68,  died  in  Boston,  Maw... 
Rev.  George  Putnam,  D.U..  71,  died  in  Boston,  Mass. 

12.  Portions  of  Kansas  K  wept  by  a  tornado,  great 

loss  oflile  and  property . . Wm.  F.  Tweed.  55,  died  in 
New  York  E.  Delatield  Smith.  ex-U.  S.  District  At- 
torney, died  in  New  York.  .Dr.  J.  Behrendt,  ethnol- 
ogist, died  in  Guatemala,  (Central  America.  .George 

Tyler  Bigelow,  LL.D. ,68,  died  in  Boston,  Mass 13. 

F'ifteen  acresof  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  burned  over,  loss 
$500,000.  .Oxford  wins  the  boat  race  with  Cambridge 
on  the  Thames.  ...14.  Canton,  China,  devastated  by 
a  hurricane,  accompanied  by  two  water-spouts... 
Town  of  Goa,  Venezuela,  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake...17.  Three  murderers  I  vuched  at  Huntsvillc,  I 
Ala. ..18.  Collision  between  white  and  black  miners,  j 
and  a  number  killed,  at  Coal  Creek,  Ind — 19.  A  ' 
general  strike  in  the  manufacturing  districts  of 
England. . Riots  in  Montreal... Geo.  W.  Blunt,  Pilot 
Commissioner  and  author,  76,  died  in  New  York.. 
Rev.P.  F  Lynden,  Catholic  Vicnr-general  of  Boston, 
66,died  there.  ...20.  Rev.  J.  P.  Dubreuii,D.D.,Vicar- 
h  general  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  63,  died  there — 2r.  The 
Azor  sails  from  Charleston,  S.  C.,  with  250  colored 
emigrants  for  Liberia — 22.  Promulgation  of  th« 
Pope'sencyclical  asserting  temporal  power. .Nihil- 
ist troubles  in  Ru=sia...Wm.  Orton.  President  Wes- 
tern Union  Telegraph  Co.,  54,  died  in  New  York 

23.  Destructive  tornado  in  western  Iowa... 24.  Prof. 
Malaguti,  chemist,  78,  died  in  Sevres,  France — 26. 
Geo.  Grant,  founder  Victoria  Colony,  Kansas,  dieii 

there 27.    The  Barclav  street  explosion,  in  New 

York  City,  loss$i,5oo,ooor. Delegation  of  distinguish- 
ed Southerners  entertained  at  Boston 28.  Gen. 

Todleben  appointed  to  succeed  the  Grand  Duko 
Nicholas  in  command  of  the  Russian  army  in  Tur- 
kcv.. Twenty  persons  killed  bv  a  boiler  explosion  at 
Dublin,  Ireland — 30.  First  contingent  of  British 

troops  sent  to  Malta May  i.    Opening  of  Paria 

Exposition. .  John  Morriasey,  gambler,  State  Senator 
and  ex-M.C. ,47,  died  at  Saratoga — 2.    Flour  mill 
explosion  at  Minneapolis,  killing  17  persons. .  W.  S. 
'Brien,  "Bonanza.  King, "died  at  San  Rafael, Cal. 

4.    England  transports  native  troops  from  India 

to  operate  agninstKussia 5.    Count  SchouvalolJf 

sets  off  on  a  mission  of  peace — 6.  Packard  nom- 
inated fur  consn  1  at  Liverpool  —  7.  An  in su rrectioti 
in  Central  Turkey;  21  Mohammedan  villages  des- 
troyed  10.  The  Canadian  parliament  prorogued 

..S.S.  Sardinian  burned  at  harbor  of  Londonderry, 
three  killed  and  forty  injured. ..Troubles  with  thu 
Mexicunson  the  Texas  border. ..The  bankrupt  act 

repeal  bill  passed it.  Attempted  assassination  of 

Emperor  William  by  Hoedel...  13.  Seventeen  Am- 
erican vessels  chartered  by  Russia... Catharine  E. 
Beechor,  educator  and  author,  77,  died  in  Elmira,  N. 

Y 13.    Prof.  Joseph  8.  Henry,  LL.D.,  scientist, 

secretary  Smithsonian  Institute.  80,  died  in  Wash- 
ington,  1>  ('...Mrs.  John  Bright,  wife  of  Hon.  John 
Bright,  iH<  datRockdale,  Eng.... Mai. -Gen.  Thos. S. 
Dakin,  ccl.  brated  rilleshot,  46,  died  in  Brooklyn,}*'. 

Y 16.    Cotton  strike  riots  atPreston,  Manchester 

and   Burnly,  Ens 17.    The  Potter  investigation 

ordered  by  the  llou<e  ot  Representatives. .  .Message 

from  President  Hayes  on  the  fishery  award 18, 

Meeting  of  the  American  Bocia  I  Science  Association 

in  Cincinnati 19.    Forty  persons  burned  todeatli 

in  a  Calcutta  theatre.  .Rev.  S.  M.  Isaacs,  journalist, 
74.  died  in  New  York — 22.  A  pleasure  steamer  cap- 
si/.ed  in  Grand  river.  Canada,  and  nine  persons 
drowned.. Francis Perallo rode 305  miles  in  i4hrs 
andsi  niiu.  at  Fleetwood  Park,  N  Y.  .,.23.  An  Indian 
outbreak  in  Montana. ..  24.  Greatstomi  in  Wi.»con- 
sin,  attended  with  loss  of  life  — 25.  Dmhessof 
Argyle  died  at  Edinburgh... John  A.  Bolles,  naval 
Solicitor-general.  69,  died  in  Washington.  .J  no.  Scott 

Harrison, ex-M.  C.,died  at  North  Bend.  Ind 28. 

Invitations  to  the  Berlin  Congress  issued  by  Ger- 
many..Earl  Rusiell  (Lord  John  Rnssel), formerly 
British  Premier, 86, died  in  London, Eng.  ..'to.  Severe 
drought  on  the  Island  of  Jamaica...  Sinning  of  thu 
German  naval  vessel  Grosser  Kurlurstin  th"  Eng- 
lish channel,  and  nearly  300  lives  lost.  The  body  or 
the  son  of  ex-President  Harrison  found  in  an  Ohio 
medical  college — June  i.  Uprising  of  the  Bannock 
Indians. . .  .2.  A  tornado  destroy sico  Houses  a t  Rich- 
mond, Mo..  Wreck  of  the  str.  Idaho  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland.. .Nobeling  attempts  the  assassination  of 

Emperor  William 3.    yera  Sassiilitch  escapes 

from  the  Russian  authorities. .  .400  Russians  mas- 
sacred in  Roumelia — 6.  The  Pope  appeals  to  tho 
lowers  to  protect  Catholics  in  Turkey..  Rev.  Nath't 
touton,  D-D.,  historian,  77,  died  at  Concord.  N.  H... 
John  Wingate  Thornton,  historian,  60.  diedat  Bo»« 
ton.  Mass.  .Gen. Neville  Baraguay  d'Hillicrs,  French 

soldier  and  statesman,  83,  died  at  Paris 7.  Peaco 

proclaimed  in  Cuba..  Colliery  explosion  in  Lanca- 
shire, Eng.,  killing  240  pel-tons... The  act  repealing 
the  bankrupt  law  signed  by  the  President.  .Five 
=  egrocs  lynched  at  Bayou  Sara,  La — 9.  Capt.  liar 


I  ,1 


16u 


CHRONOLOGY. 


per's  fight  •with  the  Bannock  Indians...  Amnesty]  ...31.  Ratification  of  *'r.e  treaty  of  Berlin..  Hanloa 
granted  to  Cuban  patriot  prisoners. .  .Turkey  selects, defeats  Ross  in  n  boat  ra<-,e  at  Riverside,  N.  B. . .  31 
two  Christians  to  attend  the  Berlin  Congress.  .Bul-[  Yellow  lever  bre  •>  ks  out  at  New  Orleans August 


..ii.    A  Russian  embassy  sent  to  Cabul...H.  T. 

Montague,  actor,  35,  died  in  San  Francisco 12. 

Ge.n.  Gfrant  received  witn  great  honor  a  tBt  Pcters- 
barg.  .H.mloii  winstlie  scull  race  at  Barrie,  Out. .. 
Kus-sian  torpedo  boat  explodes  at  Nicolaieff,  and  34 
persons  killed  — 13.  Tin:  Sultan  ratines  the  Berlin 
treaty .  .Serious  Orange  riot  in  Ottawa.  .The  cabinet 
approvestlie  universal  po  tal  treaty.. Yellow  fever 

appears  at  Memphis,  Tenn 15.    Passenger  train 

wrecked  near  Chillicothe. Ohio..  Austriansdefeated 
n  ar  Tuzla.;  tacy  Baxter,  Prof,  of  Elocution  at  Har- 
vard Universi.y,  60,  died  at  Cape  May.  N.  J J.  H 


ister,  diesat  Washington.  D.C  ...11.  Ten  thousandlBuffalo,  N.Y.,  ihe  fastest  time  on  record... Coinmo- 
natives  killed  by  a  tornado  in  China..  Adjournment  dore  Chaa.  H.Jackson,  U.S.  N.,  75,  died  in  Philadel- 
of  the  French  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Deputies...  phia — 6.  Bogardus  wins  the  Internationa  I  shout- 
Downfall  of  the  Catholic  Ministry  in  Belgium..  Wm.  ing  match  in  England.  .  7.  Beginning  of  the  Aus- 
Cullen  Bryant,  poet  and  journalist, 83,  died  in  New'tro-Bosnian  war.  .Collision  on  the  Panhandle  R.  R 
York.. Ex-King  Georgeof  Hanover  died  — 13.  Meet-jnearS.eubenvillc.O. ;  15  persons  killed  and  4oin- 

ing  of  the  Berlin  Ccngress..Prof.G.W.Keeley.LL.D.,jjured 8.    Powder  magazine  explodes  at  Fratesi, 

73,  died  in  Waterville,  Me 14.    Messrs.  Fenton(  Russia,  killing  45  persons 9.    'ierrificstorinand 

Groesbeck  and  Walkcrnominatedascoinmissioners  loss  of  many  lives  at  Wallingford,  Conn o.    Ar- 

to  tho  International  Monetary  Congress — 18.  Col.  rival  at  New  York  of  the  Columbia  crew.. Opening 
Wm.M.Vermilye,  founder  of  banking  house,  72,diediof  the  international  monetary  conference  at  Paris 
in  New  York.  ...19.  Schr.  Eo;  hen  sails  from  New 
York  for  the  Arctic  reeionsin  quest  of  the  relics  of 
Sir  John  Franklin. ..Centennial  anniversary  of  the 
evacuationof  Valley  Forge.. Rev.Chas.Hodge,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  theological  professor  and  author,  83,  died  al 
Princeton, N.J..Thos.Winans,of  Baltimore, inventor 
and  millionaire, died  at  Newport,  R.I — 20.  Hanlan 
defeats  Morris  in  a  sculling  race  at  Hulton.Pa... 
Congress  adjourns..  (Jen.  Fitz  Henry  Warren,  62,  died 
at  Brim  field.  Mass.  .800  French  Communist*  pardon- 
ed  22.  Great  fire  in  Montreal  —  23.  Col.  Gco.  P. 

Kane,  Mavor  of  Baltimore,  Ac.,  died   there. ...24.   ......  .............  w  ...,i.  .1....  ..r,  ..*...,»..........,  •,. 

Chas.  T.  Matthews,  comedian,  77,  died  in  Maiiches-  Raymond,  LL.D.,  President  Vassar  College, 6,«, died 

ter.  Eng — 25.    Battle  with  tho  Indians  \t  Curry  at  rough kcep.-io,  N.  Y 16.    Hoedel  beueiided  at 

Creek,  Oregon 26.  liussia scndstroopsinto  Rcrvia  " 

....2*.  Queen  Mercedes  of  Spain,  18,  diesat  Madrid, 
Spain  —  27.  Austria  empowered  to  occupy  Bosni-i 
and  Herzegovina... Judge  Sidney  Breese,  ex-U.  8. 
Senator.  83,  died  in  Illinois.. Mrs.  Sarah  H.  P.  Whit- 
man, poet  and  author,  75,  died  in  Providence,  R.I. 

28.    Harvard  deteals  Yale  in  a  boat  race  at  New 

London,  Conn.. Centennial  of  tho  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth  in  New  Jersey  —  29.  Tunnel  caves  in  at 
Bchwclm.Ger. , burying 25  persons — July  i.  Iiide 
pendence  of  Roumania  and  Montenegro  acknowl- 
edged  2.  Twenty  fire  thousand  men  out  of 

employment  in  the  Schuylkill  mining  regions — 3. 
Centennial  anniversary  ot  the  massacre  of  Wyoin- 
ing.  ..Dr.  J.  C.  Aver,  cheniist  mid  patent  medicine 

manufacturer,  died  at  Winchendon,  Mass 4.    Ten 

persons  killed  and  fifteen  injured  by  lightning  at  • 
picnic  nc-ar  Pittsburgh. .  A  New  London  picnic  party 
struek  by  lightning... Rev.  Johu  Dowling,  1).  D., 
Clergyman  and  author,  70,  died  lit  Mid  .letown,  N.Y. 
—  5.  Victory  of  the  Columbia  College  crew  at  the 
Henley  regatta  in  England — 6.  Indian  fights  in 

Oregon 7.    Batouin  ceded  to  Russia.,  i.esignation 

of  the  Austrian  Cabinet.. 4.700  houses  destroyed  by  of  Lake  Michigan,  extending  over  160  miles — 3. 
fire  in  Mandalay,  Burmah... French  elections  forlBUbop  McCoskry,  of  Michigan,  deposed  (rood  the 
dcputies.and  large  Republican  gains..  Explosion  ii  Epi.-copate. Sinking  of  the  steamer  Princess  Alice  in 

the  Thames,  causing  a  loss  of  over  500  lives 6. 


,.,      .     . 

Berlin  — 17.  Rapid  spread  of  the  yellow  fever  in 
the  (South. .. Richard  Upjohn,  architect,  77, died  in 

ew  York 18.  Terrible  explosion  at  Pottsville.Pa. 

.Gen.  (.'rant  has  mi  interview  with  the  Czar ao. 

Austrians occupy  Serajevo — at.  National  regatta 
atNewark.  .lix-Queen  Maria  Christina dc  Bourbon 
>ff*palu  72.  died  atSt.Adrcssc,  France. .  Wni.  Niblo, 

founder  of  Niblo's  Garden,  89,  died  at  New  York 

1*    Powder  mills  explode  at  NMnanee.Mida.  .and 

several  employees  killed 2?.    Ex-Gov.  Padclford, 

of  R.I..  71,  died  at  Providence,  R.I — 30.  A  pardon 
:othp  Fenians  Melody  and  Condon  granted  by  the 
CnglMi  government".  ...Miskolez,  Hungary,  almost, 
ntirely  destroyed  by  a  storm,  mid  over  500  persons 
rowncd..A  miro-glyccrine  explosion  at  Negaunoe, 
Mich.,  \viili  great  loss  of  life — 31.  A  general  rush 
nto bankruptcy, owing  to  the  expiration  of  the 
tankrapt  act..  Judge  Thomas  B.  D  wight,  41,  died  in 

Andover,  Mass September  i.    J.  G.  Dickerson, 

U>.  L)  .Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  ot  Maine, 65,  died 
n  San  Fraucisco — 2.  Anniversary  of  Sedan  cele- 
>rated  in  German v.. British  Columbia  wants  to 
withdraw  from  the  Union. .  Forest  fires  on  theshorn 


a  petroleum  factory  in  France.and  3o  lives  lost. . . 
8.  Battle  with  the  Indians  at  Willow  Springsand 
Beasley's  Mills,  Oregon... Geo.  8.  Apple-ton,  book 
publisher,  53.  died  at  Riverside,  N.Y..  .9.  Announce 
ment  of  a  secret  treaty  between  England  and  Tur 
key — 10.  (Jen.  Howard  fights  a  severe  battle  a 
Head  Birch  Creek  ...12.  Capt,  Webb  swims abou 
40  miles  in  9  hrs.  57  min.,  Thames  river,  England... 
13.  Berlin  treaty  signed  by  all  the  plenipotentiaries 
and  Congress  adjourns... Harvey  J.  Eastman,  edu 

cator,  mayor  ot   Poughkeepsie,  died   there 14 

Canadian  troops  flre  into  a  mob  at  St.  Henri  June 
tion  ...u.  Removal  of  Arthur  and  Cornell  from  the 
New  York,  custom-house. .  .1=0  cases  of  sunstroke  at 
St.  Louis — 18.  A  train  of  22  cars  fall  tiirougha 
bridge  at  a  height  of  90  feet  near  Montlcello,  Ind. 
killingscveralpersons — 20.  Gen.  Merrittbecomes 
collector,  and  Gen.  Graham  surveyor  of  customs  at 
New  York 
States  Uisi 
21.  Grand  Army  encampment  at  Gettysburg 22 


ork... Geo.  F.  She pley, judge  of  First  United 

District  Court,  Maine,  67,  died  in  Bangor 

and  Army  encampment  at  Gettysburg 22. 

Lord  Beaconsfleld  made  a  knight  of  the  garter — 23. 
The  order  ot  the  garter  conferred  upon  the  Marquis 
of  Salisbury... Meeting  of  the  National  Greenback 
Convention  nt»Syracuse..Riotat  EastSt. Louis,  Mo. 
..•'Minnie  Warren"  (Mrs.  Newell),  a  very  beautiful 
dwarf,  sister  of  Mrs.  Tom  Thumb,  28,  died  in  Massa- 
chusetts  25.  British  ship  Loch  Ard  lost  with  47 

lives.  .Rev.  Samuel  C.  Jackson,  D.D.,  c  ongregation- 
alist  clergy  man  and  author,7&,  died  in  Mass — 26.  A 
boat  capsizes  near  blackwater,  Ireland ;  14  children 
and  3  tea  hers  drowned..  Riotous  demonstrations!!! 
Washington,  D.C — Col.  Forsyth  routes  the  Indian- 
near  Sharkic's  ranche 28.  Grand  banquet  to 

Beaconsfleld  and  Salisbury  in  London... Austrian 
army  enters  Bosnia... Marquis  of  Lome  appointe' 
Governor-General  of  Canada... 29.  Total  eclipse  ol 
the  sun,  observations  l>eing  made  at  Denver  and 
Other  points — Four  negroes  hnngcd  by  a  mob  at 
ifonroc,  La — 33.  German  parliamentary  election 


Gen.  J.  T.  Spraguc,  U.  S.  A  ,  died  in  New  YorK  Citr 
— 7.  Albanians  murder  Mehemet  Ali,  the  Turkish 
general,  and  20  of  his  suite — 8.  Trebinje  surrend- 
er, d  to  the  Austrians 9.  Meeting  of  the  German 

Reichstag.. Maine  election,  and  large  increase  of 
Greenback  vole — ii.  Two  hundred  and  eighty 
lives  lost  by  a  colliery  explosion  in  Wales — 13. 
Etasdant  evacuate  Er/.en>nm.  .(Jreatstorms  in  tho 
west,  causing  much  destruction  to  railroad  prop- 
erty  14.  The  Porte  accepts  the  English  pro- 
gramme of  reforms  for  Asia  Minor — 16.  Defeat  of 
the  Canadian  Government  in  the  elections  — 17. 
The  Butler-Democratic-Greenback  Convention  at 
Worcester.. Rev.  Parre  P.  Irving,  D.  D.,  Episcopal 
nephew  of  Washington  Irving,  and  author.72 


at  New  Bri  htpii.S.  I,,  New 
A 


copal 
,  died 


18.   Ex  Gov. 


L.  Chariot,  of  I  l.,78,  died  at  Dixon,Ill 10.    Ar- 

ivalot  the  Chinese  Embassy  in  Washington. Chey- 
nne  raid  in  Kansas.  .Col.  Thomas  K.  Thorpe.author, 
63,  died  in  New  York — 22.  Whole  towns  swi-pt 
.iwny  bv  a  tornado  in  Hay ti.. British  mission  to 
Afghanistan  retuM-d  permission  to  enter  Cabul  — 
23.  Russians  evacuate  San  Stetano.  .Eruption  of  ML 

Vesuvius.  .Tuzia  surrendered  to  the  Austrians 

2*.  Suicide  of  Ex-Congressman  A.  H.  Laflln,  at 
I'itchburg,  Mass.. Treaty  between  the  United  Stati -it 
and  the  Samoan  Islands  ratified. .Col.  James  A. 
Hamilton,  eldest  surviving  son  of  Alexander  Ham- 
lton,9o, died  atlrvington.  N  Y..2J.  Joliu  Perm,  an 
eminent  mechanical  engineer,  died  in  Philadel- 
phia. .(Jen.  Henry  Raymond,  oldest  survivor  of  the 
\var  of  1812,  9o,  Jersey  City....Ex-Ju<ige  B.  V. 
Thomas,  Ex-M.  C.,  died  atSnlem.  Mass  .Dr.  August 
f.Petennann, eminent  geographer,  by  suicide,  v\ 
iotha,  Germany  —  29.  Betrothal  of  the  old  King 

>f  Holland TO    Yellow   fever  at  its  height  at 

Memphis  and  New  Orleans;  more  than  300  deaths 

,  r  day Octobers.     Failure  of  the  t  ity  of  Glas- 

ow  B  nk.  Austrian  -ministerial  crisis.. Jtotint'loii, 


CHRONOLOGY. 


161 


Hint  of  Bnrmah,  probably,  (tied  Sf  pt  12, but  not  an- 
nounced till  Oct.  2.  .Cyrille  Dion,  champion  billiard 
player,  35,  died  at  Montreal,  Can  —  3.  Hunlon  de- 
K-iits  Courtney  in  a  sculling  race  at  Lachiu  •,  Can. . . 
4.  Insurrection  in  Santa  Cruz.. Turks  massacre 


sian  den.  Kauffman's  extraordinary  assurance  to 

the  Ameer.. British  success  in  Khyberpas.s 23. 

Arrival  of  the  Sarmatianat  Halifax  with  the  Mar- 
quis and  Marchioness  of  Lome  on  board....  24.  Un- 
vriling  of  the  Humboldt  statue  at  St.  Louis 25. 


i?adi  1'asha,  and  156  officers  and  men  at  Podgoritza] Sinking  of  the  steamer  Ppmmerania  by  a  collision 

— 5    Austria  conquers  the  Bosnian  insurgents luear  the  Eng.ish  coast,  with  the  lossof  twenty  lives 

sir  Francis  Grant,  Pn-sident  Royal  Academy.  75!. .27.    Khurura  Fortoccupied  by  the  British.. Flight 
diedin  London,  Eng.. 6.   Lord  Clielmsford  died  in  of  the  Afghan  garrison  to  Peiwar Fitty  persons 


Boston;  21  persons  killed  and  a  large  number  in-  "Godey's  Lady's  Book,"  76,  diedin  Philadelphia... 
jured — 9.  The  Forte's  circular  to  the  powers  nr-'English  forces  enter  Khyber  pass,in  Afghanistan... 
rests  Austrian  cruel  ties  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  '29.  Riot  in  Breathitt  county,  Ky..Lyman  Tremain, 
....10.  Kt  Rev.  Thomas  Galbeny,  D.  D.,  R.  C.  Ex-M.  C.  and  Ex-Attorney-General  of  N.  Y., 60, died 


Bishop  of  Hartford,  45,  died  there  ____  n.    Panic  in  a 

Liverpool  theatre,  :•  2  persons  trampled  to  death.  ... 

Archbishop  Felix  AntoineDupanloup,  of  Bordeaux, 
member  of  French  Assembly,  died  at  Bordeaux  ..... 

15.    The  town  of  Edinburgh,  Pa.,  reduced  to  ashes.  . 
Five  negroes  lynched  at  Mt.  Vernon...-i4-    Myste- 
rious murder  of  Policeman  Smith,  at  Jersey  City... 
The  jury  in  the  Biiling*  trial  disagree,  and  are  dis- 
charged. .Meeting  held  at  Rheimsin  favor  of  the 
Vranco-Americiin  commercial  treaty  .  .Pierre  Sonte, 
«£x-Minister  to  Spain,  rebel  Commissioner,  diedin 
New   Orleans,   La  —  15.     Commodore  Scnufeldt's 
cruise   to  Africa..  Baron  Von  Pretis  Cognoda  in- 
trusted with  the  task  of  forming  a  new  Austrian 
cabinet  —  16.    Convention  signed  between  the  Cre- 
tans and  the  Turks..  Nine  persons  killed  by  a  panic 
in  a  colored  Baptist  Church,  at  Lynchburg,  Va.... 

Gen.  Gideon  J.  Pillow,  Mexican  war  and  rebel  Gen- 
eral, died  at£t.  Helena,  Ark....  17.    A  New  Bedford 

whaler  capsized  and  73  fishermen  drowned  ......  i9. 

Passage  or  the  German  Anti-socialist  bill  ____  Benja- 

min H.  La  trope.  Jr.,  eminent  civil  engineer,  71,  died 
in  Baltimore,  Md  —  20.  Rear  Admiral  Hiram  Pauld- 
ing,  U.S.N.,8i,  died  at  Huntington,  L.  I  ____  20.  The 


,  . 

German  Socialists  leave  the  Reichstag  in  a  body... 
Railroad  collision  in  Wales.and  12  persons  killed  and 
20  injured  —  21.    Fifteen  villages  inundated  by  the 
Nile..Rt  Rev.  S.  N.  Rosecrans,  R.  C.  Bishop  of  Co- 
lumbus, and  brother  of  Gen.  Rosecrans,  51,  died  at 
Columbus  —  22.    Resignation  of  the  whole  Italian 
cabinet  —  23.      Pennsylvania  Yisited  by  a  wind- 
storm, and  many  people  killed  and  injured.  .  .Cardi- 
nal Paul  Cullcn,  75,  diedin  Dublin  ____  25.    Loss  of 

the  steamer  City  ot  Houston,  on  the  Florida  coast.. 
Moncasi  attempts  the  assassination  ot  King  Alfonso, 
of  Spain....  27.    Robbery  of  the  Manhattan  Bank, 

New  York  —  28.    Strike  9f  30,000  Clyde  iron  work- 
ers.. Bulgarian  insurrection  spreading..  Arrival  in 
Irelandof  Lord  Dufferin  —  30.    Resignation  of  the 
Grecian  Ministry  —  3!.    Terrible  ravages  of  cholera 
in  Morocco..  Steamer  Helvetia,  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York,  runs  down  and  sinks  the  British  coast- 
guard cruiser  Fanny,  and  i7  lives  lost  ____  November 

i.    Great  conflagration  in  Maynooth  College,  Ire-  ______  _______         ________  ______ 

land..  Extensive  strike  in  English  cotton-spinning  years.  .John  H.  Almv,  <ournalist  and  former  army 
district..  Garnier  Page,  French  statesman  and  his- 


tinople.  77,  died  in  Europe  — 6.  Jean  Jaques  Fazy, 
Swiss  statesman, died  in  Switzerland 7.  Rob- 
bery of  A.  T.  Stewart's  grave  in  New  York.. Appeal 
of  Mormon  women  in  Utah  against  polygamy..  .H. 
W.  Bache,  U.  S.  coast  survey,  died  in  Bristol,  R.  I. . 
Robert  Howell.  artist,  engraver  of  "  Audubon's 


Birds,"  died  at  Tarry  town,  N.  Y. 
part  of  Cape' - 


.9.    Principal 


Berlin,  66,  died  in  Chicago — 12.  Switzerland  gives 
notice  that  she  will  withdraw  from  the  Latin  Union 
..Endofthe  yellow  fever  in  the  southwest.  .Total 


of  12,000  people  —  14.    Gen.   Grant  received  with 


sanante  attempts  the  life  of  Humbert  I.,  of  Italy 

Publication  of  Lord  Salisbury's  reply  to  S-cretary 
Evarts  on  the  fishery  question. . . .  18.  Political  mas- 
sacre at  Lemberg,  Germany.. Destructive  inunda- 
tion in  Norwich,  England.. Assassina  ion  of  Don 
Manuel  Pardo.Ex-President  of  Peru  .  Serious  loss  ol 
'life  by  inundation  of  the  river  Save,  at  Pesth.  Aus- 
tria— 20.  A  reward  of  $50,000  offered  for  the  re- 


covery of  A.   T.Stewart's   body  and  conviction  of  Ex-1'resident  of  the  University  of  Iowa,  died   iu 
the    thieves. .War  begun    between  England    and  Hartford,  Conn... Ex-Gov.  Onslow  Stearns,  of  Now 


Afghanistan.^Duel  between  M.  Gambetta  and  M. 
de  Fourtou;  neither  injured  ...21.  Explosion  ata 
coal  mine  at  Sullivan,  Ind.,  fourteen  men  killed  and 
a  number  injured..  Payment  of  the  fisheries  award 
under  protest  by  Minister  WeUh  in  London,  Rus- 


in  Albany.. Col.  Robert Chustre  Buchanan,  U.S.A., 
' ', diedin  Washington, D.  C.. Commodore  William 
,  Spicer,  U.S.N.,57,  died  in  Washington  —  Decem- 
ber i.    Collision   on   the   Mississippi  between  the 


steame-s  Charles  Morgan  and  Cotton  Valley;  sink- 
ing ot  thelatter  with  the  loss  of  20  lives..  George  H. 
Lewis,  author,  husband  of  "George  Eliot,"  died  iu 
London.  .Alfred  Wigan.  an  actor,  died  in  London... 
2.    Opening  of  the  International  Dairy  Exhibition 
in  New  York  city  ____  Congress  convenes..  Kt  Rev. 

Joseph   P.   B.  Wilmer,  Professor,  Bishop  of  New 
Orleans,  died  there  ____  3.    Evacuation  of  Jelallabad 

by  the  Ameer'sforces;  twenty  villages  burned  and 
most  of  the  inhabitants  massacred  by  the  Macedo- 
nian insurgents..  4.    Openinaof  the  English  Parlia- 
ment.. Formation  of  a  new  Turkish  Ministry..  Gen- 
eral Roberts  wins  a  victory  in  Peiwar  pass..  —  5 
Ovation  to  Emperor  William  on  his  return  to  Ber- 
lin .....  Capt.  Whyte  Mtlville,  novelist,  died  in  Eng- 

land. .Scnor  Rivero.chief  of  the  progressionists  and 
democrats  in  Spain,  died  there  —  7.    Arrest  of  an 
American,  Rmner,  in  Constantinople,  charged  with 
conspiracy  agirinstthe  Sultan  —  8.    Failure  of  the 
West  of  England   Bank  ____  9.     Publication  of  the 

Ameer's  reply  to  the  Viceroy  of  India.  .British  Con- 
sulate at  Adrianople  raided  by  the  Russians  .....  10. 

Banishment  of  Mahmoud  Dainad  Pasha  to  Tripoli.. 
Heavy  floods  in  New  York  and  various  other  States 
..James  II.  Monahan,  Chief  Justice  of  Common 
Pleas  and  privy  councillor,  73,  died  in  Dublin  ...... 

Henry  Wells,  founder  of  WelU  College,  and  Wells  & 
Fargo's  Express,  73,  died  in  Glasgow,  Scotland  ..... 

ii.    Discovery  of  rich   silver  fields  at  Leadville, 
Colorado..  12.    A  general  uprising  reported  against 
the  authority  of  the  Ameer  in  Afghanistan  —  .The 
commandant  of  Fort  Ali-Musjid  blown  from  the 
mouth  ot  a  cannon..  The  Afghans  plead  for  peace... 
14.    Abdul  Kerim   and   Redif  Pasha  banished   to 
Rhodes..  The  Princess  Alice  Mand  Mary,  of  England, 
Grand  Duchess  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  died  at  Darm- 
stadt of  diphtheria,  aged  35  years  .......  16.    Cholera 

and  famine  carrying  off  thousands  ofpeople  iu  Mo- 
rocco.. Severe  business  depression  In  England....  17. 

Gold  at  par  in  New  York  city  for  the  first  time  in  i7 


ld  at  p 
rs.  .Jo 


.  .  .  , 

agent,  48,  died  in   New  York  —  18.    Execution  of 


torian,  died  in  Paris — 3.    Christopher  R.  Robert,  Jack  Kehoe,  leader  of  the  Molly  Maguires.. Steamer 
philanthropist,  founder  of  Robert  College,  Constan-  Byzantin  sunkin  the  Dardanelles,  and  100  liveslost 


, 
..Formation  of  a  new  Italian  Cabinet  .....  19.    Bay- 

ard Taylbr,  author,  traveller  and  poet,  American. 
Minister  to  Germany.  53,  died  in  Berlin...  20.    Jelal- 
labad  occupied   by  Gen.   Browne  —  Flight  of  the 
Ameer  from  Cabul  to  Turkestan  ......  21.    Reported 

loss  of  the  brig  C.  R.  Burgess,  bound  from  Boston  to 
England,  witli  all  on  board  ......  Rev.  Dr.  McCauley 


»„......,«,....,«.  i.  .......  y.     i  mi.  n/.n  ,  ......        .       .  , 

May,  N.  J.,  destroyed  by  an  incendiary  principal  of  King's  College,  Windsor,  N.  S.,  died 

re.  ...ii.    Mul  fiat   Pasha   appointed  Governor  of  there  ____  24.    Accident  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  Rail- 

yria  .....  N.B.Judd,  Ex-M.  C.,  and  Ex-Minister  to 


road, and  five  persons  killed.. American  steamshi 
State  of  Louisiana  founders  upon  the  rocks  of  Lousih 
Lame,  Ireland. .Rear  Admiral  Hoff,  U.S.N.,69,  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C Rev.  Jos.  B.  O'Hagan,  S.  J 


number  of'deathsf^m  the  scourge,  20,000.  .Memphis  Presidentof  College  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Worcester, 
the  greatest  proportional  sufferer;  5,000  deaths  out  Mass.,  died  there 26.    Rev.  Leonard  Woods.  D. 


D..LLD.,  Ex-President  of  l  owdoin  College,  died  in 

Mass Submission  of  Yakoob  Khan,  son  ot  the 

Ameer,  and  virtual  ending  of  the  Afghan  war.  .The 
capital  of  Northern  Brazil  devastated  by  small- 
pox ;  600  deaths  daily 27.  Arrival  of  the  Ameer 

of  Afghanistan  at  Tashkend News  received  of 

the  loss  of  the  steamer  Emily  B.  Souder,  iwo  day* 
out  of  New  York,  on  the  loth  instant,  with  the  loss 

of  36  lives Gen.  D.  C.  Collum,  Superintendent  of 

Railways  and  Army  Transportation,  during  tho 
war,  and  former  Superintendent  of  Erie  Railway, 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  .Rev.  George  Thacher,  D.t)., 


Hampshire,  diedin  Concord,  N.  H..Nitro-i;!ycerino 
explosion  at  Upper  Prcakncss,  N.  J.,  killing  throe 

men 30.    Harriet  Grotc,  widow  of  George  Grote, 

authoress,  died  in  London. 


POLICE  STATISTICS. 


-     *:,. 

'   "       •' 

/ 
% 

POLICE  STATISTICS  IN  VARIOUS  CITIES. 


NEW  TOEK — Number  of  officers  2,600;  Patrolmen's  pay  $100  per 
month;  Sergeants'  pay  $133  per  month;  Captains'  $166  per 
month;  latest  census,  1875,  1,046,037;  -number  of  arrests  78,451; 
arerage  per  officer  37;  square  miles  41;  Superintendent,  G.  W. 
"Walling. 

PHILADELPHIA — Number  of  Patrolmen  1,200;  1876,  arrests  44,919; 
Patrolmen's  pay  $2.25  per  diem;  Captains'  pay  $125  per  month; 
Sergeants  pay  $90.20  per  month;  Population  1876,  817,488;  K.  H. 
Jones,  Chief  of  Police.  Square  miles  1 25",;  square  acres  82,803; 
Park  Police  114;  number  of  Buildings  Jan.  1st,  1876,  145,001; 
4  Captains;  26  Lieutenants;  62  Sergeants. 

BROOKLYN— Number  of  officers  567;  Patrolmen's  pay  $100  per  month; 
Sergeants' pay  $133  per  month;  Captains' $166  per  month;  offi- 
cial census,  1870,  396,099;  number  of  arrests  25,558;  average  per 
officer  45;  square  miles  25;  Superintendent,  Patrick  Campbell. 

• 
ST.  Louis— Number  of  officers  439;  Patrolmen's  pay  $75  per  month; 

Sergeants'  pay  $100  per  month;  Captains'  $150  per  month;  official 
census,  1870,  310,864;  number  of  arrests  19,082;  average  per 
officer  51;  square  miles  5.2;  Superintendent,  James  McDonough. 

BOSTON — Number  of  officers  630;  Patrolmen's  pay  $90  per  month; 
Sergeants'  pay  $100  per  month;  Captains'  pay  $150  per  month ; 
official  census,  1870,  250,526;  number  of  arrests  25,261;  average 
per  officer  51;  square  miles  104;  Superintendent,  Wm.  Savage. 

BALTIMORE — Number  of  officers  592 ;  Patrolmen's  pay  $78  per  month ; 
Sergeants'  pay  $82  per  month;  Lieutenants'  pay  $86  per  month; 
Captains' pay  $92  per  month;  official  census,  1870,  267,354;  num- 
ber of  arrests  26,365;  average  ner  officer  47;  square  miles  1G; 
Superintendent,  John  T.  Gray. 


POLICE  STATIS 1ICS.  'IJ 

NEW  ORLEANS — Number  of  officers  585;  official  census,  1870,  191,418; 
number  of  arrests  21,286;  average  per  officer  50;  square  miles 
150,  Superintendent,  W.  F.  Loan. 

CHICAGO — Number  of  officers  507;  Patrolmen's  pay  $850  per  year; 
Sergeants'  pay  $1,220  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,615  per  year; 
population  298,977;  square  miles  40;  Superintendent,  M.  C. 
Hickey. 

CINCINNATI — Number  of  officers  332;  Patrolmen's  pay  $66.67;  Lieu- 
tenants'pay  $75  per  month;  official  census,  1870, 216,239;  num- 
ber of  arrests  4,517;  average  per  officer  26;  square  miles  24; 
Superintendent,  Ira  Wood. 

COLUMBUS,  O. — Number  of  officers  37;  number  of  arrests  4,031; 
average  per  officer  109;  Superintendent,  Samuel  Thompson. 

BUFFALO — Number  of  officers  203;  Patrolmen's  pay  $66.67  per  month-; 
Sergeants' pay  $75  per  month;  Captains',  $100  per  month;  official 
census,  1870,  118,000;  number  of  arrests  8,858;  average  per 
officer  44;  square  miles  27;  Superintendent,  John  Byrnes. 

AT/RANT — Number  of  officers  112 ;  Patrolmen's  pay  $68  per  month ; 
Lieutenants'  pay  $85  per  month;  Captains'  pay  $116  per  month; 
official  census,  1870,  69,422;  number  of  arrests  6,373;  average 

per  officer  56;  square  miles  22;  Superintendent,  John  Maloy. 

•  .. 

SAN  FRANCISCO — Number  of  officers  150;  Patrolmen's  pay  $125  gold, 
per  month;  Sergeants'  pay  $150  per  month;  Captains',  $175 
per  month;  official  census,  1870,  149,473;  number  of  arrests 
20,108;  average  per  officer  134;  square  miles  37.5;  Superintend- 
ent, H.  H.  Ellis. 

WASHINGTON — Number  of  officers  232;  Patrolmen's  pay  $90  per 
month;  Sergeants'  pay  $100  per  month;  Lieutenants'  pay  $150 
per  month;  official  census,  1870,  109,099;  number  of  arrests 
14,226;  average  per  officer  62;  square  miles  14;  Superintendent, 
A.  C.  Bichards. 

CLEVELAND — Number  of  officers  171;  Patrolmen's  pay  $825  per  year; 
Sergeants'  pay  $930  per  year;  Lieutenants'  pay  $1,020  per  year; 
Captains' pay  1,400  per  year;  official  census,  1870,  92,229;  square 
miles  29;  Superintendent,  J.  W.  Schmitt. 


164  POLICE  STATISTICS. 

TOLEDO — Number  of  officers  52;  Patrolmen's  pay  $720  per  year? 
Sergeants' pay  $800  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,700  per  year:  offi- 
cial census,  1870,  31,584;  square  miles  16;  Superintendent,  J.  C. 
Purdy. 

MILWAUKIE — Number  of  officers  62;  Patrolmen's  pay  $66  per  month;, 
Sergeants'  pay  $75  per  month ;  Captains'  pay  $80  per  month ; 
official  census,  1870,  71,440;  square  miles  13;  Superintendent, 
Wm.  Beck. 

WOECESTEK — Number  of  officers  50;  Patrolmen's  pay  $820  per  year;- 
Captains'  pay  $900  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,600  per  year;  popu- 
lation 41,405;  square  miles  12;  Superintendent,  Ansel  Wash- 
burne. 

CHELSEA,. MASS. — Number  of  officers  22;  Patrolmen's  pay  $2.25  per 
day;  Sergeants'  pay  $2.50  per  day;  Captains'  pay  $3  per  day; 
official  census,  1870,  18,547;  square  miles  1.8;  Superintendent* 
Wm.  P.  Drury. 

JERSEY  CITY — Number  of  force  165 ;  Four  stations  2  subs.  ;  Chief 
Benjamin  Murphy,  salary  $2,000;  Four  Captains  $1,500;  Sixteen 
Sergeants  $960 ;  Patrolmen  $840.  The  numerical  strength  of  De- 
partment is  considered  inadequate  in  proportion  to  number  of  pop- 
ulation, valuation  of  property  and  area  square  miles  to  patrol. 

CHARLESTON,  S.  C. — Number  of  officers  138;  official  census,  1870,  48,- 
956;  number  of  arrests  2,705;  average  per  officer  20;  square 
miles  16;  Superintendent,  H.  W.  Hendricks. 

NEWABK,  N.  J. — Number  of  officers  177;  official  census,  1870,  105,059;. 
number  of  arrests  6,752;  average  per  officer  38;  Superintendent, 
Jno.  Mills. 

SALEM,  MASS. — Number  of  officers  42;  official  census,  1870,  24,117; 
number  of  arrests  1,682;  average  per  officer  40;  Superintendent, 
Hill. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  IND. — Number  of  officers  62 ;  Patrolmen's  pay  $900  per 
year;  Captains'  pay  $1,200  per  year;  official  census,  1870,  48,244; 
Superintendent,,  A.  C.  Dewey. 

COVINOTON,  Ky. — Number  of  officers  20;  Patrolmen's  pay  $720  per 
year;  Lieutenant's  pay  $1,200  per  year;  official  census,  1870,  24,- 
502;  Superintendent,  P.  J.  Bolan. 

LOWELL— Number  of  officers  52;  Patrolmen's  pay  $900  per  year; 
Captains'  pay  $1,200;  Chief's  pay  $1,800  per  year;  population 
40,928. 


POLICE  STATISTICS.  1C,"> 

AJU.EGHAKY — Number  of  officers  57;  Patrolmens'  pay  $803  per  year; 
Captains'  pay  $900  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,000  per  year;  popu- 
lation 53,180;  number  of  arrests  2,641. 

OSWEGO — Number  of  officers  11;  Patrolmen's  pay  $60  per  month; 
Captains' pay  $960  per  year;  population  20,910;  number  of  arrests 
1,117;  Chief,  Nathan  Lee. 

PROVIDENCE — Number  of  officers  191;  Patrolmens'  pay  $1,080  per  year; 
Captai/is'  pay  $1,300  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,250;  number  of  ar- 
rests .-8,964 

BICHMOND — Number  of  officers  84:  Patrolmens'  pay  $900  per  year; 
Captains'  pay  $1,200  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $2,000  per  year;  pop- 
ulation 51,038;  number  of  arrests  6,800. 

UTICA — Number  of  officers  20;  Patrolmens'  pay  $720  per  year;  Assist- 
ant Chief's  pay  $960  per  year;  Chief's  pay  $1,200  per  year;  pop- 
ulation 28,804;  number  of  arrests,  1876, 1,200;  average  per  officer 
60;  square  miles  8;  cost  Dept.  $16,000;  Chief,  James  Dwyer. 

SYRACUSE — Number  of  officers  34;  Patrolmen's  pay  $75  per  month; 
Captains'  pay  $1,200  per  year;  Chief 'spay  $1,500  per  year;  popu- 
lation 60,000;  number  of  arrests,  1876,  3,360;  arerage  per  officer 
33;  Chief,  Thomas  Davis. 

NORFOLK — Population,  1870,  19,256;  number  of  force  44;  Chief's  pay 
$3  per  day;  Assistant  Chief's  pay  $2.75  per  day;  Patrolmen's  pay 
$2  per  day;  18  hours'  duty  in  48;  number  of  arrests,  1876,  1,977. 

BEADING — Number  of  officers  28;  pay  $45  per  month  with  uniform; 
Chief's  pay  $950  per  year;  population  33,000;  Chief,  Peter  Cullin. 


HARRISBURG — Population  30,000;  Chief,  Christian  Cilley;  pay 

per  year;  Lieutenant's  pay  $780  per  year;  Officers' pay  $600  per 
year;  square  miles  3|. 

SCRANTON — Population  35,000;  Chief,  Jack  Breese;  number  of  officers 
11;  pay  $75  per  month. 

PATTON — Population,  1870,  30,473;  number  of  force  35;  Chief's  pay 
$1,440  per  year;  Sergeants' pay  $900  per  year;  Roundsmen's  pay 
$850  per  year;  Patrolmen's  pay  $800  per  year;  11  hows'  duty 
every  24;  Chief,  Amos  Clark. 


If.G  POLICE.— ROYAL   FAMILY   OF  ENGLAND. 

LONDON,  ENG. — Number  of  officers  8,833;  population  in  1878,  3,533,- 
184;  number  of  arrests  42,951;  average  per  officer  8;  square 
miles  122;  Superintendent,  J.  T.  "Willmayer. 

LIVERPOOL,  ENG. — Number  of  officers  1,018 ;  population  in  1878,  527,- 
000;  number  of  arrests  32,243;  average  per  office*  32;  square 
miles  12;  Superintendent,  Anthony  Jones. 

MANCHESTER,  ENG. — Number  of  officers  682;  population  in  1878,  400,- 
000;  number  of  arrests  31,158;  average  per  officer  46;  Superin- 
tendent, W.  H.  Palin,  Oh.  Con. 

DUBLIN,  IRELAND — Number  of  officers  2,085;  population  in  1878, 314,- 
666;  number  of  arrests  32,243;  average  per  officer  16;  square 
miles  5 . 


THE  QUEEN  AND  ROYAL  FAMILY  OF  ENGLAND. 

THE  QUEEN.— VICTOBIA,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, Queen,  Defender  of  the  Faith.  Her  Majesty  was  born  in  Kensington  Palace, 
May  24,  1819;  succeeded  to  the  throne  June  20, 1837,  on  the  death  of  her  uncle, 
King  William  IV.;  was  crowned  June  28,  1838;  and  married  Feb.  10,  1840,  to  His 
Royal  Highness,  Prince  Albert.  Her  Majesty  is  the  only  child  of  his  late  Royal 
Highness,  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  son  of  King  George  HL  The  children  of  Her 
Majesty  are — 

Her  Royal  Highness  Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Louisa,  PBINCESS  ROYAL  OP  ENG- 
LAND AND  PBUSSIA,  born  Nov.  21,  1840,  and  married  to  His  Royal  Highness  William, 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Germany,  Jan.  5,  1858,  and  has  had  issue,  four  sons  and  four 
daughters.  One  son  (the  third,)  died  June  18,  1866.  The  eldest  daughter,  V.  E. 
A.  Charlotte,  was  married  Feb.  18, 1878,  to  Hereditary  Prince  of  Saxe  Meiningen,  and 
has  one  child. 

His  Royal  Highness  Albert  Edward,  PBINCE  OP  WALES,  Born  Nov.  9, 1841 ;  mar- 
ried, March  10,  1863,  Alexandria  of  Denmark,  (Princess  of  Wales),  born  Dec.  1, 
1844,  and  has  had  issue,  Prince  Albert  Victor,  born  Jan.  8,  1864,  George  Frederick 
Ernest  Albert,  born  June  3, 1865;  Louisa  Victoria  Alexandra  Dagmar,  born  Feb. 
20, 1867;  Victoria  Alexandra  Olga  Mary,  born  July  6, 1868;  Maude  Charlotte  Mary 
Victoria,  born  Nov.  26,  1869,  and  Alexander  J.  C.  A.,  born  6th  April,  died  7th 
April,  1871. 

Her  Royal  Highness  Alice  Maud  Mary,  born  April  25,  1843;  married  to  H.  R.  H. 
Prince  Louis  Frederick  of  Hesse,  July  1,  1862,  and  has  issue  five  daughters  and  one 
son;  second  son  killed  by  accident  May,  1873;  Youngest  daughter  died  of  diph- 
theria, Nov.  15,  1878,  and  H.  R.  H.  died  of  the  same  disease,  Dec.  14,  1878. 

His  Royal  Highness  Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  duke  of  Edinburgh,  born  Aug.  6, 
1844;  married  Her  Imperial  Highness,  the  Grand  Dutchees  Marie,  of  Russia,  Jan.  23, 
1874,  and  has  one  son  and  three  daughters. 

Her  Royal  Highness  Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  born  May  25,  1846;  married  to 
H.  R.  H.  Prince  Frederick  Christian  Charles  Augustus  Schleswig-Holstein-Son- 
derburg-Augustenburg,  July  5,  1866,  and  has  had  issue  three  sons  and  two 
daughters.  The  youngest  son  died  when  seven  days  old,  May  19,  1876. 

Her  Royal  Highness  Louisa  Carolina  Alberta,  born  March  18, 1848;  married  to 
the  Marquis  of  Lome,  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Argyle,  March,  1871.  The  Mar- 
iquis  is  now  Governor  General  of  Canada. 

1  His  Royal  Highness  Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert,  born  May  1,  1850,  Duke  of 
Connaught,  married  March  13,  1879,  to  the  Princess  Louisa  Margaret,  grand  niece 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  and  daughter  of  Prince  Frederick  Karl.  H.  R.  H.  has 
received  the  appointment  of  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

His  Royal  Highness  Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  born  April  7,  1853,  H.  R.  H. 
is  expected  to  take  orders  in  the  Anglican  Church  the  present  year,  (1879). 

Her  Royal  Highness  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore,  born  April  14,  1857. 


FOREIGN   NATIONS. 


167 


FOREIGN    NATIONS. 


t  PKESENT  KULEKS,  POPULATION,  SQUARE  MILES,  ETC. 


STATES,  4c. 

CAPITALS. 

RCLKRS,  4c. 

TITLES. 

POPLT'N. 

Sq  MILES 

RELIGION. 

Magdala  

JohannpsIMCiis.su 
Tu  Due.. 

King   

3,000,000 
7,600,000 

IO,OOO,OOo 

1,  500,00o 

1,877,500 

7-700,49! 
1,507,000 

I.20O,000 

5-4I2.23J 
5.253,82! 

I,000,00o 
2,000,00o 

l,7So,oo0 

10,196,328 

3,400,000 

I,O2O,OO0 
3  873,000 
720,984 
!25.000.000 

2,300,000 
2,851,  8<8 
8,ooo,oc0 

20O,OOo 

300,000 

1,950,400 

I,  lOO.OOo 

5,250,000 
36,905.788 
42.727.260 
33,«95,023 
1,457,894 

I,lfo,00o 

884,218 

700,500 
350,000 
27,769,47"; 
33,110,825 
820,000 
3,000,000 

553,897 
95,682 

9,158,250 

1IO.OOO 

3,750,000 

3,924,792 
250,000 
3'9-3i4 
50,000 
300,000 
5,000,000 
3,37)  ooo 
4,367,882 
25,742,404 
5.376.000 
85,68";,945 
182,599 
194,494 
292,4  3 
2,760,586 
62,000 
150,000 
660,000 
1,720,000 
5,700,000 
"23.262,000 
6,303,395 

2,770,035 
28,165,000 
49,185,000 
440,000 
1,784,194 
1,815.05? 
150,000 

158,000 
500,000 
600,000 
175,000 
838,600 
240,940 
5,824 
344,400 
29,292 
11,372 
140,000 
500,870 
290,000 
3,288,000 
192,000 
33,524 
3,620,510 
222,308 
4,540,000 
126,060 
323.750 
90,300 
26,040 

15,218 
248,380 
212.800 
204,096 
20V44 
I  1,115 
'9,353 
40,776 
2,965 
29,828 
47,090 
114,406 
155,525 
60,000 
228.570 
5,138 
1,131 
743,820 
1,710 
260.000 
12,680 
58,170 
2,470 
42.470 
,56-7oo 
036,000 
503,380 
35,8i2 
137,566 
49,262 
8,325,3  3 
760 
933 
1,421 
5,"88 
7,628 
20.596 
7,3-^5 
18.787 
339,000 
320,975 
293.260 
15.091 
1,742.874 
3,603,844 
73.53» 
403,276 

7'g5 

Coptic. 
Moham'dan, 
Buddhist. 
Moham'dan. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic, 
R.  C.  4  Prot 
Moham'dan.. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic. 
Moham'dan, 
R.  Catholic. 
Pagan. 
R.  Catholic. 
Buddhist. 
Buddhist. 
Protestant. 
Protestant 
Bud.  4  Pagan. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic. 
3onfuc4Bud. 
R.  Catholic. 
Pagan. 
Lutheran. 
R.  Catholic. 
Mahom'-da.n, 
R.  Catholic. 
Protestant. 
Protestant. 
Greek  (liYcfc 
R.  Catholic. 
Lutheran. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic, 
R.  C-ithalic, 
Buddhist. 
Prote  tant. 
Christian. 
Lutheran. 
Lutheran, 
R.  Catholic. 
Greek  Ch'rck 
Moham'dan. 
Prote-tant. 
R.  Catholic. 
Lutheran. 
Protestant. 
R.  Catholic. 
Moham'dan. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic. 
Protestant 
GreekCh'rch 
Greek  Ch'rch 
Lutheran. 
Lutheran. 
Lutheran. 
Luth.  4  R.  C. 
Protestant. 
R.  Catholic. 
R.  Catholic. 
Greek  Ch'rck 
Buddhist. 
R,  Catholic. 
Lutheran. 
I'rot.  4  R  C. 
Moham'dan. 
Christian. 
R.  Calholic. 
R.  Catholic. 
Lutheran. 
Mohani'dan. 

Shah  

Anam  (Cochin  China) 
Aral.  i:i  (Muscat1  
Argentine  Republic.. 
Austro-Hungary  
Baden  
Barbary  States  
Bavaria  
Belgium  
Beloochistan  
Bolivia.  ..7.  

Hue  

Muscat  
Buenoa  Ayres. 
Vienna  
Carlsruhe  
Tripoli  
Munich  
Brussels  
Kelat  
3ruro  

Sevd  B.  Bin  Said. 
Dr.  N.  Aveilaneda 
Francis  Joseph  I. 
Frederick  I  
Dabri  Pasha  
Louis  1  1  
Leopold  II  
Khodadad  
Gen.  H.  Daga  
Abdul  Mumein  — 
Dom  Pedro  1  1  
Thebo  
Ong  S'detchN'd'm 
Marquis  of  Lome. 
Sir  H.B.E.  Frere.. 
KuangSu  
Anabal  Pinto  
Aquileo  Parra  — 
Zung-Che  
Dr.  A.  Esquivel... 
Adahaonzon  II... 
Christian  IX  
GendeVeintimilla 
Tewflk  Pasha  
J.  de  Grevy  
William  I  
Victoria  I  
George  I  
J.  Rufino  Barrios. 
Louis  IV  
Gen.  B.  Canal  
Vlarco  A.  Soto  
Humbert  I  
Mu'suHito  
A.  W.  Gurdner  
Rana-  ot  >  II  
Kred'k  Francis  II. 
Kred'k  William  I. 
Gen.Porflrio  Diaz. 
Nicola*  
Muley  Hassan  
William  III  
P.  J.  Chnmorro... 
Peter  I  
J.  H.  Brand  
J.  Baptista  Gill... 
Nassar-ed-Din  — 

Dom  Luis  I  
William  I  

Imaum  
President  — 
Emperor  — 
Grand  Duke. 
Pasha  
King  
King  
Khan  
President  — 
Sultan  
Emperor  — 
King  

Brazil  

Rio  de  Janeiro 
Vlandalay  
Pan  om  pm  .  .. 
Ottawa  
Cape  Town  — 
Pekin  

Cambodia  
Canada,  Dominion  of 
Cape  Colony  
China  

Gov.  General 
Governor  
Emperor  — 
President  — 
President..  . 

Chili  
Colombia  
Corea   
Costa  Rica  
Dahomey  
Denmark  
Ecuador  
Kgypt  
France  
Germany  ••••;•••• 
Gt,  Britain  A  Ireland 
Greece  
Guatemala  
Hesse  
Hayti  
Honduras  
Italy  
Japan  
Liberia  

Santiago  
Bogota  
Kingkitao  
San  Jose  
Abomey  
Copenhagen  .  . 
Quito  
Cairo  
Paris  
Berlin  
London  
Athens  
Guatemala  
Darmstadt  — 
P't-au  Prince. 
Comayagua... 
Rome  
Tokio  
Monrovia  
Antananarivo 
Schwerin  
Strelitz  

President  — 
King  
King  
President.... 
Khedive  
President  — 
Emperor  — 
Queen  
King  
President... 
Grand  Duke 
President.... 
Pr-  sident  — 
King  
Mikado  
President  — 
Jueen  
Grand  Duke 
3rand  Duke 
President  — 
Hospodar.... 
Sultan  

Mecklen'g  Schwerin. 
Micklenberg  Strelitz. 
Mexico  
Montenegro.  
Morocco  
Netherlands  

Mexico  
Cettigne  
Morocco  
Amsterdam... 
Managa  
Oldenburg   .  .  . 
Blcemfontein. 
Asuncion  
Teheran  
Lima  
Lisbon  

President  — 
Grand  Duke 
President  — 
President.... 
Shah   
President..  .  . 
King  

Oldenburg  
Orange  Free  States.  .  . 
Paraguay  
Persia  
Peru  
Portugal  
Prussia  

Roumania  
Russia  
Saze  Coburg  &  Gotha. 
Saxe-Meiningen  
Saxe-  Weimar  
Saxony  
Sandwich  Islands  ... 
San  Domingo  
San  Salvador  
Servia  
Siam  
Spain  
Sweden  A  Norway.  .  . 
Switzerland  
Turkey  

Bucharest  
St.  Petersburg 
Gotha  AC'b'rg 
Meiningen  — 
Weimar  
Dresden  
Honolulu  
San  Domingo. 
San  Salvador. 
Belgrade  
Bangkok  
Madrid  
Stockholm  
Berne  
Constantinopl 
Washinston..  . 
Monte  Video.. 
Caracas  
Stuttgart  
Zanzibar  

Karl  J  
Alexander  II  
Ernstll  
George  II  
Charles  Alex'nder 
Albert  1  
David  Kalakaua.  . 
UlyssesTEspaillet 
Rafael  Zaldivar.. 
MirnObrenovicIV 
P.  S.  Par.iininthra 
Alfonso  XII  
Oscar  II  
Dr.K.  Schcnck  — 
Abdul  Hamid  II.. 
Rutherf'd  B.Hayes 
L.  Latorrc  
Gen.  F.  Alcantara 
CharlesI  
SeydB.  Bin  Said... 

Domnu  
Emperor  — 
Duke  
Duke  
Grand  Duke 
King.  ».  — 
King  
President  — 
President  
Hospodar  — 
First  King  .. 
King  
King  
President  
Sultan  
President...  . 
Dictator  ... 
President.... 
King  
Sultan  

United  States  
Uruguay  
Venezuela    
Wurtemburg  
Zanzibar  

•With    its    Colonies. 


1G3 


COMMERCE   WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN. 

THE  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  its  dependencies  and 
Colonies,  has  always  been  our  largest  customer  for  our  productions,  and  was  for 
many  years  our  largest  creditor  also,  sending  us  her  manufactured  goods  and  receiv- 
ing in  return  our  raw  materials  in  such  quantities  as  she  required  for  home  or 
foreign  consumption,  and  thus  having  almost  always  a  balance  of  trade  against  us, 
which  we  were  obliged  to  pay  in  coin. 

Of  late  years,  the  balance  has  been  the  other  way,  and  a  large  portion  of  GUI 
bonded  debt,  held  by  foreigners,  has  been  paid  from  this  surplus. 

It  will  be  interesting  and  instructive  to  review  this  commerce  for  the  89  years  of 
which  we  have  record  of  it.  In  1790,  we  imported  from  Great  Britain,  merchan- 
dise of  the  value  of  $13,563,044,  and  exported  to  her  and  her  dependencies,  mer- 
chandise valued  at  $6,888,478,  our  exports  thus  being  almost  exactly  one-half  of  our 
imports.  Oar  total  imports  in  1790,  were  $23,000,000,  and  our  total  exports 
$20,205,156.  Our  total  imports  in  1878,  were  $466,872,846,  and  our  total  exports 
$722,811,815.  In  1878,  our  imports  of  merchandise  from  the  British  Empire,  were 
$157,244,933,  and  our  exports  of  merchandise  to  the  countries  comprising  that 
Empire,  were  $452,032,886. 

The  imports  and  exports  of  specie  and  bullion,  which  were  about  equal,  are 
excluded  in  both  cases.  In  other  words,  our  imports  are  about  12  times  as  large 
as  they  were  in  1790,  and  our  exports  65|  times  as  large.  It  will  be  interesting  to 
notice  some  of  the  items  which  made  up  our  early  exports  to  Great  Britain,  and 
to  compare  them  with  the  exports  at  the  present  time.  In  this  way  we  can  ascertain, 
in  part,  what  have  been  our  principal  productions,  for,  as  a  general  rule,  a  nation 
exports  only  those  things  of  which  it  has  a  surplus,  after  supplying  its  own  wants. 
In  rare  instances,  it  has  not  facilities  for  working  up  its  raw  material  to  advantage, 
.  and  exports  it,  receiving  back  that  material  in  a  manufactured  form.  This  was  the 
case  with  our  cotton,  to  some  extent,  for  many  years,  and  also  with  our  ores  of  cop- 
per, zinc,  &c.,  and  the  demand  was  so  great  abroad  for  some  of  our  fruits,  that  the 
entire  crop  was  exported.  The  following  table  gives  our  principal  articles  of  export 
to  Great  Britain,  in  1790.  Some  of  these  were  goods  imported  and  re-exported 
by  us: 

EXPOBTS    FKOM    THE    UNITED    STATES    TO    GEEAT    BEITAIN    DUBING    THE    FISCAL    TEAR 
ENDED    SEPT.    30,    1790. 

Quantity.  Value. 

Tobacco,  hogsheads 73,708  $2,754,493 

Cotton,  raw,  bales 1,403  47,428 

Ashes,  pot  and  pearl,  tons 7,675  747.079 

Flax-seed,  cakes 36,917  219,924 

Wheat,   bushels 292,042  355,361 

Corn,  bushels 98,407  56,205 

Flour,  barrels * .104,880  676,274 

Meal,  barrels ; 1.401  5,435 

Rice,  tierces 36,930  773,852 

Beef  and  pork,  Barrels 154  898 

Bread,  barrels 201  610 

Butter,  firkins, 384  2,310 

Honey,  firkins 151  906 

Tallow,  pounds 156,708  17,211 

Oil,  whale,  barrels 1,738  21,048 

Oil,  sperm,  barrels. 3,840  60,000 

Tar,  barrels.. 71,077  105,510 

Turpentine,  barrels 27,800  71,240 

Pitch,  barrels 7,000  13,920 

Seeds  and  roots 1,242 

Staves  and  heading 177,968 


COMMERCE  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN.  1  GO 

Quantity.  Yalut. 

Lumber $35,204 

Timber,  scantlings,  shingles,  &c 27,402 

Leather,  pounds. 8,650  2,316 

Snuff;  pounds 4,100  1,394 

Wax,  pounds 87,294  21,852 

Deer-skins 25,642 

Furs 35,899 

Ginseng,  casks 529  32,424 

Pig-iron,  tons 3,258  78,676 

Bar-iron,  tons -  40  2,936 

Indigo,  pounds 532,542  473,830 

Logwood,  tons 216  3,019 

Lignum  vitae,  tons 75  750 

Mahogany 16,724 

Wines,  pipes 45  4,425 

Merchandise 8,041 

Uuenumerated 10,330 

Total $6,888,97S 

The  indigo,  dye,  and  cabinet  woods  and  wines  were  of  foreign  production,  as 
•was  also,  without  doubt,  the  bar-iron  and  a  large  quantity  of  pig-iron.  It  will  be 
observed  that  the  great  Southern  staple,  tobacco,  soon  to  yield  the  supremacy  to 
cotton,  was  of  the  value  of  $2,750,000,  or  40  per  cent,  of  the  whole  export. 

We  should  notice,  also,  that  cotton,  before  the  invention  of  the  cotton  gins,  was 
but  a  very  small  item,  its  value  being  only  $47,428,  nearly  $34  per  bale,  though  the 
bales  at  this  time  weighed  only  150  pounds.  The  exports  of  cereals,  wheat,  corn, 
flour  and  meal,  were  about  $1,092,000,  a  small  amount  as  compared  with  our  present 
export,  but  almost  one-sixth  of  the  whole  export  to  Great  Britain  at  that  time. 

The  amount  of  provisions  exported  is  very  trifling,  in  marked  contrast  with  our 
present  immense  export.  There  was  no  marked  increase  in  the  export  of  cotton 
until  1796,  when  5,628,176  pounds  were  sent  to  Great  Britain,  valued  at  about 
$1,407,000.  Seven  years  later,  the  export  to  that  country  was  27, 760, 574  pounds, 
worth  $6,107,326,  or  almost  as  much  as  the  entire  exports  to  that  country  13  years 
before.  The  same  year  (1803),  50,274  hogsheads  of  tobacco,  worth  $4,524,660, 
•were  exported  to  England.  These  two  items  making  more  than  five-eighths  of  the 
whole  export.  From  this  time  till  1860,  there  was  a  steady  increase  in  each  decade, 
of  the  cotton  export.  In  I860,  though  the  price  of  cotton  had  fallen  to  10  or  12 
cents  a  pound,  the  export  of  it  to  Great  Britain  and  its  dependencies,  amounted  to 
$134,929,000,  while  the  total  exports  to  that  country,  amounted  to  $168, 960,000,  only 
$34,000,000  being  for  all  other  articles.  In  1866,  the  price  of  cotton  being  high, 
our  cotton  exports  to  the  British  Empire  amounted  to  $218,772,000,  against 
$287,516,000  of  our  total  exports  to  that  Empire.  During  the  12  years  since  1866, 
our  exports  of  cotton  to  the  British  Empire,  have  aggregated  $1,445,064,000,  an 
annual  average  of  $120,442,000,  against  $3,445,037,000  of  exports  of  all  kinds  of 
merchandise  to  that  Empire,  or  an  annual  average  of  $287,089,083;  cotton  being 
nearly  42  per  cent,  of  the  average  exports.  The  following  table  gives  the  aggre- 
gate by  decades,  of  imports  and  exports,  and  of  exports  of  cotton  to  the  British 
Empire,  for  58  years- 

Exportt. 
Periodt.  Imports.  Exporte.  •        of  Cotton. 

1821-30 $290,831,000  $242,482,000  $185,397,000 

1831-40....  475,194,000  462,146,000  378,185,000 

1841-50....  464,358,000  570,651,000  378,576,000 

1851-60 1,166,322.000  1,193,350,000  840,436,000 

1861-70....  1,343,702,000  1,748,307,000  799,810,000 

1871-78....  1,386,576,000  2,588,377,000  1,106,846,000 

Total  for  58  years. . ,$5,126.98~37oOO  $6,805,313,000  $3^689,250, 000 

Annual  average. . .        88,396,000  117,333,000  63,608,000 

Our  trade  with  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  last  58  years  aggregates,  in  round 
numbers,  $5,127,000,000  in  imports,  and  6,805,000,000  in  exports,  an  excess  of  ex- 
ports over  imports  of  $1,687,000,000,  which  has  been  used  in  paying  balances  to 
creditor  nations. 

It  was  not,  however,  till  1847,  that  our  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom,  began,  as 
?>  rule,  to  exceed  our  imports.  Since  that  date  there  has  been  but  six  years  out  of 


170  COMMERCE  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

31,  in  which  we  imported  more  merchandise  from  Great  Britain  than  we  sent  her; 
these  years  were  1850,  1852,  1853,  1854  and  1855,  and  1864,  and  as  we  have  said, 
the  excess  of  our  exports  in  the  58  years  since  1820,  amounts  to  $1,678,000,000. 

Let  us  now  give  a  list  of  our  principal  exports  to  the  British  Empire  in  1878,  by 
way  of  comparison  with  those  of  1790,  on  a  preceding  page. 

PBINCIPAI.  DOMESTIC  EtPOBTS  TO  THE  BETTISH  EMKEE  IN   1878. 

Values. 

Agricultural  Implements  and  Machines $1,102,29S 

Living  Animals  of  all  kinds 4,396,453 

Bread  Staffs 146,304,119 

Carriages,  Carts  and  Railroad  Cars . . . . 685,022 

Clocks 591,425 

Coal 1,871,277 

Cotton,  raw 117,014,743 

Cotton,  manufactured 3,299, 405 

Drugs  and  Chemicals 967,438 

Pur  and  Fur  Skins 2,014,594 

Hemp  and  manufactures  of 825,135 

Hides  and  Skins 673, 615 

Hops 2,122,983 

Iron  and  manufactures  of  Iron 4,266, 740 

Steel  and  manufactures  of  Steel 681, 761 

Leather  and  manufactures  of  Leather 6, 164, 904 

Musical  instruments 557,562 

Naval  Stores 1,125,856 

Oil  Cake 5,076,550 

Oils,  mineral 10,001,528 

Provisions 82,374,578 

Sewing  Machines 611,509 

Spirits  of  Turpentine 1,776,216 

Kefined  Sugar  and  Molasses 3 ,360, 879 

Tallow 3, 240, 469 

Tobacco,  manufactured  and  unmanufactured 12,317, 788 

Wearing  apparel 270, 863 

Wood,  Timber  and  manufactures  of  Wood 8,464,287 


Total  exports $452,032,88fi 

A  comparison  of  these  two  lists  Trill  show  that  while  the  exports  of  most  of  the 
articles  which  then  were  staples,  have  increased  enormously,  a  few  have  dropped  out 
entirely.  We  do  not  export  now,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  flax-seed,  rice,  wax,  (nor  till 
the  present  year,  honey, )  whale  and  sperm  oils,  and  very  small  amounts  of  seeds 
and  roots,  ginseng,  or  indigo,  logwood,  lignum  vitae,  or  mahogany.  We  do  export 
gome  wines,  but  they  are  of  our  own  manufacture. 

Tobacco,  cotton,  bread  stuffs,  provisions,  tallow,  furs,  and  naval  stores  have  been 
sent  to  England  the  past  year,  to  the  amount  of  nearly  310  millions  of  dollars ;  while 
mineral  oils,  which  were  unknown  in  1790;  wood  in  manufactured  forms,  oil  cake, 
living  animals,  leather  and  its  manufactures,  iron  and  steel  and  their  manufactures, 
refined  sugar  and  molasses,  hops,  agricultural  implements,  sewing  machines,  musi- 
cal instruments,  clocks,  carriages  and  railroad  cars,  manufactured  cotton  goods, 
coal  and  hemp,  are  among  the  new  articles  which  figure  most  largely  in  our  exports, 
even  to  Great  Britain,  after  the  great  staples. 

A  considerable  portion  of  these  new  exports  are  the  result  directly  and  indirectly, 
of  our  Centennial  Exposition  here,  and  that  of  Paris  in  1878 ;  and  if  we  are  care- 
ful to  encourage  our  agriculture  and  our  manufactures,  and  to  make  known  our 
products  to  the  world,  it  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  before  the  dawn  of  the  twen- 
tieth century,  we  shall  be  the  leading  commercial  nation  of  the  world,  and  New 
York  will  be,  what  London  has  been  for  so  many  years,  the  financial  Capital  of  the 
world. 


BRITISH    AMERICA.  17t 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 

The  territory  claimed  by  Great  Britian  in  North  America,  includes  all  that  por- 
tion of  the  continent  lying  north  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States,. 
except  the  territory  of  Alaska. 

Its  sub-divisions  are : 

THE  DOMINION  OF  CANADA,  THE  ISLAND  OF  NEWFOUNDLAND. 

NEWFOUNDLAND,  though  not  a  province  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  is  partially 
in  accord  with  it,  and  may  be  treated  under  the  same  general  head.  The  LABRA- 
DOB  and  HUDSON'S  BAT  EEGION  are  Territories,  occupied  at  wide  intervals,  by  trad- 
ing posts  or  forts,  and  under  the  Government  of  the  Dominion. 

THE  DOMINION  OF  CANADA 

consists  of  the  Provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quebec — formerly  Canada  East  and  Can- 
ada West,  or  Upper  and  Lower  Canada — Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Manitoba, 
British  Columbia,  and  Prince  Edward  Island.  The  North-western  Territories  are 
controlled  by  the  Dominion,  but  not  represented  in  its  Parliament.  These  Prov- 
inces were  united  under  one  Government,  by  the  Act  of  Imperial  Parliament, 
passed  in  March,  1867,  and  which  took  effect  July  1,  of  the  same  year. 

The  seat  of  Government  of  the  Dominion  is  at  OTTAWA. 

The  Executive  Officers  of  the  Dominion  Government  are  a  Governor-General  and 
Privy  Council  of  thirteen  members,  who  also  constitute  the  Cabinet  of  the  Gov- 
ornor-General.  The  present  Governor-General,  who  is  the  direct  representative 
of  the  Queen,  and  answers  to  the  Viceroy  of  India,  though  with  somewbat  more 
restricted  powers,  is  most  Hon.  JOHN  DOUGLAS  CAMPBELL,  MAKQUIS  OF  LOENE,  K. 
T.  G.  C.  M.  G.,  born  in  1845,  and  married  in  1871  to  the  PRINCESS  LOUISE  CAROLINE 
A.LBERTA,  fourth  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria.  The  Marquis  was  appointed  Gov- 
ernor-General July  28,  1878,  and  arrived  in  the  Dominion  with  the  Princess,  on, 
the  23d  of  November,  1878. 

His  salary  is  £10,000  ($50,000)  per  annum,  and  a  residence. 
Hiscivil  establishment  or  personal  Staff  consists  of  : 

Gov. -General's  Secretary — Major  J.  De  Winton,  E.  A. 

Military  Secretary,  V.  C.— Col.  J.  C.  McNeill,  C.  B. 

Controller — Hon.  E.  Moreton. 

Aides  de  Camp— Capt.  V.  Cater,  91st  Fool ;  Hon.  C.  Harbord,  Scots  Fusilier 
Guards. 

Dominion  Aides  de  Camp — Lt.-Col.  Hewitt  Bernard,  C.  M.  G.  ;  Capt.  G.  R.  Lay- 
ton. 

Commander  of  the  Forces— Gen.  Sir  P.  L.  McDougall,  K.  C.  M.  G. 

Assis!ant  Adjutant  and  Q.  M.- General — Lt.-Col.  A.  S.  Cameron,  V.  C. 

Aides  de  Camp— Lieut.  J.  C.  Barker,  E.  E. ;  Capt.  Hon.  N.  F.  Elliot. 

Commanding  the  Militia— Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  E.  Selby  Smyth,  K.  C.  M.  G. 

Deputy  Governor — Hon.  Sir  W.  B.  Euhards,  Chief  Justice  of  Canada. 

THE  QUEEN'S  PEIVY  COUNCIL 
for  the  Dominion,  are : 

Premier  and  Minister  of  the  Interior — Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  K.  C.  B.  D.  C.  L.. 
(Oxon.),  Q.  C. 

Finance  Minister — Hon.  H.  L.  Langevin,  C.  B. 

Minister  of  Public  Works— Hon.  C.  Tupper,  C.  B. 

Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Statistics — Hon.  John  H.  Pope. 

President  of  CouncU— Hon.  John  O'Connor,  Q.  C. 


172 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


Minister  of  Justice — Hon.  J.  McDonald,  Q.  C. 

Postmaster-General — Hon.  Samuel  L.  Tilley,  C.  B. 

Minister  of  Militia — Hon.  Louis  R.  Masson. 

Secretary  of  State — Hon.  J.  C.  Aikens. 

Secretary  of  Marine  and  Fisheries — Hon.  J.  C.  Pope. 

Minister  of  Customs — Hon.  Mackenzie  Bowell. 

Minister  of  Inland  Revenue— Hon.  L.  F.  G.  Baby. 

Receiver- General — Hon.  Alexander  Campbell,  Q.  C. 

Without  Portfolio— Ron.  R.  D.  Wilmot 

%  The  members  of  the  Council  (except  the  Premier)  receive  salaries  of  £1,44(1 
<$7,200)  per  annum.  The  Premier's  salary  is  £1,643  ($8,215). 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Court  of  Exchequer  for  the  Dominion— Hon. 
Sir  William  Buell  Richards,  Kn't. 

Puisne  Judges— Hons.  W.  J.  Ritchie,  S.  H.  Strong,  T.  Fournier,  W.  A.  Henry, 
Henri  E.  Tachereau. 

The  Chief  Justice  receives  an  annual  salary  of  £1,646  ($8,230),  and  the  Puisne 
Judges  £1,440  ($7,200)  each. 

THE  DOMINION  SENATE  ,  according  to  the  Constitution,  consists  of  77  members,  viz : 
"24  each  for  Ontario  and  Quebec ,  and  24  for  the  three  Maritime  Provinces  ;  2  for  Mani- 
toba and  3  for  British  Columbia.  Provision  ia  also  made  for  the  representation 
of  Newfoundland  when  it  shall  come  into  the  Dominion.  The  Northwest  Territo- 
ries have  no  representatives  or  delegates  in  the  Parliament.  The  members  of  tha 
Senate  are  nominated  for  life  by  summons  of  the  Governor-General,  under  the 
•Great  Seal  of  Canada.  Each  Senator  must  be  30  years  of  age,  a  born  or  natural- 
ized subject,  and  possessed  of  property,  real  or  personal,  of  the  value  of  $4,000,  in  the 
Province  for  which  he  is  appointed .  The  Speaker  of  the  Senate  has  a  salary  of 
$4,000  per  annum.  Each  member  of  the  Senate  receives  $10  a  day  for  attendancs 
on  the  sessions  up  to  100  days,  but  nothing  beyond.  They  are  also  allowed  10 
«ents  a  mile  for  traveling  expenses.  There  are  at  present  but  72  Senators,  whoso 
names  and  residences  are  as  follows: 


Hon.  John  Hamilton 1 Kingston 

''    Benjamin  "Seymour Port  Hope 

"    Walter  H.  Dickson Niagara 

"    James  Shaw Smith's  Falls 

"    Alexander  Camphell Toronto 

41    David  Christie Paris 

"    James  Cox  Aikins Toronto 

David  Reesor Markham 

Elijah  Leonard London 

"William  McMaster Toronto 

John  Simpson Bowman ville 

James  Skead Ottawa 

David  L.  Macpherson Toronto 

Donald  McDonald Toronto 

BiUa  Flint Belleville 

George  W,  Allen Toronto 

Jacques  O.  Bureau Montreal 

Luc  Letellier  De  St.  Juat.  .Riviere  Ouelle 

John  Hamilton Hawkesbury 

Charles  Cormier Plessisville 

David  E.  Price Quebec 

L.  Dnmouchel Longneuil 

Louis  Lacoste Bouchery ille 

J.  F.  Armand Riviere  des  Prairies 

Charles  Wilson Montreal 

William  H.  Chaffers St.  Cesaire 

Jean  B.  Guevremont Sorel 

James  FerVier Montreal 

Thomas  Ryan Montreal 

T.  D.  Archibald Sydney,  Cape  Breton 

Robert  B.  Dickey Amherst 

John  Bourinot Sydney 

William  Miller Arichat 

A.  E.  Botsford Westeock,  Wind 

William  H.  Odell Fredericfrm 

David  Wark Fredericton 


Hon.  John  Ferguson,  Bathurst,  NewBrnnswick 

'    B.  D.  Wilmot Belmont,  Sunbury 

'    A.  R.  McClelan Hopewell,  Albion  Co. 

'    J.  C.  Chapais St.  Denis,  Kara. 

'    James  R.  Benson St.  Catharines 

1    John  Glasier Sunbury,  N.  B. 

'    James  Dever St.  John,  N.  B. 

A.  W.  McLelan Londonderry 

A.  Macfarlane Wallace,  N.  8. 

Jeremiah  Northrup Halifax 

Frank  Smith Toro  to 

Robert  Read Bellevillo 

M.  A.  Girard St.  Boniface,  Manitoba 

J.  Sutherland Keldonan,         " 

I.  W.  W.  Can-all... Barkerville, Brit. Col. 

C.  F.  Cornwall Ashcroft        "    " 

W.  J.  McDonald Victoria        "    " 

H.  A.  N.  Kaulbach Lnnenburg 

M.  H.  Cochrane Compton 

William  Mmrhead Chatham,  K.  B. 

Alexander  Vidal Sarniu 

Eugene  Chinic Quebec 

George  Alexander Woodstock 

J.  H.  Bellerose St.  Vincent  de  Paul 

D.  Montgomery Park  Corner 

R.  P.  Havthorne Charlottetown 

T.  H.  Haviland Charlottetown 

George  W.  Howlan Albertou 

F,  X7A.  Trudel Montreal 

George  A.  Brown Toronto 

R.  W.  Scott Ottawa 

E.  G.  Penny Montreal 

Pierre  Bailiamgeon Quebec 

A.  H.  Paquet St.  Cuthbert 

Hector  Fabre  Quebeo 

Christian  H.  Pozer Beauce 


Hon.  David  Christie  ia  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  and  Robert  Lemoine,  Clerk  of  the  Parliaments. 


BRITISH    AMERICA.  173 

The  House  of  Commons,  or  Representative  House  of  the  Canadian  Par- 
liament, is  elected  by  the  people  for  five  years,  at  the  rate  of  one  rep- 
resentative for  every  17,000  souls.  On  the  basis  of  the  Census  of  1871, 
it  consists  of  206  members,  viz :  88  for  the  Province  of  Ontario,  65 
for  Quebec,  21  for  Nova  Scotia,  16  for  New  Brunswick,  4  for  Manitoba, 
6  for  British  Columbia,  and  6  foi  Prince  Edward's  Island.  The  constituencies 
vary  in  the  different  Provinces.  In  Ontario  and  Quebec,  a  vote  is  given  to  every 
male  subject  being  the  owner,  or  occupier,  or  tenant,  or  real  property  of  the  as- 
sessed value  of  $300,  or  of  the  yearly  value  of  $30,  if  within  cities  and  towns,  or  of 
the  assessed  value  of  $200,  or  the  yearly  value  of  $20,  if  not  in  towns.  In  New 
Brunswick  a  vote  is  given  to  every  male  subject  of  the  age  of  21  years,  assessed  in 
-respect  of  real  estate  to  the  amount  of  $100,  or  of  personal  property,  or  personal 
and  real,  amounting  together  to  $400,  or  $400  annual  income.  In  Nova  Scotia, 
the  franchise  is  with  all  subjects,  of  the  age  of  21  years,  assessed  in  respect  of  real 
estate  to  the  value  of  $150,  or  in  respect  of  personal  estate,  or  real  and  personal 
together,  to  the  value  of  $400.  Voting  in  Quebec,  Ontario,  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba, 
British  Columbia,  and  Prince  Edward's  Island,  is  open,  or  viva  voce,  but  in  New 
Brunswick,  votes  are  taken  by  ballot.  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  has 
a  salary,  of  $4,000  per  annum,  and  each  member  $10  per  day  up  to  the  end  of  30 
days,  and  for  a  session  lasting  longer  than  this  period,  the  sum  of  $1,000  with,  in 
every  case,  10  cents  per  mile  for  traveling  expenses.  Eight  dollars  per  day  is  de- 
ducted for  every  day's  absence  of  a  member  during  the  session,  unless  the  absence 
is  caused  by  illness. 

The  Dominion  Parliament  answers  to  the  Congres*  of  the  United  States,  and 
its  legislation  concerns  solely  the  National  or  Dominion  affairs.  Each  of  the 
seven  Provinces  has  its  own  Lieutenant- Governor  and  Executive  Council.  Ontario, 
Manitoba  and  British  Columbia  have  only  a  House  of  Assembly  in  addition  for  leg- 
islative action ;  but  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edward's 
Island  have  each  a  Legislative  Council  and  Legislative  Assembly.  The  Executive 
Council  and  Provincial  Cabinet  of  Ontario  consists  of  six  members,  viz  :  An  At- 
torney-General, Treasurer,  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands,  Commissioner  of  Pub- 
lic Works,  Minister  of  Education,  and  Provincial  Secretary.  The  House  of  Assem- 
bly has  82  members.  Hon.  D.  A.  Macdonald,  of  Toronto,  is  Lieutenant-Governor. 
The  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  was,  in  January,  1879,  Hon. 
Luc.  Letellier  de  Just,  but  his  removal  has  been  requested ;  there  is  an  Executive 
Council  of  7  members,  viz  ;  Premier  and  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Public 
Works,  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands,  Treasurer,  Provincial  Secretary  and  Reg- 
istrar, Speaker  of  Legislative  Council,  Attorney-General,  and  Solicitor-General., 
The  Legislative  Council  consists  of  24  members,  and  the  Legislative  Assembly  of 
65  members.  The  Seat  of  Government  is  Quebec. 

Hon.  E.  B.  Chandler,  Q.  C.,  is  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Province  of  New 
Brunswick.  The  Executive  Council  consists  of  9  members,  a  President,  Attorney- 
General,  Provincial  Secretary,  Surveyor-General,  Chief-Commissioner  of  Board  of 
Works,  and  four  members  without  other  office.  The  Legislative  Council  consists 
of  17  members,  and  the  House  of  Assembly  of  41  members.  The  Seat  of  Govern- 
ment is  Fredericton.  The  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  is 
Hon.  Adams  George  Archibald.  There  are  9  members  of  the  Executive  Council 
(besides  8  retired  members  who  may  participate  in  its  deliberations),  viz  :  Trea- 
surer, Attorney-General,  Provincial  Secretary,  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  and 
Mines,  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands,  and  four  members  without  other  offiee. 
The  Legislative  Council  consists  of  19  members,  and  the  House  of  Assembly  of 
3a  The  Seat  of  Government  is  Halifax. 


174 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


The  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Prince  Edward's  Island  is  Sir  Robert  Hodgson, 
Knight  The  Executive  Council  consists  of  9  members,  namely  :  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, Minister  of  Public  Works,  Provincial  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  and  six  mem- 
T^ers  without  office.  The  Legislative  Council  has  13  members,  and  the  House  of 
Assembly  30  members.  The  Seat  of  Government  is  Charlottetown, 

The  Lieutenant-Go vernor  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  is  Hon.  Joseph  Edward 
Cauchon.  The  Executive  Council  has  5  members,  Provincial  Treasurer,  who  is 
also  Premier,  Provincial  Secretary  and  Attorney-General,  and  Minister  of  Public 
Works.  The  Legislative  Assembly  has  24  members.  The  Seat  of  Government  is 
Fort  Garry. 

The  Province  of  British  Columbia  has  Hon.  Albert  N.  Richards,  Q.  C.,for  its 
Lieutenant-Governor.  Its  Executive  Council  consists  of  5  members,  viz  :  Tht» 
Attorney-General  and  Provincial  Secretary,  the  Minister  of  Finance  and  Agricul- 
ture, and  the  Chief  Commissioner  of  Land  and  Works.  The  Legislative  Assem- 
bly has  25  members.  Victoria,  Vancouver's  Island,  is  the  Seat  of  Government. 

The  North-west  Territories  are  BO  far  organized  as  to  have  a  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,  Hon.  David  Laird,  and  an  Executive  Council  of  5  members,  which  includes 
the  two  Stipendiary  Magistrates,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Police.  The  Seat  o! 
Government  is  at  Battleford. 

JUDICIABY  or  THE  DOMINION. — The  Dominion  has  only  two  Courts.  The  Su- 
preme Court,  or  High  Court  of  Appeal,  composed  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  fivePuisno 
Judges,  viz:  Hon.  William  Buell  Richards,  Chief  Justice;  Hon.  William  Johns- 
ton Ritchie,  Hon.  Samuel  Henry  Strong,  Hon.  Jean  Thomas  Taschereau,  Hon. 
Telesphore  Fournier,  and  Hon.  William  Alexander  Henry,  Puisne  Judges.  R. 
Casselles,  Jr.,  is  the  Registrar  of  the  Court — this  Court  has  appellate,  civil  and 
criminal  jurisdiction  within  and  throughout  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It  holds, 
annually,  two  sessions,  in  January  and  June,  at  Ottawa,  at  which  place  the  Judges 
reside.  The  Exchequer  Court,  presided  over  by  the  same  Judges,  possesses  con- 
current original  jurisdiction  in  the  Dominion,  in  all  cases  La  which  it  is  sought  to 
enforce  any  law  relating  to  the  revenue,  and  exclusive  original  jurisdiction  in  all 
cases  in  which  demand  is  made,  or  relief  sought,  in  respect  of  any  matter  which 
might,  in  England,  be  the  subject  of  a  suit  or  action  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
on  its  revenue  side,  against  the  Crown  or  an  officer  of  the  Crown.  In  each  of  the 
.Provinces,  there  are  Provincial  Courts  of  Appeal,  of  Queen's  Bench ,  of  Common 
Pleas,  Chancery,  County  and  Division  Courts,  more  or  -less  numerous,  according 
to  the  population  and  necessities  of  the  Provinces. 

ABEA  AND  POPULATION. — The  area  of  the  seven  Provinces  of  the  Dominion,  and 
of  the  outlying  colony  of  Newfoundland,  and  their  population,  in  1871,  were  as 
follows : 


PROVINCES. 

ABEA, 
ENGLISH 
SQ.  MILES. 

POPULATION,  1871  to  1877. 

MALES. 

FEMALES. 

TOTAL. 

106.935 
193,355 
21,731 
27,322 
2,947,923 
225,500 
2,173 
40,200 

828,590 
596,041 
193,792 

145,888 

792,261 
595,475 
194,008 
136,706 

1,620,851 
1,191,516 
387,800 
285,594 
125,000 
50,000 
94,021 
161,389 

New  Brunswick  

Manitoba  and  N.  W.  Territories.  .  .  . 

Prince  Edward's  Island  

47,121 
75,547 

46,900 
70,989 

Newfoundland             

Totals  

3,555,149 

3,916,171 

AML'h'ICA. 


175 


Tie  population  of  the  Dominion  has  increased  with  considerable  rapidity  since 
"1871.  About  358,000  immigrants  had  arrived  in  the  Dominion,  up  to  the  close  of 
1876,  of  whom  210,000  are  known  to  have  actually  settled  in  the  Provinces— this 
is  exclusive  of  the  natural  increase,  as  well  as  of  persons  who  have  migrated  from 
the  United  States  to  Canada.  The  population  of  the  Dominion  and  Newfound- 
land is  now,  1879,  probably  about  4,500,000. 

The  finances  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  have  not  been  for  some  years  past  in  a 
prosperous  condition,  though  there  are  some  indications  of  improvement.  The 
public  debt  of  the  Dominion  July  1,  1877,  was  £35,892,453  ($179,462,265)  ;  about 
$100,000,000  of  this  debt  was  payable  in  England. 

In  proportion  to  her  population  this  debt  was  as  great  as  that  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  proportion  to  the  wealth  of  the  two  countries,  considerably  larger. 
Since  1877,  however,  while  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  Canadian  debt  may  have 
.slightly  increased,  her  means  for  paying  it  have  largely  increased  also,  and  her 
relative  financial  position  is  better  than  it  \vas  two  or  four  years  ago. 

The  public  revenue  of  the  Dominion  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1878,  was 
.  .£4,532,721  ($22,663,605),  audits  expenditures  £4,832,726  ($24,163,630"),  showing  a 
deficiency  of  $1,500,000.  The  extravagance  and  wastefulness  of  former  Adminis- 
trations is  not  likely  to  be  repeated  at  present. 

In  the  year  ending  June  30,  1878,  the  total  imports  into  Canada  were  £19,125,- 
084  ($95,625,420) ;  and  the  total  exports  were  £16,298,267  ($81,491,335) ;  showing 
nn  excess  of  imports  of  $14,134,085.  The  imports  from  Great  Britain  into  the 
Dominion  in  1877-78  were  £7, 584, 430  ($37,722,400),  and  the  total  exports  to  Great 
Britain,  £11,186,195  ($55,930,975). 

The  trade  with  the  United  States  was  also  very  large,  the  commodities  imported 
from  the  United  States  being  of  the  value  of  $49,631,700 ;  and  the  exports  from  the 
Dominion  to  the  United  State8r$27,971,193. 

EXPOKTS  AND  IMPOSTS. 

The  following  table  gives  the  exports  and  imports,  from  all  countries,  and  those 
from  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  for  the  years  1875,  1876,  1877,  and  1878: 


Tears. 

CHEAT  BRITAIN. 

UNITED  STATES. 

TOTAL  COMMERCE. 

AJl'T  TO  OTHER  COUNTE'S 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Expor's. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

June  30,  1875. 
"    1878. 

"    1877. 
"    1878. 

$48.079.635 
51,923,525 
55.930.975 

$42,070.695 
34.Si3.6i5 
37.922,400 

$32,763,870 
33,930  607 
2^,033,467 
27.971.193 

$50,805,820 
51,186.506 
51,023,461 
49.631,700 

$77.886,979 
88.966,43; 
7/.»75-393 
81,491.335 

$123,070,283 
98,210.846 
94,^21,180 
95.625.420 

f3.659,936 
6,412,303 

$6.537.893 
13.513.715 
4,875,3'9 

—  r         

TONNAGE  OF  THE  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 
STATEMENT  SHOWING  THS  NUMBEB  OF  VESSELS  AND  NUMBER  OP  TONS  ON  THE  REG- 
ISTRY BOOKS  OF  THE  DOMINION  OF  CANADA  ON  DECEMBER  31 , 
1873,  1874,  1875,  1876.  AND  1877. 


1 

373. 

1 

?74. 

1 

375. 

1 

876. 

1 

877. 

PROVISOES. 

Vessels. 

B 

a 
1 

Vessels. 

00 

1. 

Vessels. 

rf 

1 

Vessels. 

z 

§ 
H 

Vessels. 

d 

1 

Xew  Brunswick  .  . 
ZS'ova  Scotia  
IJucbec  

1,147 
2,803 
1  842 

277,850 
449,701 
214,043 

i,n4 

2,787 
1,837 

294,741 
479,669 
218,946 

1,133 

2,786 
1,831 

307,!26 
505,144 
222,96.-> 

1,154 
2^69 
1,902 

324,513 
529,252 
228,502 

1,133 

2,91)1 
1,951 

329,457 
541,579 
248,399 

681 

89,111 

815 

113  008 

&25 

114,990 

8f9 

123,947 

926 

131,791 

Prince  Ed.  Island.. 
British  Columbia.  . 
Manitoba  

880 
30 

38,918 
4,095 

312 
35 

48,388 
3,611 

325 
40 
2 

50,677 
3,685 
178 

33fl 
40 
3 

50692 
3,809 

r,s 

342 
43 
6 

55,547 
3,809 
178 

Total  

6,783 

1,073.718 

6,930 

1.158,363 

6,942 

1,205,565 

7,194 

1.260,893 

7.3C2 

1,310.760 

I?G  CARRYING  TRADE  OF  BRITISH  AMERICA. 

miles  more  had  been  surveyed  and  concessions  granted  by  the  Government.  A. 
railway  has  been  projected,  crossing  the  whole  Dominion,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  intended  to  bind  British  Columbia  to  the  Eastern  Provinces,  and  the  Brit- 
ish Government  has  guaranteed  a  loan  of  $12,500,000  in  aid  of  this  enterprise. 

POSTAL  FACILITIES  AND  POST-OFFICES. — There  were,  June  30, 1876,  in  the  Domin- 
ion, 4,893  post-offices.  The  uniform  rate  of  postage,  of  three  cents,  has  been 
established  all  over  the  Dominion.  The  number  of  letters  and  postal  cards  sent 
through  the  post-office  during  the  year  1875,  was  34,510,000  ;  the  number  of  news- 
papers, 23,500,000.  There  are  in  all  the  principal  cities  and  towns  of  Ontario  and 
Quebec,  Post-Office  Savings  Banks,  in  which  auyperson  may  leavea  deposit  account, 
and  may  deposit  any  sum  yearly,  from  $1  to  $300,  the  Dominion  paying  interest  at 
the  rate  of  4  per  cent.,  compounded  annually.  Depositors  may  make  their  deposits 
in  any  P.  O.  Savings  Bank,  and  on  their  removal,  may  continue  at  any  other,  and 
draw  the  entire  amount  of  deposit  from  the  P.  O.  Savings  Bank  nearest  them,  by 
applying  to  the  Postmaster-General  at  Ottawa. 

BANKS. — There  were,  on  the  1st  of  Jan.,  1876,  289  Banks  and  branches  in  the 
Dominion,  and  their  condition  was  as  follows : 

Total  Authorized  Capital  $68,966,666,  of  which  $64,899,321  had  been  subscribed, 
and  $61,270,220  paid  up.  The  amount  of  their  circulation  was  $20, 831, 009,  of  their 
deposits,  $64, 553,  T20;  their  total  liabilities  $89, 271 ,144;  of  their  assets,  $6,276,273, 
or  about  10  per  cent,  of  their  capital,  was  in  specie,  and  $30,717,467  was  immedi- 
ately available,  while  their  total  assets  amounted  to$167,155 ,600  or  almost  twice  their 
liabilities. 

FIRE  INSURANCE. — The  following  are  the  Statistics  of  Fire  Insurance  Companies  doing  busi- 
ness in  Canada,  January  1,  1876.  Am't  of  Policies  Ain't  at  Risk, 

Net  Cash  Prem.    written -within  at  date.  Loaaes  paid, 
the  year. 

Canadian  Companies $1,646,654         $168,896,111  $190284.543  $1.062.2W> 

British  Companies 1,683,715           166,953,268  154,835,931  1,299,614 

American  Companies 264,395            17,357,605  19,300,555  181,713 

FISHERIES  OF  THE  DOMINION. — The  Fisheries  form  a  very  important  portion  of  the  industry 
and  wealth  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  At  the  close  of  1875,  the  following  were  the  official 
eVitistics  of  their  yield  and  value: 

.Nova  Scotia  $5,573,851.58 

New  Brunswick fc>,427,654.1t> 

Quebec $1,594,259.15 

Ontario 453,194.00 

British  Columbia,  Manitoba  and  North- Western  Territories  (estimated) .  434,723.00 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador  (exports  only) 2,983,485.00 

$13,468,166.89 

This  total  is,  doubtless,  far  below  the  truth,  as  many  items  are  not  recorded — such  as  th« 
dome  consumption  of  Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  the  yield  and  value  of  the  rivers,  smaller 
lakes  and  streams  of  the  interior,  etc. 

EDUCATION. — The  School  systems  of  Ontario,  Quebec  and  New  Brunswick,  are 
quite  efficient  and  furnish  primary  instruction  which  compares  very  favorably  with 
that  of  many  of  the  States  of  the  American  Union.  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward's 
Island  and  Newfoundland  are  less  complete  and  effective,  while  those  of  British 
Columbia  and  Miiitoba  are  as  yet  in  an  unorganized  condition. 

Higher  education  is  very  liberally  provided  for.  There  are  seven  universities, 
and  fifteen  Colleges,  (some  of  them  affiliated  with  the  universities)  in  the  Domin- 
ion, and  a  large  number  of  Collegiate  Institutes,  Female  Colleges,  Young  Ladies' 
Seminaries,  &c.,  &c.  Most  of  the  Universities  have  faculties  of  Theology,  Law 
and  Medicine,  and  several  of  them  Scientific  Schools  also,  presided  over  by  eminent 
scientists.  There  are  two  Normal  Schools  and  a  model  Training  School  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  and  three  Normal  Schools  in  the  Province  of  Quebec.  There 
are  also  similar  schools  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia.  There  are  County 
High  Schools  in  Ontario,  and  to  some  extent  in  Quebec  and  New  Brunswick.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  1875,  there  were  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  5,258  educational 
institutions  of  all  kinds,  with  494,065  pupils,  and  $4 ,212,360  was  expended  annually 
in  their  support.  Of  these,  4,834  were  public  schools,  with  474,241  pupils. 

RELIGIOUS  DENOMTNATioNg. — The  Roman  Catholics  are  the  most  numerous  relig- 
ious denomination,  its  adherents  numbering,  in  1871,  1,492,029;  eighty-five  per 
cent,  of  these  were,  however,  in  the  Province  of  Quebec,  and  they  had  a  plurality 
also  in  New  Brunswick.  In  Ontario  the  Presbyterians  were  most  numerous,  while 
the  Methodists  and  the  Anglican  Church  were  not  far  behind.  The  Baptists  are 
next  in  numbers  to  these  three  denominations,  and  there  are  also  some  Lutherans, 
Congregationalists,  and  a  small  number  of  several  minor  denominations. 


BROWN  BROTHERS  &  CO., 

59  WALL  STREET,  : 

2H  Chestnut  St.,  Phila.       NEW  YORK.       No.66  State  St.,  Boston. 

ADD 

ALEXANDER     BROWN     &    SONS, 

Cor.  Baltimore  and  Calvert  Streets,  Baltimore. 

BUY  AND  SELL  BILLS  OF  EXCHANGE 

OK 

GREAT  BRITAIN  &  IRELAND,  FRANCE,  GERMANY,    ' 
;    /  t}         BELGIUM  AND  HOLLAND, 

I'&editMa&tftrtm 

^K  ^y  *&' 

AVAILABLE  IK   ANY  PART  OF  THE  WORLD,  AND   IN  FRANCS,   FOR 
USE  IN  MARTINIQUE  AND  GUADALOUPE, 

Make  Telegraphic  Transfers  of  Money, 

Between  this  and  other  Countries,  through  London  and  Paris. 

Make  Collections  of  Drafts  drawn  abroad  on  all  points  in  the 

United  States  and  Canada, 
And  of  Drafts  drawn  in  the  United  States  on  Foreign  Countries. 


To  Travelers. — Travelers'  Credits  issued  either  against  cash 
deposited  or  satisfactory  guarantee  of  repayment  :  In  Dollars,  for  use 
in  the  United  States  and  adjacent  countries  ;  or  in  Poun-ds  Sterling, 
for  use  in  any  part  of  the  world.  Application  for  credits  may  be 
addressed  to  either  of  the  above  houses  direct,  or  through  any  first- 
class  Bank  or  Banker. 


BROWN,  SHIPLEY .&  CO.,          BROWN,  SHIPLEY  &  CO., 

26  Chapel  Street,  Liverpool.  Founder's  Court  Lothbury   London. 


•i 

Pure  Whites 


ATLANTIC 

Mutual  Insurance  Company, 

NEW    YORK. 

OFFICE,  51  WALL  STREET. 

ORGANIZED    1842, 

INSURES  AGAINST  MARINE  AND  INLAND  NAVIGATION  RISKS, 

And  will  issue  Policies  making  Loss  payable  in  England. 


Its  Aflsets  for   the   Security   of  its  Policies,    are  more  than 

TEN  MILLION  DOLLARS. 


In   the  course  of  its  Business  it  has  paid  losses  amounting  to 

$80,000,000, 

and  has  returned  to  its  dealers  in  Certificates  of  Profits,  bearing 
interest, 

$45,000,000, 

of  which  amount  there  has  been  redeemed  in  cash 

$37,000,000, 

The  Profits  of  the  Company  revert  to  the  assured,  and  are 
divided  annually,  upon  the  Premiums  terminated  during  the  year, 
Certificates  for  which  are  issued,  bearing  interest  until  redeemed. 

•J.  I>.  .TO1VES,  President. 

OHAS.     J3ETVTVIS,     Vice-President. 
W.  H.  M.  MOORE,  3d  Vice-OPres't. 

A.  A.  JRAVEIV,  3d  Vic 
«J.  H.  CHA.!»M:A.IV,  Secretary. 


— 661.-    H333-1879 


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BIRMINGHAM,  ENGLAND. 

IOSEPH  GILLOTTS 

(I 


THE  MOST  PERFECT  OF  PENS. 


SOLD  BY  ALL  DEALERS  THROUGHOUT  THE  WORLD. 

WHOLESALE  WAREHOUSE,   91   JOHN  STREET,   NEW  YORK. 
JOSEPH  GILLOTT  &  SONS. 


H  ENRY  -HOE, 

Sole  Agent 


m 


